The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Fibromyalgia: Where Are We in 2001?

REFERENCES

• Wolfe F, Smythe H A, Yunus M B, Bennett R M, Baobardier C, Goldenberg D L, Tugwell P, Campbell S M, Abeles M, Clark P, Fam A G, Farber S J, Fiechtner J J, Franklin C M, Gatter R A, Hamaty D, Lessard J, Lichtbroun A S, Masi A T, McCain G A, Reynolds W J, Romano T J, Russell I J, Sheon R P. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 160–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Skevington S M. Measuring the epidemiology of distress: The rheumatology distress index. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2000–2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrousos G P, Gold P W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 1992; 267: 1244–1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza E B, Grigoriadis D E, Webster E L. Role of brain, pituitary, and spleen corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the stress response. Methods Achieve Exp Pathol 1991; 14: 23–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crofford L J, Casey K L. Central modulation of pain perception. Rheum Dis Clin NA 1999; 25: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita N, Laurent P, Lefort S, Chalon P, Lelias J-M, Kaghad M, Le Fur G, Caput D, Ferrara P. Primary structure and functional expression of mouse pituitary and human brain corticotrophin releasing factor receptors. FEBS Let 1993; 335: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenzel-Poore M P, Heinrichs S C, Rivest S, Koob G F, Vale W W. Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: A genetic model of anxiogenic behavior. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 2579–2584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G W, Aubry J-M, Dellu F, Contarino A, Belezikjian L M, Gold L H, Chen R, Marchuk Y, Hauser C, Bentrly C A, Sawchenko P E, Koob G F, Vale W, Lee K-F. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron 1998; 20: 1093–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I, Kresse A, Reul J MHM, Stalla G K, Blanquet V, Steckler T, Holsboer F, Wurst W. Impaired stress response and recuded anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Nature Genet 1998; 19: 162–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bale T L, Contarino A, Smith G W, Chan R, Gold L H, Sawchenko P E, Koob G F, Vale W W, Lee K-F. Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. Nature Genet 2000; 24: 410–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T, Radulovic J, Radulovic M, Lin C, Schrick C, Hooshmand F, Hermanson O, Rosenfeld M, Spiess J. Deletion of Crhr2 reveals an anxiolytic role for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2. Nature Genet 2000; 24: 415–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford L J, Demitrack M A. Evidence that abnormalities of central neuro-hormonal systems are key to understanding fibromylagia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin NA 1996; 22: 267–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim C, Newport D J, Heit S, Graham Y P, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, Miller A H, Nereroff C B. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physcial abuse in childhood. JAMA 2000; 284: 592–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll B J, Feingerg M, Greden J F, Tarika J, Albala A A, Haskett R F, James N M, Kronfol Z, Lohr N, Sterner M, de Vigne J P, Young E. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 15–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griep E N, Boersma J W, de Kloet E P. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 469–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler G K, Kinsley B T, Hurwitz S, Mossey C J, Goldenberg D L. Reduced hypo-thalamic-pituitary and sympathoadrenal responses to hyoglycemia in women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 1999; 106: 534–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirnap M, Colak R, Eser C, Ozsoy O, Tutus A, Kelestimur F. A comparison between low-dose (1 μg), standard-dose (250 μg) ACTH stimulation tests and insulin tolerance test in the evaluation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2001; 55: 455–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torpy D J, Papanicolaou D A, Lotsikas A J, Wilder R L, Chrousos G P, Pillemer S R. Responses of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to interleukin-6. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 872–880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson J I, Pliner L F, Hudson M S, Goldenberg D L, Melby J C. The dexamethasone suppression test in fibrositis. Biol Psych 1984; 19: 1489–1493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraccioli G, Cavalieri F, Salaffi F, Fontana S, Scita F, Nolli M, Maestri D. Neuroendocrinologic findings in primary fibromyalgia (soft tissue chronic pain syndrome) and in other chronic rheumatic conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain). J Rheumatol 1990; 19: 869–873
   Google Scholar
• Griep E N, Boersma J W, Lentjes E G, Prins A P, ven der Korst J K, de Kloet E R. Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1374–1381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford L J, Pillemer S R, Kalogeras K T, Cash J M, Michelson D, Kling M A, Sternberg E M, Gold P W, Chrousos G P, Wilder R L. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1583–1592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidel W, Layka H, Neeck G. Secretory pattern of GH, TSH, thyroid hormones, ACTH, cortisol, FSH and LH in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) following systemic injection of the relevant hypothalamic releasing-hormones. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57(Suppl)81–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catley D, Kaell A T, Kirschbaum C, Stone A A. A naturalistic evaluation of cortisol secretion in persons with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 2000; 13: 51–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCain G A, Tilbe K S. Diurnal hormone variation in fibromyalgia syndrome: A comparison with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16(Suppl 19)154–157
   Google Scholar
• Lentjes E GWM, Griep E N, Boersma J W, Romijn F PTHM, de Kloet E R. Glucocorticoid receptors, fibromylagia and low back pain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997; 22: 603–614
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korszun A, Sackett-Lundeen L, Papadopoulos E, Brucksch C, Masterson L, Engelberg N C, Haus E, Demitrack M A, Crofford L. Melatonin levels in women with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2675–2680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerman E B, Goldenberg D L, Brown E N, Maliszewski A M, Adler G K. Circa-dian rhythms of women with fibromyalgia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1034–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar