Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children

References

• Shafran S. The chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1991;90:730–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp LB, Mendelson WB, Friedman R. An overview of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52:403–410.
   Google Scholar
• Komaroff AL, Buchwald D. Symptoms and signs of chronic fatigue syn-drome. Rev Infect Dis. 1991:13(S 1):S9–S12..
   Google Scholar
• Holmes GP. Recent developments in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Cur Opin Infect Dis. 1992;5:647–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell DS. Chronic fatigue syndrome: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Postgrad Med. 1992;91:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulig JW. Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in adolescence. Adol Med: State of the Art Rev. 1991;2:473–484.
   Google Scholar
• Bell DS, Bell KM. The post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome: Diag-nosis in Childhood. In: Ablashi DV, Faggioni A, Kreuger GRF et al. eds. Epstein-Barr VITUS and Human Disease. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press; 1989:412–417.
   Google Scholar
• Behan PO, Behan WMH. Postviral Fatigue Syndrome. CRC (Critical Reviews in Neurobiology). 1988;4:2157–2178.
   Google Scholar
• Sigler AT. Chronic fatigue syndrome: fact or fiction? Contemp Ped. 1990;7:22–50.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:387–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane TI, Manu P, Matthews DA. Depression and somatization in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Am I Med. 1991;91:335–344.
   Google Scholar
• Manu P, Lane TJ, Matthews DA. The frequency of chronic fatigue syn-drome in patients with persistent fatigue. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:554–556.
   Google Scholar
• Abbey S. Garfinkel PE. Neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome: the role of culture in making of a diagnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1638–1646.
   Google Scholar
• Bates DW, Schmitt W, Buchwald D et al. Prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in a primary care practice. Arch Intern Med 1993;153: 2759–2765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MS, Mitchell .1, Corey L et al. Chronic fatigue in adolescents. Pediatrics. 1991;88:195–202.
   Google Scholar
• Carter BD, Edwards IF, Marshall GS.Chronic fatigue in children: illness or disease? [Letter]. Pediatrics.1993; 91:163–164.
   Google Scholar
• Vereker MI. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a joint pediatric-psychiatric approach. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:550–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kminek A, Simunek I. Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: an epidemic? [Letter]. Pediatrics. 1992;89:804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MS. Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: an epidemic? [Letter]. Pediatrics. 1992;89:804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe MC, Archard LC, Banatvala JE et al. A report-chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. J Roy Soc Med. 1991;84:118–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd A, Hickie I, Boughton CR, Spencer O, Wakefield D. Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in an Australian population. Med J Aust. 1990; 153:522–528.
   Google Scholar
• Bell DS, Bell KM. Chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnostic criteria [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluederberg A, Straus S, Perterson P et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome research: definition and medical outcome assessment. Nal Conference. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheson ED. The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease, and epidemic neuromyasthenia. Am J Med. 1959;26:569–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson DA, Shelokov A. Epidemic neuromyasthenia-clinical syn-drome. N Eng J Med. 1959;260:757–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behan PO, Behan WMH. Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis_ In Clif-ford F, Ed: Clinical Neuroepidemology. Pitmans; 1980;374–383.
   Google Scholar
• Buchwald D, Sullivan IL, Komaroff AL Frequency of 'chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection' in a general medical practice. JAMA. 1987; 257:2303–2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Wood DR, Mangelsedorff D, Meier NJ, Powell .1B. Chronic fatigue in primary care, prevalence, patient characteristics and outcome. JAMA. 1988;260: 929–34.
   Google Scholar
• Walker EA, Katon WJ, Jemelka RP. Psychiatric disorders and medical care utilization among people in the general population who report fatigue. l Gen Intern Med. 1993;8:436–440.
   Google Scholar
• Price RK, North CS, Wessely S, Fraser VJ. Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and associated symptoms in the community. Public Health Reports. 1992;107:514–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson B, Sigurjonsson J, Sigurdsson JH, Thorkelsson J, Gudmunds-son KR. A disease epidemic in Iceland simulating poliomyelitis. Am .1 Hygiene. 1950;52: 222–238.
   Google Scholar
• Bell DS. Children with ME/CFIDS: Overview and review of the litera-ture. In: Hyde BM, Ed.. The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalo-myelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Ottawa: Nightingale Research Foundation; 1992:209–218.
   Google Scholar
• Lask B, Dillon Mi. Postviral fatigue syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch JC. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) syndrome-an analysis of the clinical findings in 200 cases. N Z Fam Phys. 1987;14:51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson PM, Kusumaker V, McCartney RA, Bell EJ. Features of Cox-sackie B virus (CBV) infection in children with prolonged physical and psycho-logical morbidity. J Psychosom Res. 1989;33:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell KM, Cookfair D, Bell DS, Reese P, Cooper L Risk factors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in a cluster of pediatric cases. Rev Inf. Dis. 1991;13(S1):S32–S38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg DL, Simms RW, Geiger A, Komaroff AL. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers R. Fibromyalgia: an age old malady begging for respect. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8:93–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norregaard I, Bulow PM, Prescott E, Jacobson S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. A 4-year follow-up study in fibro-myalgia. Relationship to chronic fatigue syn-drome. Scand J Rheum. 1993;22: 35–38.
   Google Scholar
• Yunus MB, Masi AT. Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28:138–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro XJ. New Concepts in primary fibrositis syndrome. Compreh Then 1989;15:14–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calabro ii. Fibromyalgia (fibrositis) in children. Am J Med. 1986; 81(S3A):57–59.
   Google Scholar
• Bell DS, Bell KM, Cheney PR. Primary juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. CI D. 1994;18(S1):S21–S23.
   Google Scholar
• Buskila D, Press J, Gedalia A et al. Assessment of nonarticular tender-ness and prevalence of fibromyalgia in children. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:368–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry DD, McGuire T, Matins E, Salsmonson K, Wallace CA, Nepom B. Psychosomatic musculoskeletal pain in childhood: clinical and psychological analyses of 100 children. Pediatrics. 199288: 1093–1099.
   Google Scholar
• Cabral DA, Petty RE, Fung M, Malleson PN. Persistent antinuclear anti-bodies in children without identifiable inflammatory rheumatic or autoimmune disease. Pediatrics. 1992;89:441–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walford GA, Nelson WM, Mcauskey DR. Fatigue, depression, and social adjustment in chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:384–388.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall GS, Gesser RM, Yamanishi K, Starr SE. Chronic fatigue in chil-dren: clinical features, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6 serology and long term follow-up. Ped Inf Dis. 1991;10:287–90.
   Google Scholar
• Jones IF. Chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1988;64:538–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daugherty SA, Henry BE, Peterson DL, Swarts RI, Bastien S, Thomas RS. Chronic fatigue syndrome in northern Nevada. Rev Inf Dis. 1991;13(S1): S39–S44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchwald D, Komaroff AL Review of laboratory findings for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Rev Inf Dis. 1991;13(S1):S12–S18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchwald D. The post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome: laboratory abnormalities. In: Ablashi DV, Faggioni A, Kreuger GRF et al., eds. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Disease. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press; 1989:419–427.
   Google Scholar
• Klimas N, Salvato FR, Morgan R, Fletcher MA. Immunologic abnormal-ities in the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;28:1403–1410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaroff A. The 'chronic mononucleosis' syndromes. Hosp Pract. 1987;71–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaroff AL Chronic fatigue syndromes: relationship to chronic viral infections. J Virol Meth. 1988;21:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behan PO, Behan WMH, Bell El. The post-viral fatigue syndrome-an analysis of findings in 50 cases. J Infect. 1985;10: 211–222.
   Google Scholar
• Buchwald D, Cheney PR, Peterson DL et al. A chronic illness character-ized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpes-virus type 6 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus SE, Tosato G, Armstrong G et al. Persisting illness and fatigue in adults with evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 102:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch JC. Cell-mediated immunity in patients with myalgic encepha-lomyelitis syndrome. N Z Med J. 1988;101:511–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus S. The chronic mononucleosis syndrome. J I D. 1988;157:405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grufferman S. Eby Ni., Huang Met al. Epiderniologic investigation of an outbreak of chronic fatigue-immune dysfunction syndrome in a defined popula-tion [Abstract]. Am I Epidemol. 1988;128:898.
   Google Scholar
• Franco E, Kawa-ha K, Doi S et al. Remarkable depression of CD4+2H4+ T cells in severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Scand J Immunol. 1987;26:769–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois RE, Seeley JK, Bros I et al. Chronic mononucleosis syndrome. South Med J. 1984;77:1376–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvato F, Fletcher M, Ashman M, Klimas N. Immune dysfunction among chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients with clear evidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBY) reactivation. J Exp Clin Ca Res. 1988 (S1);7:89.
   Google Scholar
• Subir'a ML, Castilla A, Civeira MP, Prieto J. Deficient display of CD3 on lymphocytes of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome [Letter]. J ID. 1989;160: 165–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caligiuri M, Murray C, Buchwald D et al. Phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Immunol. 1987;139:3306–3313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibler R, Lucas DO, Hicks MJ, Poulos BT, Jones JJ. Immune function in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Clin Immunol. 1985;5:46–54.
   Google Scholar
• Lever AML, Lewis DM, Bannister BA, Fry M, Berry N. Interferon pro-duction in postviral fatigue syndrome. Lancet. 1988; ii:101.
   Google Scholar
• Cheney PR, Dorman SE, Bell DS. Interleulcin-2 and the chronic fatigue syndrome [Letter]. Ann Intern Med 1989110:321.
   Google Scholar
• Archard LC, Bowles NE, Behan PO, Bell EJ, Doyle D. Postviral fatigue syndrome: persistence of enterovirus RNA in muscle and elevated creatine kinase. J Roy Soc Med. 1988;81:326–329.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold D, Bore P. Radda G, Styles P. Taylor D. Excessive intracellular acidosis of skeletal muscle on exercise in a patient with post viral exhaustion/fa-tigue syndrome. Lancet. 1985;i:1367–1369.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal GA, Hansen S. Electrophysiological Studies in the post viral fatigue syndrome. .1 Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatry. 1985;48: 691–694.
   Google Scholar
• Ichise M. Salit 1E, Abbey SE et al. Assessment of regional cerebral perfu-sion by 99Tcm-IIMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nucl Med Com-mun. 1992;13: 767–72.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman 1, Bell DS. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme as a marker for the chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: a comparison to serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis. AmJ Med. 1993;95: 407–412.
   Google Scholar
• Demitrack MA, Dale JK, Straus SE et al. Evidence for impaired activa-tion of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.] Clin Endocrin Metab. 1991;73:1224–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demitrack M, Gold PW, Dale IK, Krahn DD, Kling MA, Straus SE. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;32:1065–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnick PJ, Sandoval R. Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders: psychotropic agents. In: Goodnick PJ, Klimas NC, Eds. Chronic Fatigue and Related Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993;131–60.
   Google Scholar
• Jones JJ, Ray CG, Munich LL, Hicks MJ, Kibler R, Lucas DO. Evidence for active Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with persistent, unexplained ill-nesses: elevated anti-early antigen antibodies. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Stewart JA, Hunt B, Pinsky PF, Schonberger LB. A Cluster of patients with a chronic mononucleosis-like syndrome. Is Epstein-Barr virus the cause? JAMA. 1987;257: 2297–230/
   Google Scholar
• Straus SE. ER or not ER—That is the question [Editorial]. JAMA. 1987; 257:2335–2336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder BD, Warnock PJ, McCartney RA, Bell El. Coxsackie B viruses and the post-viral fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in general practice. J Roy Col Gen Pract. 1987;37:11–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell EJ, McCartney RA, Riding MN. Coxsackie B viruses and myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Roy Soc Med. 1988;81:329–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz BZ, Andiman WA. Chronic fatigue syndrome. J Pediatr. 1988;113: 944–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturtz GS. Depression and chronic fatigue in children. Primary Care. 1991;18:247–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon N. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1988;30: 673–682.
   Google Scholar
• Strickland MC. Depression, chronic fatigue syndrome and the adoles-cent. Primary Care. 1991;18:259–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brune11 PA. The chronic fatigue syndrome [Editorial]. Infect Dis in Child. 1989;2:6.
   Google Scholar
• Wessely S, Davis A, Pelosi A. Acyclovir Treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome [Letter]. N Eng J Med. 1989:321;187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris F, Taitz LS. Damaging diagnoses of myalgic encephalomyelitis in children. B M J. 1989;299:790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald TM. Myalgic encephalomyelitis by proxy. B M J. 1989;299: 1030.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino MJ, Waylonis GW, Sommer A. Familial occurrence of pri-mary fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:61–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sobit AJ, Provence S, Schowalter D. Psychological development: from health to illness. In: Rudolph AM, Hoffman JIE (eds). Pediatrics. 18th ed. Nor-walk: Appleton & Lange; 1987;53–54.
   Google Scholar
• Van Aerde J. Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: an epi-demic? [Letter] Pediatrics. 1992;89:802–803.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd A, Hickie I, Brockman A et al. Immunologic and psychologic ther-apy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a double blind, placebo-con-trolled trial. Am .1 Med. 1993;94:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler S, Chalder T, Ron M, Wessely S. Cognitive behaviour therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatry. 1991;54:153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafman J, Schwartz V, Dale JK, Scheffers M, Houser C, Straus SE. Analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syn-drome. J Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatry. 1993;56:684–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffers MK, Johnson R, Grafman J, Dale JK, Straus SE. Attention and short term memory in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: an event-related poten-tial analysis. Neurology. 1992;42:1667–1675.
   Google Scholar
• Grafman J, Johnson R, Scheffers M. Cognitive and mood-state changes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(S1):S45–S52.
   Google Scholar
• Morriss R, Sharpe M, Sharpley AL, Cowen PI, Hawton K, Morris J. Abnormalities of sleep in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. B M J. 1993;306:1161–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp LB, Jandorf L, Coyle PK, Mendelson WB. Sleep disturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome. I Psychosom Med. 1993;37:325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton CL, Salit I, Moldovsky H. Sleep, Epstein-Barr virus infection, muscluoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:939–943.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeh A, Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Dahl R. Chrome fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: an epidemic? [Letter]. Pediatrics. 1992;89:803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnick P, Sandoval R. Psychotropic treatment of chronic fatigue syn-drome and related disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnick PS, Sandoval R. Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders: Immunological approaches. In: Goodnick PJ, Klimas NG, Ed.s: Chronic Fatigue and Related Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993;109–130.
   Google Scholar
• Blondel-Hill E, Shafran SD. Treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome: A review and practical guide. Drugs. 1993;46:639–651.
   Google Scholar