Terrorism as Group Violence

References

• Adams , J. 1986 . The financing of terror: How the groups that are terrorizing the world get the money to do it , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , J. W. 1964 . An introduction to motivation , Princeton, NJ : C. van Nostrand .
   Google Scholar
• Avrich , P. 1984 . The Haymarket tragedy , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ballif , B. L. A multidimensional model of motivation for learning . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association . New York. April .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and actions: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1990 . “ Mechanisms of moral disengagement ” . In Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind , Edited by: Reich , W. 161 – 191 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bassiouni , M. C. 1987 . Terrorism, law enforcement, and the mass media: Perspectives, problems, proposals . Journal of Criminal Enforcement Bulletin , 56 : 14 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Begin , M. 1977 . The revolt , Edited by: Katz , S. Los Angeles : Nash .
   Google Scholar
• Bergen , P. L. 2001a . The bin Laden Trial: What did we learn? . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 24 : 429 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergen , P. L. 2001b . Holy war, inc.: Inside the secret world of Osama bin Laden , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld , L. 2002 . Revenge: A story of hope , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Botsis , J. A. , Plutchick , R. , Kotler , M. and van Praag , H. M. 1995 . Parental loss and family violence as correlates of suicide and violence risk . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 25 : 253 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celozzi , M. J. , Kazelskis , R. and Gutsch , K. U. 1981 . The relationship between viewing televised violence in ice hockey and subsequent levels of personal aggression . Journal of Sport Behavior , 4 : 157 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Centre for National Security Studies . 1995 . Recent trends in domestic and international terrorism Available at: http://www.nsi.org/library/terrorism/tertrend/html[On-line]
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , C. J. , Barlow , S. H. and Ballif-Spanvill , B. 1999 . “ Principles of group violence with a focus on terrorism ” . In Collective violence: Effective strategies for assessing and interviewing in fatal group and institutional aggression , Edited by: Hall , H. V. and Whitaker , L. C. 277 – 311 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , H. H. A. 1974 . Evaluating the terrorist threat: Principles and applied risk assessment , Gaithersburg, MD : International Association of Police Chiefs .
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , M. 1981 . The causes of terrorism . Comparative Politics , 13 : 379 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , M. The strategic development of terrorism . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association . New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , M. 1990 . “ The logic of terrorism: Terrorist behavior as a product of strategic choice ” . In Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind , Edited by: Reich , W. 7 – 24 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , E. 1977 . Deindividuation: Causes and consequences . Social Behavior and Personality , 5 : 143 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , Dineen , J. , Endresen , K. , Beaman , A. L. and Fraser , S. C. 1975 . Effects of altered responsibility, cognitive set, and modeling on physical aggression and deindividuation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 328 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , R. 2001 . The American terrorist . Scientific American , June : 28
   Google Scholar
• Fabick , S. D. “ Us & them: Reducing the risk of terrorism ” . In The psychology of terrorism: Psychological dimensions to war and peace , Edited by: Stout , C. E. Westport, CT : Praeger Publishers . in press
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation . 1997 . Terrorism: The year in review Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/publish/terror/terrorin.htm[On-line]
   Google Scholar
• Goodall , J. 1986 . The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodall , J. , Bandura , A. , Bermann , E. , Busse , C. , Matama , H. , Mpongo , E. , Pierce , A. and Riss , D. 1979 . “ Inter-community interactions in the chimpanzee population of the Gombe National Park ” . In The great apes , Edited by: Hamburg , D. A. and McCown , E. R. 13 – 53 . Menlo Park, CA : Cummings .
   Google Scholar
• Haney , C. , Banks , C. and Zimbardo , P. 1973 . Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison . International Journal of Criminology and Penology , 1 : 69 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield , E. , Cacioppo , J. T. and Rapson , R. L. 1993 . Emotional contagion . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 2 : 96 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Heise , D. R. and O'Brien , J. 1993 . “ Emotion expression in groups ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Haviland , J. M. and Lewis , M. 489 – 497 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heskin , K. 1980 . Northern Ireland: A psychological analysis , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , B. 1995 . Holy terror: The implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 18 : 271 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , B. 1999 . Inside terrorism , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. A. 1999 . The sociology and psychology of terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why? , Washington, DC : Federal Research Division, Library of Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Janis , I. 1982 . Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes, , 2nd ed. , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , J. 1976 . The face of battle , Middlesex, , UK : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg , O. The effects of the narcissistic leader on the group . Paper presented at the American Group Psychotherapy Association Annual Meeting . Atlanta. February .
   Google Scholar
• Laqueur , W. 1977 . Terrorism , Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Lawler , E. J. 1992 . Affective attachments to nested groups: A choice process theory . American Sociological Review , 57 : 327 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt , G. M. 1988 . Democracies against terror: The western response to state-supported terrorism , 93 – 105 . New York : Praeger . Washington Papers No. 134
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , C. W. 2000 . The terror that failed: Public opinion in the aftermath of the bombing in Oklahoma City . Public Administration Review , 60 : 201 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , D. E. 1990 . The anatomy of terrorism , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manson , J. H. and Wrangham , R. W. 1991 . Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and humans . Current Anthropology , 32 : 369 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters , J. C. , Felleman , E. S. and Barden , R. C. 1981 . “ Experimental studies of affective states in children ” . In Advances in clinical child psychology , Edited by: Lahey , B. and Kazdin , A. E. Vol. 4 , 91 – 114 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , M. 1973 . To take arms: My year with the IRA Provisionals , New York : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum , D. and Gilmore , J. B. 1984 . “ The nature of unconscious processes: A cognitive-behavioral perspective ” . In The unconscious reconsidered , Edited by: Bowers , K. and Meichenbaum , D. 273 – 298 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Milgram , S. 1974 . Obedience to authority: An experimental view , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. , Engelberg , S. and Broad , W. 2001 . Germs , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Monroe , K. R. and Kreidie , L. H. 1997 . The perspective of Islamic fundamentalists and the limits of rational choice theory . Political Psychology , 18 : 19 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Morarji , K. 2002 . Anti-terrorist legislation: A pretext for attacks on civil liberties around the world . The Peace Chronicle , : 9 – 10 . spring
   Google Scholar
• Nishida , T. , Hiraiwa-Hasegawa , M. , Hasegawa , T. and Takahata , Y. 1985 . Group extinction and female transfer in wild chimpanzees in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania . Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie , 67 : 284 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Otterbein , K. F. 1970 . The evolution of war , New Haven : HRAF Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , J. D. 1991 . Comment on J. H. Manson & R. W. Wrangham, Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and humans . Current Anthropology , 32 : 382
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , W. L. 1978 . The Turner diaries , Washington, DC : The National Alliance .
   Google Scholar
• Pomerantz , S. L. 1987 . The FBI and terrorism . FBI Law and Criminology , 72 : 1 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Post , J. 1984 . Notes on a psychodynamic theory of terrorist behavior . Terrorism , 7 : 241 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post , J. M. 1990 . “ Terrorist psycho-logic: Terrorist behavior as a product of psychological forces ” . In Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind , Edited by: Reich , W. 25 – 40 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Post , J. M. , Ruby , K. G. and Shaw , E. D. 2002a . The radical group in context: 1. An integrated framework for the analysis of group risk for terrorism . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 25 : 73 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Post , J. M. , Ruby , K. G. and Shaw , E. D. 2002b . The radical group in context: 2. Identification of critical elements in the analysis of risk for terrorism by radical group type . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 25 : 101 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Prino , C. T. and Peyrot , M. 1994 . The effect of child physical abuse and neglect on aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behavior . Child Abuse and Neglect , 18 : 871 – 884 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranstorp , M. 1996 . Terrorism in the name of religion . Journal of International Affairs , 50 : 41 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasch , W. 1979 . Psychological dimensions of political terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 2 : 79 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich , W. 1990 . “ Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry ” . In Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind , Edited by: Reich , W. 261 – 279 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. I. 1993 . Structural causes of oppositional political terrorism: Towards a causal model . Journal of Peace Research , 30 : 317 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , C. A. and Miller , B. H. 1983 . “ Portrait of a terrorist ” . In Perspectives on terrorism , Edited by: Freedman , L. and Alexander , Y. 45 – 60 . Wilmington, DE : Scholarly Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Savinkov , B. 1931 . Memoirs of a terrorist , Edited by: Shaplen , J. New York : A & C Boni .
   Google Scholar
• Scheidlinger , S. 1994 . A commentary on adolescent group violence . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 25 : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Spanish National UNESCO Commission . 1986 . Seville Statement on Violence , Seville, Spain : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Sprinzak , E. 1998 . From theory to practice: Developing early warning indicators for terrorism , Washington, DC : USIP .
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg , R. J. A duplex theory of hate and its development and its application to terrorism, massacres, and genocide . August . Paper presented at the American Psychological Association conference in Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Tarvis , C. 1982 . Anger: The misunderstood emotion , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , J. T. and Felson , R. B. 1994 . Violence, aggression, and coercive actions , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Terrorism Research Center . 1997 . The basics of terrorism Available at: http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism.bpart1.htm[On-line], Title 33, United States Code, Section 2656f(d)
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of State . 1988 . Patterns of global terrorism , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of State . 1996 . Patterns of global terrorism , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of State . 2002 . Patterns of global terrorism , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Vogel , W. and Lazare , A. 1990 . The unforgivable humiliation: A dilemma in couples' treatment . Contemporary Family Therapy , 12 : 139 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• White , R. K. 1968 . Nobody wanted war: Misperception in Vietnam and other wars , Garden City, NY : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , E. 1975 . Sociobiology , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yacef , S. 1962 . Souvenirs de la bataille d'Alger , Paris : Julliard .
   Google Scholar
• Zawodny , J. K. 1978 . Internal organizational problems and the sources of tensions of terrorist movements as catalysts of violence . Terrorism , 1 : 277 – 285 .
   Google Scholar