460
Views
675
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols

Pages 7-115 | Received 12 Feb 2002, Accepted 17 May 2002, Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Jones JF, Ray CG, Minnich IL, et al. Evidence of active Epstein-Barr virus in-fection in patients with persistent, unexplained illnesses: elevated anti-early antigen antibodies. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:1–7.
  • Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Stewart MD, Hunt B, Pinsky PF, Schonberger LB. A cluster of patients with a chronic mononucleosis-like syndrome. Is Epstein-Barr virus the cause? JAMA May 1 1987;257:17:2297–2302.
  • Lerner AM, Zervos M, Dworkin HJ, Chang CH, O'Neill W. A unified theory of the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Infect Dis ClM Pract 1997;6:239–243.
  • White PD, Thomas JM, Amess J, et al. The existence of a fatigue syndrome after glandular fever. Psychol Med. 1995;25(5):907–916.
  • Lerner AM, Goldstein J, Chang CH, Zervos M, Fitzgerald JT, Dworkin HJ, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome as documented with Holter and biopsy data in Birmingham, Michigan, 1991-1993. Infect Dis ClM Pract 1997;6:327–333.
  • Ablashi DV, Eastman HB, Owen CB, Roman MM, Friedman J, Zabriskie JB, Peterson DL, et al. Frequent HHV-6 antibody and HHV-6 reactivation in multiple scle-rosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. C ClM Virol 2000 May 1;16(3):179–191.
  • Sairenji T, Yamanishi K, Tachibana Y, Bertoni G, Kurata T. Antibody re-sponses to Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in pa-tients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Intervirol 1995;38(5):269–273.
  • Yalcin S, Kuratsune H, Yamaguchi K, Kitani T, Yamanishi K. Prevalence of HHV-6 variants A and B in patients with CFS. Microbiol Immunol 1994;38: 587–590.
  • Di Luca D, Zorzenon M, Mirandola P, Colle R, Botta GA, Cassai E. HHV-6 and HHV-7 in CFS. J ClM Microbiol 199533:1660-1661.
  • Wallace HL 2nd, Natelson B, Gause W, Hay J. Human herpesviruses in chronic fatigue syndrome. ClM Diagn Lab Immunol 1999 Mar;6(2):216–223.
  • McGarry F, Gow J, Behan PO. Enterovirus in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1994 Jun 1;120(11):972–973.
  • McArdle A, McArdle F, Jackson MJ, Page SF, Fahal I, Edwards RH. Investiga-tion by polymerase chain reaction of enteroviral infection in patients with chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996 Apr;90(4):295–300.
  • Martin WJ. Detection of RNA sequences in cultures of a stealth virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a health care worker with chronic fatigue syndrome. Pathobiol 1997;65:15–18.
  • Martin WJ. Cellular sequences in stealth viruses. Pathobiol 1998;66(2):53–8.
  • Martin WJ. Stealth adaptation of an African green monkey simian cyto-megalovirus. Exp Mol Pathol 1999 Apr;66(1):3–7. (Center of Complex Infectious Dis-eases—http://www.ccid.org/studiesbLhtm)
  • Holmes MJ, Diack DS, Easingwood RA, Cross JP, Carlisle B. Electron micro-scopic immuno-cytological profiles in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychia Res 1997 Jan-Feb;31(1): 115–122.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Ranco AR, Nicolson NL, Erwin R, Ngwenya R, Berns PA. Diagnosis and integrative treatment of intracellular bacterial infections in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes, Gulf War illness, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic illnesses. Clin Pract Ahem Med 2000;1(2):42–102.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Franco AR, De Meirleir K, Nicolson NL, Ngwenya R, Haier J. Role of mycoplasmal infections in fatigue illnesses: chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes, Gulf War Illness and rheumatoid arthritis. J CFS 2000; 6(3/4):23-39. http://www.haworthpressinc.com
  • Choppa PC, Vojdani A, Tagle C, Andrin R, Magoto L. Multiplex PCR for the detection of mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis and M. penetrans in cell cultures and blood samples of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol Cell Probes 1998 Oct;12(5):301–308.
  • Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser J. Stress-associated immune modulation: relevance to viral infections and chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 1998;105(3A):34S–42S.
  • De Meirleir K, Bisbal C, Campine I, De Becker P, Salehzada T, Demettre E, Lebleu B. A 37 kDa 2-5A binding protein as a potential biochemical marker for chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 2000;108(2):99–105.
  • Suhadolnik RJ, Peterson DL, Cheney PR, Horvath SF, Reichenbach NL, O'Brien K, et al. Biochemical dysregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral defense pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 1999;5(3/4):223–242.
  • Vojdani A, Choppa PC, Lapp CS. Downregulation of RNase L inhibitor corre-lates with upregulation of interferon-induced proteins (2-5A synthetase and RNase L) in patients with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome. J Clin Lab Immunol 1998;50(1):1–16.
  • Suhadolnik RJ, Reichenbach NL, Hitzges P, Adelson ME, Peterson DL, Cheney PR, Salvato P, Thompson C, Loveless M, Muller WG, Schroder HC, Strayer DR, Carter WA. Changes in the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway in a con-trolled clinical trial with poly(1)-poly(C12U) in chronic fatigue syndrome. In Vivo 1994; 8:599–604.
  • Suhadolnik RJ, Reichenbach NL, Hitzges P, Sobol RW, Peterson DL, Henry B, Ablashi DV, Muller WEG, Schroder HC, Carter WA, Stayer DR. Upregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18(Suppl): 596–S 104.
  • Suhadolnik RJ, Peterson DL, O'Brien K, Cheney PR, Herst CVT, Reichenbach NL, et al. Biochemical evidence for a novel low molecular weight 2-5A dependent RNase L in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Inteferon Cytokine Res 1997;17: 377–385.
  • De Meirleir K, De Becker P, Campine I. Blood transfusion and chronic fatigue syndrome. Abstract. Presented at the CFS Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1999.
  • Bell IR, Baldwin CM, Schwartz GEW. Illness from low levels of environmental chemical: relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Am J Med 1998 Sept 28;105(3A):745–825.
  • Goldberg B, Editors of Alternative Medicine Digest. Chronic Fatigue, Fibro-myalgia & Environmental Illness. Future Medicine Publishing, Inc., Tiburon, CA. 1998; pp 190–211.
  • Lloyd AR, Wakefield D, Boughton C, Dwyer J. What is myalgic encephalo-myelitis? Lancet 1988 Jun 4;1 (8597): 1286–1287.
  • Behan PO, Behan WMH, Bell EJ. The post viral fatigue syndrome-an analysis of findings in 50 cases. J Infect 1985;10: 211–222.
  • Hyde BM. Are Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes synonymous terms? Paper presented at ME/CFS Conference in New South Wales, Australia. Feb 1998.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: The Facts about Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Intervention, National Center for Infectious Diseases. Atlanta 1995.
  • Hyde BM, Bastien S, Jain A. Post-Infectious, Acute Onset M.E./CFS (Post-Vi-ral Fatigue Syndrome). In: The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalo-myelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Editors: Hyde BM, Goldstein J, Levine P. The Nightingale Research Foundation, Ottawa 1992;Chp. 4:pp.25–36.
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Na-tional Center for Infectious Disease, Atlanta, GA, 1998 Oct.
  • Jason LA, Richman JA, Rademaker AW, Jordan KM, Plioplys AV, Taylor RR, McCready W. A community-based study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1999 Oct;159:2129–2137.
  • Bates DW, Schmitt W, Buchwald D, Ware NC, Lee J, Thoyer E, Komish RJ, Komaroff AL. Prevalence of fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in a primary care practice, Arch of Intern Med 1993 Dec;153:2759–2765.
  • Lloyd AR, Hickie I, Boughton CR, Spencer O, Wakefield D. Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in an Australian population. Med. J. Aust. 1990;153:522–528.
  • Buchwald D, et al. Prevalence of chronic fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syn-drome in a large community-based HMO. American Association for CFS. Research Conference Presentation; Fort Lauderdale, Fl., 1994 Oct: pp. 9.
  • Jason LA, Taylor R, Wagner L, Holden J, Ferrari JR. Estimating rates of chronic fatigue syndrome from a community-based sample: a pilot study. Am J Comm Psychol 1995;23(4):557–568.
  • Wessley S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, Wallace P, Wright D. The prevalence and mor-bidity of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective primary care study. Am J Public Health 1997;87;1449–1455.
  • Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM, Komaroff AL, Schonberger LB, Straus SE, et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a working case definition. Ann of Intern Med 1988;108:387–389.
  • Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A, and the International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:953–959.
  • Sharpe MC, Archard LC, Banatvala JE, Borysiewicz LK, Clare AW, David A, et al. A report-chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. J Roy Soc of Med 1991 Feb;84:118–121.
  • De Becker P, McGregor N, De Meirleir K. A definition-based analysis of symp-toms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Intern Med 2001;250:234–240.
  • Jason LA, King CP, Frankenberry EL, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: assess-ing symptoms and activity level. J Clin Psychol 1999;55:411–424.
  • Komaroff AL, Fagioli LR. Medical Assessment of Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Demitrac, MA, Abbey SE. (ed). Guilford Press, New York 1996; pp 154–176.
  • Russell U. Neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoskel Pain 1996; 1(1&2):61–92.
  • Goldenberg DL, Simms RW, Geiger A, Komaroff AL. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arth Rheum 1990;33(3):381–387.
  • Sandman CA, Barron JL, Nackoul K, Goldstein J, Fidler F. Memory deficits as-sociated with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome. Biol Psychiat 1993; 33:618–623.
  • Bell DS. Doctor's Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Addison-Wesley Pub-lishing Co. 1995. Pg. 45
  • Dowsett EG, Colby J. Long-term sickness absence due to ME/CFS in UK schools: an epidemiological study with medical and educational immplications. J CFS 1997;3(2):29–42.
  • Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Natelson B. Depression in fatiguing illness: comparing patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis and depression. J Affect Disord 1995;39:21–30.
  • Natelson BH. Chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA, May 23/30, 2001;285(20): 2557–2559.
  • Jason LA, Torres-Harding SR, Carrico AW, Taylor RR. Symptom occurrence in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biolog Psychol 2002, Feb.;59(1):15–27.
  • Natelson BH, Denny T, Zhou XD, et al. Is depression associated with immune activation? J Affect Disord 1999;53:179–184.
  • Scott LV, Dinan TG. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome: fo-cus on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. Funct Neurol 1999;14:3–11.
  • Friedberg F. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a new clinical application. Profes Psych: Res and Prac, 1996;27:487–494.
  • Flor-Henry P, Lind J, Morrison J, Pazderka-Robinson H, Koles Z. Psycho-phyiological and EEG findings in chronic fatigue syndrome. (Abstract) Presented at IPEG International Pharmaco-EFG Society-1 lth Biennial Congress on Parmaco-EEG, Vienna, Austria 2000 Sept 1–3. Abstract published in Klinische Neurophysiologie 2001;32(1):46–65.
  • van de Sande MI. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Brain Mapping Research of Dr. Flor-Henry. Quest 1997 Jun/Jul:24:3-5. http://www3.sympatico.ca/me-fm.action/
  • Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Natelson BH. Assessing somatization disorder in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med 1996;58:50–57.
  • Bell DS. Chronic fatigue syndrome: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Postgracl Med 1992 May 1;91(6):245–251.
  • Schweitzer R, Kelly B, Form A, Terry D, Whiting J. Quality of life in chronic fatigue syndrome. Soc Sci Med 1995;41(10):1367–1372.
  • Komaroff AL, Fagioli LR, Doolittle TH, Gandek B, Gleit MA, Guerriero RT, et al. Health status in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups. Am J of Med 1996;101:281–290.
  • Buchwald D, Pearlman T, Umali J, Schmaling K, Katon W. Functional status in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and other fatiguing illnesses and healthy indi-viduals. Am J of Med 1996;171:364–70.
  • Anderson JS, Ferrans CE. The quality of life of persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J of Ner and Ment Dis 1997;185(6):359–67.
  • Hardt J, Buchwald D, Wilks D, Sharpe M, Nix WA, Egle UT. Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. An international study. J Psychosom Res 2001 Aug ;51 (2):431–434.
  • Pheley AM, Melby D, Schenck C, Mandel J, Peterson PK. Can we predict re-covery in chronic fatigue syndrome? Minn Med 1999 Nov;82(11):52–56.
  • Jason LA, Taylor RR, Kennedy CL, Song S, Johnson D, Torres MA. Chronic fatigue syndrome: comorbidity with fibromyalgia and psychiatric illness. Med & Psychia 2001;4:29–34.
  • Peterson PK, Schenck CH, Sherman R. Chronic fatigue syndrome in Minne-sota. Minnesota Med 1991;74:21–26.
  • Tirelli U, Marotta G, Improta S, Pinto A. Immunological abnormalities in pa-tients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Immunol 1994;40:601–608.
  • Vercoulen JH, Swanink CMA, Fennis JFM, Galama JMD, van der Meer JWM, Bleijenberg C. Prognosis in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): a prospective study on the natural course. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia 1996 May;60(5):489–494..
  • Wilson A, Hickie I, Lloyd A, et al. Longitudinal study of outcome of chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Br Med J1994;308:756–759.
  • Joyce J, Hotopf M, Wessely S. The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fa-tigue syndromes: a systematic review. QJ Med 1997;90:223–233.
  • Russell U. Clinical observation.
  • Bell DS, Jordan K, Robinson M. Thirteen-year follow-up of children and ado-lescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Pediatrics 2001 May;107(5):994–998.
  • Bombardier CH, Buchwald D. Outcome and prognosis of patients with chronic fatigue vs chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1995 Oct 23; 155(19): 2105–2110.
  • Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, Wallace P, Wright D. The prevalence and mor-bidity of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective primary care cen-ter. Am J of Pub Health 1997; 87(9):1449–1454.
  • Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, Gilson BS, Morris JR. The sickness impact profile: conceptual formulation and methodology for the development of a health status measure. Int J Hlth Serv 1976;6(3):393–415.
  • Jorundson ER. Disability due to fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Unpublished observations 1998.
  • Sue DY, Wasserman K. Impact of integrative cardiopulmonary exercise testing on clinical decision making. Chest 1999;99:931–938.
  • Neuberg G, Friedman S, Weiss M, Herman M. Cardiopulmonary exercise test-ing: the clinical value of gas exchange. Arch of Intern Med 1988;148:2221–2226.
  • American Medical Association. Guides to the evaluation of permanent impair-ment (3rd rev. ed) AMA, Milwaukee, WI 1990.
  • Make B, Jones JM. Impairment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Klimas NG, Patarca R (Eds). Disability and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical, Le-gal and Patient Perspectives. The Haworth Medical Press, NY 1997:43–55.
  • Stevens SR. Using exercise testing to document functional disability in CFS. J CFS 1995;1 (3/4): 127–129.
  • Weber KT, Janicki JS. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: physiologic princi-ples and clinical applications. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia 1986.
  • VanNess JM, Snell CR, Fredrickson DM, Strayer DR, LaRosa E, Treutler K, Stevens SR. Exercise testing in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-Diag-nostic tool? Fed Amer Soc Exper Biol J2000;14(4):LB41.
  • Corning P. Inaccurate evaluations used to assess individuals with ME/CFS. Quest 2000 Dec/Jan; 39. httpilwww3.sympatico.ca/me-fm.action/(Information regard-ing CSA Actigraph can be obtained from http://csainc.net)
  • van der Werf SP, Prins JB, Vercoulen JH, van der Mer JW, Bleijenberg G. Iden-tifying physical activity patterns in chronic fatigue syndrome using actigraphic assess-ment. J Psychosom Res 2000 Nov;49(5):373–379.
  • Level of evidence for clinical decisions: menopausal hormone therapy revis-ited. Therapeutic letter #30. Therapeutics Initiative, U.B.C., Dept of Pharm & Thera-peutics, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C., 1999 Jun/Jul; 30. (Based on review of 75 experts and primary care physicians.)
  • Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever You Go There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Hyperion, New York, 1994.
  • Cooper RK. Health and Fitness Excellence. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston 1991;59–68.
  • Iyengar BKS. Light on Pranayama. George Allen & Unwin, London 1979.
  • Clark A. Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again. Cam-bridge Mass, Bradford Books, MIT Press 1997.
  • Carruthers, M. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Syd-ney 1990.
  • Travell J, Simons D, et al. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore/London 1985.
  • Romano TJ. Exacerbation of soft tissue rheumatism by excess vitamin A. WV Med J 1995 ;91(4): 147.
  • Cawthorne TE. The vestibular injuries. Proceed Roy Soc of Med 1945;31: 270–273.
  • Cooksey FS. Rehabilitation of vistibular injuries. Proceed Roy Soc of Med 1945;31:273–275.
  • Sheperd C. Pacing and exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Physiother 2001 Aug;87(8):395–396.
  • White PD, Naish V. Graded exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Physiother 2001;87:285–288.
  • Jones KD, Clark SR. Individualizing the exercise prescription for persons with fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis ClM of NA 2002;28:1–18.
  • DeBecker P, Roeykens J, Reynders M, McGregor N, De Meirleir K. Exercise capacity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch of Intern Med 2000, Nov 27;160(21): 3270–3277.
  • Clapp LL, Richardson MT, Smith JF, Wang M, Clapp AJ, Pieroni RE. Acute effects of thirty minutes of light-intensity, intermittent exercise on patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Phys Ther 1999 Aug;79:749–56.
  • Sharpe MC, in Demitrak MA, Abbey SE (editors). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Guilford Press, NY. 1996, pp. 248.
  • Prins JB, Bleijenberg G, Bazelmans E, Elving L, de Boo TM, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome; a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Mar 17, 2001;357: 841–847.
  • Wessley S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet 1999 Sept 11;354(9182): 936–939.
  • Whiting P, Bagnall AM, Sowden AJ, Cornell JE, Mulrow CD, Pamirez G. In-terventions for the treatment and management of chronic fatigue syndrome. A system-atic review. JAMA 2001Sep 19;286(11):1360–1368.
  • Fulcher KY, White PD. Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in pa-tients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ June 7, 1997;314: 1647–1662.
  • Buchwald D, Umali P, Umali J, Kith P, Pearlman T, Kormaroff AL. Chronic fatigue and the chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence in a Pacific Northwest Health Care System. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:81–88.
  • Powell P, Bentall RP, Nye FJ, Edwards RH. Randomised controlled trial of pa-tient education to encourage graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 2001;322:387–392.
  • Ridsdale L, Godfrey E, Chalder T, Seed P, King M, et al. Chronic fatigue in general practice: is counseling as good as cognitive behaviour therapy? A UK random-ised trial. Br J Gener Pract, Jan. 2001;51:19–24.
  • Wearden AJ, Morris RK, Mullis R, Strickland PL, Pearson DJ, et al. Random-ised, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial of fluoxetine and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Psychiat 1998;172:485–490.
  • Silvertone LM. The use of a new, non-invasive, neuromodulation device in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Abstract presented at the First Scientific Meeting of the American Neuromodulation Society, Orlando, FL, Mar 6–8, 1996.
  • Torlage, RJ. What's new in 2001? Sota Instruments. Aug 31, 2001. http:// www.sotainstruments.com.
  • Jacobson JI, Gorman R, Chaviano F, Yamanashi WS, Grinberg I, Dayton M, et al. Pico Tesla range magnetic fields tested in four site, double blind clinical study for treatment of osteoarthritic knees. Gazzeta Medica Italiana-Archivio Per Le Scienze Mediche 2001;160:1–20.
  • Carette S. What have clinical trials taught us about treatment of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Repetitive Injury: Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Management, Disability and Health Economics. Editors: Chalmers A, Littlejohn GO, Salit I, Wolfe F. Haworth Medical Press, Binghamton, NY 1995.
  • Goldstein JA. Betrayal by the Brain: The Neurological Basis of Chronic Fa-tigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Related Neural Network Disorders. Haworth Medical Press, Binghamton, NY 1996.
  • Cochran JW. Effect of modafinil on fatigue associated with neurological ill-ness. J CFS 2001;8(2):65–70.
  • Beck WS. Cobalamin and the nervous system. NEJM 1988;318(26):1752–1754.
  • Carmel R, Watkins D, Goodman SI, Rosenblatt DS. Hereditary defect cobalamin metabolism presenting as a neurological disorder in adulthood. NEJM 1988;318(26): 1738–1741.
  • Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, Brust JCM, Garret TJ, Podell ER, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of ane-mia or macrocytosis. NEJM 1988;318(26)1720–1728.
  • Lapp C. Using vitamin B12 for the management of CFS. CFIDS Chronicle 1999 Nov/Dec; pp. 14–16.
  • Pall ML. Cobalamin used in chronic fatigue syndrome therapy is a nitric oxide scavenger. J CFS 2001;8(2):39–44.
  • Rowe PC, Calkins H, DeBusk K, McKenzie R, Anand R, Sharma C, et al. Fludrocortisone acetate to treat neurally mediated hypotension in chronic fatigue syn-drome. JAMA 2001 Jan 3;285(1):52–59.
  • Peterson PK, Pheley A, Schroeppel J, et al. A preliminary placebo-controlled crossover trial of fludrocortisone for chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:908–914.
  • Ward CR, Gray JC, Gilroy JJ, Kenny RA. Mitodrine: a role in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Heart 1998;79:45–49.
  • Di Girolamo E, Di Iorio C, Sabatini P, Leonzio L, Barbone C, Barsotti A. Ef-fects of paroxetine dydrocloride, a selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor, on refractory vasovagal syncope: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Amer Col Card 1999;33:1227–1230.
  • Bhuripanyo K, Kangkajate C, Wansanit K, Kulchot B, Nademanee K, Chai-thiraphan S. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled of oral atenolol in patients with unexplained syncope and positive upright tilt table results. Amer Heart J 1995; 130:1250–1253.
  • Vercoulen JH, Swanink CM, Zitman FG, Vreden SG, Hoofs MP, Fermis JF, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Lancet 1996 Mar 30;347(9005):858–861.
  • Chandler F, editor. Herbs CPA/CMA Publication 2000, Ottawa, ON.
  • Forsyth LM, Preuss HG, MacDowell AL, Chiazze L Jr, Birkmayer GD, Bellanti JA. Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 Feb;82:185–191.
  • Cox IIV1, Campbell MJ, Dowson D. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Lancet 1991 Mar 30;337(8744):757–760.
  • Ablashi DV, Berneman ZN, Williams M, Strayer DR, Kramarsky B, Suhadolnik RJ, et al. Ampligen inhibits human herpesvirus-6 in vitro. In Vivo 1994 Jul-Aug; 8(4)587–591.
  • Strayer DR, Carter WA, Brodsky I, et al. A controlled clinical trial with a spe-cifically configured RNA drug, poly(1) poly (C-12U), in chronic fatigue syndrome. ClM Infect Dis 1994;18\(suppl 1):588–595.
  • Strayer DR, Carter WA, Strauss KI, Brodsky I, Suhadolnik RJ, Ablashi D, et al. Long term improvements in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome treated with Ampligen. J CFS 1995;1(1):35–53.
  • Horrobin DF. Post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral infections in atopic eczema, and essential fatty acids. Med Hypothesis 1990;32:211–217.
  • Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acids and post-viral fatigue syndrome. In: Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome, edited by Jenkins R and Mowbray J. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1991;393–404.
  • Behan PO, Behan WMH, Horrobin D. Effect of high doses of essential fatty ac-ids on the post-viral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;82:209–216.
  • Behan PO, Behan WMH. Essential fatty acids in the treatment of postviral fa-tigue syndrome. In Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids: Pathophysiology and Roles in Clinical Medicine, Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1990;pp. 275–282.
  • Warren G, McKendrick M, Peet M. The role of the essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Acta Neurol Scand 1999 Feb ;99 (2): 112–116.
  • Lerner AM, Zervos M, Chang CH, Beqaj S, Goldstein J, O'Neill W, et al. A small, randomized placebo-contolled trial of the use of antiviral therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Jun 1;32(11)1657–1658.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Fanco AR, Nicolson NL, Erwin R, Ngwnya R, Berns PA. Diagnosis and integrative treatment of intracellular bacterial infections in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes, gulf war illness, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic illnesses. Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huntington Hills CA. www. immed.org.
  • Inbar O, Dlin R, Rotstein A, Whipp BJ. Physiological responses to incremental exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 S ept;33 (9): 1463–1470.
  • Van Ness TM, Snell CR, Stevens SR. A realistic approach to exercise for CFS patients. CFS Res Rev 2000;1(4):4–5,8.
  • Farquhar WB, Hunt BE, Taylor JA, Darling SE, Freeman R. Blood volume and its relation to peak 0(2) consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fa-tigue. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002 Jan;282(1):H66–71.
  • Bazelmans E, Bleijenberg G, Van Der Meer JWM, Folgering H. Is physical deconditioning a perpetuating factor in chronic fatigue syndrome? A controlled study on maximal exercise performance and relations with fatigue, impairment and physical activity. Psychol Med 2001;31:107–114.
  • Lane RJ, Burgess AP, Flint J, Riccio M, Archard LC. Exercise responses and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ1995 Aug;311(7004):544–545.
  • Lane RJ, Barrett MC, Woodrow D, Moss J, Fletcher R, Archard LC. Muscle fi-bre characteristics and lactate responses to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia 1998 Mar;64(3):362–367.
  • Goldstein JA. Chronic Fatigue Syndromes: The Limbic Hypothesis. Haworth Medical Press, Binghamton, NY 1993;pp. 42–43.
  • Mena I. Presented at conference: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Brain, Bel Air CA, Apr. 25, 1992.
  • Zaman R, Puri BK, Main J, Nowicky AV, Davey NJ. Corticospinal inhibition appears normal in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Exp Physiol 2001 Sep;86(5): 547–550.
  • Streeten DH, Tomas D, Bell DS. The roles of orthostatic hypotension, orthostatic tachycardia and subnormal erythrocyte volume in the pathogenesis of the chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2000 Jul;320(1):1–8.
  • LaManca JJ, Peckerman A, Sisto SA, DeLuca J, Cook S, Natelson BH. Cardio-vascular responses of women with chronic fatigue syndrome to stressful cognitive test-ing before and after strenuous exercise. Psychosom Med 2001 S ep-Oct;63 (5):756–764.
  • LaManca JJ, Sisto SA, DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Lange G, Pareja J, Cook S, Natelson BH. Influence of exhaustive treadmill exercise on cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 1998 Sep 28;105(3A):595–655.
  • Fischler B, Le Bon O, Hoffmann G, Cluydts R, Kaufman L, De Meirleir K. Sleep anomalies in the chronic fatigue syndrome. A comorbidity study. Neuro-psychobiol 1997 ;35 (3): 115–22.
  • Moldofsky H. Fibromyalgia, sleep disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ciba Foundation Symp 1993;173:262–279.
  • Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain. Cur Opin Rheum 1998 Mar;10(2):95–103.
  • Bennett RM. The contribution of muscle to the generation of fibromyalgia symptomatology. J Musculoskel Pain 1996;4(1/2):35–59.
  • Bennett RM. The scientific basis for understanding pain in fibromyalgia. The Oregon Fibromyalgia Foundation website http://www.myalgia.com.
  • Alder R, Felten DL, Cohen N, eds. Psychoneuroimmunology. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.
  • Bell DS. Chronic fatigue syndrome update. Findings now point to CNS in-volvement. Postgrad Med 1994 Nov1;96(6):73–81.
  • Demitrack MA, Crofford U. Evidence for and pathophysiologic implications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Ann N Y Acacl Sci 1998 May 1;840:684–697.
  • Flor-Henry P. Neurophysiological and psychophysiological studies of myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS). (Abstract) Presented at Psychiatric Update New Information and Research Conference June 5 & 6, 1998, Banff, AB.
  • Torpy DJ, Chrousos GP. The three-way interactions between the hypotha-lamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and the immune system. Review. Baillieres ClM Rheum, 1996, May; 10(2): 181–98.
  • Ichise M, S alit I, Abbey S, et al. Assessment of regional cerebral perfusion by Tc-HMPAO SPECT in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Nuclear Med Commun 1992;13: 767–772.
  • Fischler B, D'Haenen H, Cluydts R, Michiels V, Demets K, Bossuyt A, et al. Comparison of 99mTc HNfPAO SPECT scan between chronic fatigue syndrome, ma-jor depression and healthy controls: an exploratory study of clinical correlates of re-gional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychobiol 1996;34(4):175–183.
  • Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, Tice HM, Gleit M, Jolesz FA, Holman BL. Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. Amer J Roentgenol 1994 Apr; 162(4):935–941.
  • TireIli U, Chierichetti F, Tavio M, Simonelli C, Bianchin G, Zanco P, Ferlin G. Brain positron emission tomography (PET) in chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary data [in process citation]. Amer J Med 1998 Sept 28;105(3A):545–585.
  • Costa DC, Tannock C, Brostoff J. Brainstem perfusion is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome. Q J Med 1995;88:767–773.
  • Lange G, Wang S, DeLuca J, Natelson BH. Neuroimaging in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 1998: 105 (3A):505–535 .
  • Buchwald D, Cheney PR, Peterson DL, Henry B, Wormsley SB, Geiger A, et al. A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpes virus type 6 infection. Ann of Intern Med 1992;116(2):103–113.
  • Cook DB, Lange G, DeLuca J, Natelson BH. Relationship of brain MRI abnor-malities and physical functional status in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Neurosci 2001 Mar;107(1-2):1–6.
  • Scheffers MK, Johnson R Jr, Grafman J, Dale JK, Straus SE. Attention and short-term memory in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: an event-related potential analysis. Neurol 1992;42(9): 1667–1675.
  • Grafman J, Schwartz V, Dale JK, Scheffers M, Houser C, Straus SE. Analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with CFS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia 1993;56:684–689.
  • Marcel B, Komaroff AL, Fagioli LR, Komish RJ II, Albert MS. Cognitive defi-cits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:535–541.
  • DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Ellis SP, Natelson BH. Cognitive functioning is im-paired in patients with CFS devoid of psychiatric disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1997;62(2):151–155.
  • Christodoulou C, DeLuca J, Lange G, Johnson SK, Sisto SA, Korn L, Natelson BH. Relationship between neuropsychological impairment and functional disability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia 1998;64:431–434.
  • Fuentes K, Hunter MA, Strauss E, Hultsch DF. Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Neurophychol 2001 May;15(2):210–127.
  • Smith AP, Behan PO, Bell W, Millar K, Bakheit M: Behavioral problems asso-ciated with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Psychol 1993 Aug;84(Pt 3):411–423.
  • Joyce E, Blumenthal S, Wessely S. Memory, attention, and executive function in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychol 1996;60:495–503.
  • Ross S, Fantie B, Straus SF, Grafman J. Divided attention deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol 2001;8(1):4–11.
  • Michiels V, de Gucht V, Cluydts R, Fischler B. Attention and information pro-cessing efficiency in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1999 Oct; 21(5):709–729.
  • De Luca J, Schmaling KB. Neurocognitive testing in chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 1995;1(3/4):21–26.
  • Grafman J. Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Demitrack, M.A., Abbey, S.E. (ed), 1996. Guilford Press, New York 1996; 113–129.
  • Sherkey J. The neurological basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (Chronic Fa-tigue Syndrome) & Fibromyalgia Syndrome. (Synopsis of Betrayal by the Brain: the Neurological Basis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia and Related Neural Network Disorder by J. Goldstein). Presented at ME/FMS-Emerging Viruses confer-ence, Sudbury, On Sept 1997. Summary by MI van de Sande in Quest 97/98 Dec/Jan; 27:3-5. http://www3.sympatico.ca/me-fm.action/.
  • Michiels V, Chuydts R, Fischler B. Attention and verbal learning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. .1 Int Neuropsychol Soc 1998 Sept;4(5):456–466.
  • Dobbs BM, Dobbs AR, Kiss I. Working memory deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001 Mar;7(3):285–293.
  • Jason LA, Taylor RR, Kennedy CL. Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivities in a community-based sample of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms. Psychosom Med 2000;62(5):655–663.
  • Freeman R, Komaroff AL. Does the chronic fatigue syndrome involve the auto-nomic nervous system? Am J Med 1997;102:357.
  • Lerner AM, Lawrie C, Dworkin HJ. Repetitively negative T waves at 24-h electrocardiographic monitors in patients with the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Chest 1993, Nov;104(5):1417–1421.
  • Dworkin HJ, Lawrie C, Bohdiewicz P, Lerner AM. Abnormal left ventricular myocardial dynamics in eleven patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Nucl Med 1994 Aug;19(8):675–677.
  • Lerner AM, Zervos M, Dworkin HJ, Chang CH, Fitzgerald JT, Goldstein J, et al. New cardiomyopathy: pilot study of intravenous Ganciclovir in a subset of the chronic fatigue syndrome. Infect Dis in Clin Pract 1997;6:110–117.
  • Codero DL, Sisto SA, Tapp WN, LaManca JJ, Pareja JC, Natelson BH. De-creased vagal power during treadmill walking in patients with chronic fatigue syn-drome. Clin Auton Res 1996 Dec;6(6):329–333.
  • McCully KK, Natelson BH. Impaired oxygen delivery to muscle in chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Clin Sci (Colch) 1999 Nov;97(5):603–613.
  • Bou-Holaigah I, Rowe PC, Kan J,Calkins H. The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA. 1995 Sept 27;274(12): 961–967.
  • Rowe PC, Bou-Holaigah I, Kan JS, Calkins H. Is neurally mediated hypotension an unrecognised cause of chronic fatigue? Lancet 1995;345:623–624.
  • Rowe PC, Calkins H. Neurally mediated hypotension and chronic fatigue syn-drome. Am J Med 1998;105 (3A): 15 S -21 S .
  • De Becker P, Dendale P, De Meirleir K, Campine I, Vandenbome K, Hagers Y. Autonomic testing in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J of Med 1998; 105(3A):22S–26S.
  • Schondorf R, Freeman R. The importance of orthostatic intolerance in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci 1999;317:117–123.
  • Streeten DHP, Bell DS. Circulating blood volume in chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 1998;4(1):3–11.
  • Stewart TM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, Munoz J. Orthostatic intolerance in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Pediatrics 1999;103:116–121.
  • Streeten DH. Role of impaired lower-limb venous innervation in the patho-genesis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2001 Mar;321(3):163–167.
  • Naschitz JE, Sabo E, Naschitz S, Shaviv N, Rosner I, Rozenbaum M, Gaitini L, et al. Hemodynamic instability in chronic fatigue syndrome: indices and diagnostic significance. Sem Arth Rheum 2001 Dec ;31(3):199–208.
  • Berg D, Berg LH, Couvaras J. Is CFS/FMS due to an undefined hyperco-agulable state brought on by immune activation of coagulation? Does adding anticoag-ulant therapy improve CFS/FMS Patient symptoms? Presented at American Association Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Oct 1998. http://www.hemex.com.
  • Brewer JH, Berg D. Hypercoaguable state associated with active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) viremia in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 2001;8(3/4):111–116.
  • Simpson LO. Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J 1989 Mar 22;102(864):126–127.
  • Simpson LO. Explanatory notes about red cell shape analysis. Personal com-munication.
  • Demitrack MA. Neuroendocrine correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome: a brief review. J Psychiatr Res 1997 Jan-Feb;31(1):69–82.
  • Beam J, Allain T, Coskeran P, Munro N, Butler J, McGregor A, Wessely S. Neuroendocrine responses to d-fenfluramine and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiat 1995 Feb 15;37(4):245–252.
  • Altemus M, Dale JK, Michelson D, Demitrack MA, Gold PW, Straus SE. Ab-normalities in response to vasopressin infusion in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psycho-neuroendocrino 2001 Feb;26(2)175–88.
  • Parker AJ, Wessely S, Cleare AJ. The neuroenocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Psychol Med 2001 Nov ;31(8):1331–1345.
  • Demitrack MA, Dale JK, Straus SE, Laue L, Listwak S, Kruesi MJ, et al. Evi-dence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 Dec;73(6):1224–1234.
  • De Becker P, De Meirleir K, Joos E, Campine I, Van Steenberge E, Smitz J, Velkeniers B. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) response to i.v. ACTH in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Horm Metab Res 1999 Jan;31(1):18–21.
  • Scott LV, The J, Reznek R, Martin A, Sohaib A, Dinan TG. Small adrenal glands in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary computer tomography study. Psycho-neuroendocrinol 1999;24(7):759–768.
  • Sharpe M, Clements A, Hawton K, Young AH, Sargent P, Cowen PJ. Increased prolactin response to buspirone in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Affect Disord 1996 Nov 4;41(1):71–76.
  • Patarca-Montero R, Mark T, Fletcher M, Klimas NG. The immunology of chronic fatigue syndrome. J of CFS 2000; 6(3/4):69–107.
  • Whiteside TL, Friberg D. Natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J of Med 1998;105 (3A):27S–34S.
  • Hanson SJ, Gause W, Natelson B. Detection of immunologically significant factors for chronic fatigue syndrome using neural-network classifiers. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001 May ;8 (3): 658–662.
  • Fletcher MA, Maher K, Patarca-Montero R, Klimas N. Comparative analysis of lymphocytes in lymph nodes and peripheral blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 2000;7(3):65–76.
  • Landay AL, Jessop C, Lennette ET, Levy JA. Chronic fatigue syndrome: clini-cal condition associated with immune activation. Lancet 1991 Sep;338(8769):707–712.
  • Brunet IL, Liaudet AP, Later R, Peyramond D, Cozon GJ. Delayed-type hyper-sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndrome; the usefulness assessing T-cell activation by flow cytometry. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 2001 Apr;33(4):166–72.
  • Cheney PR, Umovitz HB. RNAs in the plasma of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a novel mechanism for chronic illness expression with both treatment and diagnostic implications. Presentation at the Amer Assoc for CFS, 2001 Jan; Seattle, WA.
  • Mawle AC, NisenbaumR, Dobbins JG, Gary HE Jr, Stewart JA, Reyes M, et al. Immune responses associated with chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study. J Infect Dis 1997 Jan;175(1):136–141.
  • Englebienne P, Herst CV, De Smet K, D'Haese A, De Meirleir K. Interactions between RNase L ankyrin-like domain and ABC transporters as a possible origin for pain, ion transport, CNS and immune disorders of chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome. J CFS 2001 ;8 (3/4): 83–102.
  • Klein L, Sarkadi B, Varadi A. An inventory of the human ABC proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1461:237–262.
  • Roelens S, Herst CV, D'Haese A, De Smet K, Fremont M, De Meirleir K, Englebienne P. G-actin cleavage parallels 2-5A-Dependent RNase L cleavage in pe-ripheral blood mononuclear cells—relevance to a possible serum-based screening test. J CFS 2001;8(3/4):63–82.
  • Levine S, Eastman H, Ablashi DV. Prevalence of IgG antibody to HHV-6 and HHV-7 and results of plasma PCR to HHV-6 and HHV-7 in a group of CFS patients and healthy donors. J CFS 2001;9(1/2):31–40.
  • Levine S. Prevalence in the cerebrospinal fluid following infectious agents in a cohort of 12 CFS subjects: Human Herpes Virus-6 and 8; chlamydia species; myco-plasma species; EBV, CMV and coxsackievirus. J CFS 2001;9(1/2):41–50.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Hier J, Erwin R, Nicolson NL, Ngwenya R. Mycoplasmal infections in chronic illnesses: fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syn-dromes, Gulf War illness, HIV-AIDS and rheumatoid arthritis. Med Sentinel 1999; 4:172–176.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Hier J, Nicolson NL. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic mycoplasmal infections in fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue syn-drome: relationship to Gulf War Illness. Biomed Ther 1998;16:266–271.
  • Scott LV, Dinan TG. Urinary free cortisol excretion in chronic fatigue syn-drome, major depression and in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord 1998 Jan;47(1-3): 49–54.
  • Cleare AJ, Beam J, Allain T, McGregor A, Wessely S, Murray RM, O'Keane V. Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Affect Disord 1995 Aug 18;34(4):283–289.
  • Karnofsky D, Abbelmann W, Craver L, Burchenal J. The use of nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma. Cancer 1948;1:634–666.
  • Waylonis GW, Ronan PG, Gordon C. A profile of fibromyalgia in occupational environments. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;73(2): 112–115.
  • King PM, Tuckwell N, Barrett TE. A critical review of functional capacity evaluation. Phys Ther 1998 Aug;78(8):852–866.
  • Olin RJ. Fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome-neuroendo-crinological syndromes: a new paradigm with important consequence for the patient, the medical community and research. Guest of Honor Lecturer, 5th Annual Fibro-myalgia and Chronic Fatigue International Conference, Seattle, Washington, Feb 2–5, 1996.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.