107
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellaneous

Irritable bowel syndrome: an update on therapeutic modalities

Pages 1211-1222 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • DROSSMAN DA, LIZ, ANDRUZZI E et al.: US householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig. Dis. Sci (1993) 38:1569–1580.
  • ••Major epidemiological survey documentingthe prevalence and impact of functional gastrointestinal disorders.
  • THOMPSON WG, HEATON KW, SMYTH GT, SMYTH C: Irritable bowel syndrome in general practice: prevalence, characteristics, and referral. Gut (2000) 46:78–82.
  • •Multicentre study showing the prevalence, symptoms of IBS patients in general practice.
  • THOMPSON WG, HEATON KW: Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology (1980) 79:283–288.
  • TALLEY NJ: Irritable bowel syndrome: definition, diagnosis and epidemiology. Baillieres Best Pict. Res. Clin Gastroenterol. (1999) 13:371–384.
  • JONES R, LYDEARD S: Irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. BMJ (1992) 304: 87–90.
  • SAITO YA, LOCKE GR, TALLEY NJ, ZINSMEISTER AR, FETT SL, MELTON LJ 3RD: A comparison of the Rome and Manning criteria for case identification in epidemiological investigations of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol (2000) 95:2816–2824.
  • TALLEY NJ, GABRIEL SE, HARMSEN WS, ZINSMEISTER AR, EVANS RW: Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1995) 109:1736–1741.
  • •A survey showing significant economic impact of IBS on health care system.
  • TALLEY NJ, WEAVER AL, ZINSMEISTER AR: Impact of functional dyspepsia on quality of life. Dig. Dis. Se (1995) 40:584–589.
  • KLEIN KB: Controlled treatment trials in the irritable bowel syndrome: a critique. Gastroenterology (1988) July 95(1):232–241.
  • MANNING AP THOMPSON WG, HEATON KW, MORRIS AF: Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med. J. (1978) 2:653–654.
  • •A pioneer article dealing with positive diagnosis of IBS by proposing diagnostic criteria.
  • RAO KP, GUPTA S, JAIN AK, AGRAWAL AK, GUPTA JP: Evaluation of Manning's criteria in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. J. Assoc. Physicians India (1993) 41:357–363.
  • JEONG H, LEE HR, Y00 BC, PARK SM: Manning criteria in irritable bowel syndrome: its diagnostic significance. Korean J. Intern. Med. (1993) 8:34–39.
  • DROSSMAN DA: The Rome criteria process: diagnosis and legitimization of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol (1999) 94: 2803–2807.
  • VANNER SJ, DEPEW WT, PATERSON et al.: Predictive value of the Rome criteria for diagnosing the irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (1999) 94:2912–2917.
  • FORD MJ, CAMILLERI M, ZINSMEISTER AR etal.: Psychosensory modulation of colonic sensation in the human transverse and sigmoid colon. Gastroenterology (1995) 109:1772.
  • BUENO L, FIORAMONTI J, DELVAUX M, FREXINOS J: Mediators and pharmacology of visceral sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastroenterology (1997) 112:1714–1743.
  • SALEH TM: Visceral afferent stimulation-evoked changes in the release of peptides into the parabrachial nucleus in vivo. Brain Res. (1997) 778:56–63.
  • MAYER EA, CHANG L, LEMBO T: Brain-gut interactions: implications for newer therapy. Eur. Surg. (1998) 582(Suppl.):50–55.
  • WHITEHEAD WE, CROWELL MD, ROBINSON JC, HELLER BR, SCHUSTER MM: Effects of stressful life events on bowel symptoms: subjects with irritable bowel syndrome compared with subjects without bowel dysfunction. Gut (1992) 33:825–830.
  • YOUNG SJ, ALPERS DH, NORLAND CC, WOODRUFF RA JR: Psychiatric illness and the irritable bowel syndrome. Practical implications for the primary physician. Gastroenterology (1976) 70:162–166.
  • WHITEHEAD WE, BOSMAJIAN L, ZONDERMAN AB, COSTA PT, SCHUSTER MM: Symptoms of psychologic distress associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Comparison of community and medical clinic samples. Gastroenterology (1988) 95:709–714.
  • DROSSMAN DA, MCKEE DC, SANDLER RS et al: Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome: a multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1988) 95:701–708.
  • •A multivariate analysis of psychological factors and their contribution to health care seeking in patients with IBS.
  • WESTON AE BIDDLE WL, BHATIA PS,MINER PB JR: Terminal ileal mucosal mast cells in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci (1993) 38(9):1590–1595.
  • O'SULLIVAN M, CLAYTON N, BRESLIN NP et al: Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. (2000) 12(5):449–457.
  • BUENO L, FIORAMONTI J: Effects of inflammatory mediators on gut sensitivity. Carr. J. Castroenterol. (1999) 13(Suppl. A):42–46.
  • KELLOW JE, ECKERSLEY GM, JONES MP: Enteric and central contributions to intestinal dysmotility in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci (1992) 37:168–174.
  • KELLOW JE, ECKERSLEY GM, JONESMP: Enhanced perception of physiological intestinal motility in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1991) 101:1621–1627.
  • VASSALLO MJ, CAMILLERI M, PHILLIPS SF et al: Colonic tone and motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mayo OM. Proc. (1992) 67:725–731.
  • EVANS PR, BENNETT EJ, YOUNG-TAEB et al: Jejunal sensorimotor dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical and psychosocial features. Gastroenterology (1996) 110:393–404.
  • GORARD DA, LIBBY GW, FARTHING MJG: Ambulatory small intestinal motility in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut (1994) 35:203–210.
  • SJOLUND K, EKMAN R, LINDGREN S, REHFELD JF: Disturbed motilin and cholecystokinin release in the irritable bowel syndrome. Scam/. j Castroenterol. (1996) 31:1110–1114.
  • KELLOW JE, DELVAUX M, AZPIROZ F: Principles of applied neurogastroenterology: physiology/motility-sensation. Cut (1999) 45:1117–1124.
  • •A review showing basic concepts on gastrointestinal sensation and motility physiology.
  • NALIB OFF BD, MUNAKATA J, FULLERTON S et al: Evidence for two distinct perceptual alterations in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut (1997) 41:505–512.
  • LEMBO T, MUNAKATA J, MERTZ H et al.: Evidence for the hypersensitivity of lumbar splanchnic afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:1686–1696.
  • GEBHART GF: Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications IV. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain. Am. I Physiol Castrointest. Liver Physiol (2000) 278: 834–838.
  • MAYER EA, GEBHART GF: Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:271–293.
  • GIAMBERARDINO MA: Recent and forgotten aspects of visceral pain. Eur. Pain (1999) 3:77–92.
  • COLLINS SM, BARBARA G, VALLANCE B: Stress, inflammation and the irritable bowel syndrome. Can. Castroenterol. (1999)13(Suppl. A):47–49.
  • PIMENTEL M, CHOW EJ, LIN HC: Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. I Castroenterol. (2000) 95:3503–3506.
  • ••An article that propose a new insight topathophysiology and treatment of IBS.
  • BALSARI A, CECCARELLI A, DUBINI FESCE E, POLI G: The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica (1982) 5:185–194.
  • KING TS, ELIA M, HUNTER JO: Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet (1998) 352:1187–1189.
  • HADERSTORFER B, PSYCHOLGIN D, WHITEHEAD WE, SCHUSTER MM: Intestinal gas production from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate in irritable bowel syndrome. Am. Castroenterol. (1989) 84: 375–378.
  • MAYER EA, CHANG L, LEMBO T: Brain-gut interactions: implications for newer therapy. Eur. Surg. (1998) 582(Suppl.): 50–55.
  • STEVENS J, VANSOEST PJ, ROBERTSON JB, LEVITSKY DA: Comparison of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics j Am. Diet Assoc. (1988) 88:323–326.
  • JARRETT M, HEITKEMPER MM, BOND EF, GEORGES J: Comparison of diet composition in women with and without functional bowel disorder. Castroenterol. Nurs. (1994) 16:253–258.
  • CANN PA, READ NW HOLDSWORTH CD: What is the benefit of coarse wheat bran in patients with irritable bowel syndrome? Cut (1984) 25:168–173.
  • POYNARD T, NAVEAU S, MORY B, CHAPUT JC: Meta-analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1994) 8:499–510.
  • •A meta-analysis study that reviews the efficacy of smooth muscle relaxant in IBS.
  • POYNARD T, REGIMBEAU C, BENHAMOU Y: Meta-analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2001) 15:355–361.
  • •A recent meta-analysis that compares the efficacy of myorelaxants in treatment of IBS.
  • HOUGHTON LA, ROGERS J, WHORWELL PJ, CAMPBELL FC, WILLIAMS NS, GOKA J: Zamifenacin (UK-76, 654) a potent gut M3 selective muscarinic antagonist, reduces colonic motor activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther (1997) 11:561–568.
  • LU CL, CHEN CY, CHANG FY etal.: Effect of a calcium channel blocker and antispasmodic in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. j Castroenterol Hepatol. (2000) 15:925–930.
  • EVANGELISTA S: Otilonium bromide: aselective spasmolytic for the gastrointestinal tract. j Irm Med. Res. (1999) 27:207–222.
  • AWAD RA, CORDOVA VH, DIBILDOX M, SANTIAGO R, CAMACHO S: Reduction of post-prandial motility by pinaverium bromide a calcium channel blocker acting selectively on the gastrointestinal tract in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Acta Castroenterol Latirroam. (1997) 27:247–251.
  • SUN WM, EDWARDS CA, PRIOR A, RAO SS, READ NW: Effect of oral nicardipine on anorectal function in normal human volunteers and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig. Dis. Li. (1990) 35:885–890.
  • AWAD R, DIBILDOX M, ORTIZ F: Irritable bowel syndrome treatment using pinaverium bromide as a calcium channel blocker. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Acta Castroenterol Latirroam. (1995) 25:137–144.
  • PEREZ-MATEO M, SILLERO C, CUESTA A, VAZQUEZ N, BERBEGAL J: Diltiazem in the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Int. j Clin. Pharmacol Res. (1986) 6:425–427.
  • LIU JH, CHEN GH, YEH HZ, HUANG CK, POON SK: Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. ..J. Gast/venter-a. (1997) 32:765–768.
  • PITTLER MH, ERNST E: Peppermint oilfor irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and metaanalysis. Am. Gast-merit-era (1998) 93:1131–1135.
  • •A meta-analysis study that reviews the efficacy of peppermint oil in treatment of IBS.
  • NIEDERAU C, FABER S, KARAUS M: Cholecystokinin's role in regulation of colonic motility in health and in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1992) 102:1889–1898.
  • CANN PA, READ NW HOLDSWORTH CD, BARENDS D: Role of loperamide and placebo in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Dig. Dis. Sci (1984) 29:239–247.
  • EFSKIND PS, BERNKLEV T, VATN MH: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with loperamide in irritable bowel syndrome. Scam/. I Gast-mem-era (1996) 31:463–468.
  • HOVDENAK N: Loperamide treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Scam/. Gast-merit-era (1987) 130:81–84.
  • LAVO B, STENSTAM M, NIELSEN AL: Loperamide in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Scam/. j Gast/venter-of (1987) 130:77–80.
  • READ M, READ NW, BARBER DC, DUTHIE HL: Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1982) 27:807–814.
  • CAMILLERI M. Management of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:652–668.
  • ••Authoritive, comprehensive review of thecurrent management of IBS.
  • MILO R: Use of the peripheral dopamine antagonist, domperidone, in the management of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Cum: Med. Res. Opin (1980) 6:577–584.
  • CANN PA, READ NW HOLDSWORTH CD: Oral domperidone: double blind comparison with placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut (1983) 24:1135–1140.
  • FIELDING JF: Domperidone treatment in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion (1982) 23:125–127.
  • VAN OUTRYVE M, MILO R, TOUSSAINT J, VAN EEGHEM P: Prokinetie treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a placebo-controlled study of cisapride. Gastroenterol (1991) 13:49–57.
  • SCHUTZE K, BRANDSTATTER G, DRAGOSICS B, JUDMAIER G, HENTSCHEL E: Double-blind study of the effect of cisapride on constipation and abdominal discomfort as components of the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther (1997) 11:387–394.
  • FARUP PG, HOVDENAK N, WETTERHUS S, LANGE 0J, HOVDE 0, TRONDSTAD R: The symptomatic effect of cisapride in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation. Scam/. Gastroenterol (1998) 33:128–131.
  • KIM DY, CAMILLERI M: Serotonin: a mediator of the brain-gut connection. Am. Gastroenterol (2000) 95:2698–2709.
  • •A comprehensive review of the role of serotonin in brain gut axis.
  • DELVAUX M, LOUVEL D, MAMET JP, CAMPOS-ORIOLA R, FREXINOS J: Effect of alosetron on responses to colonic distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharm. Ther. (1998) 12:849–855.
  • •Demonstration of the effect of alosetron on colonic compliance and sensation in IBS.
  • VIRAMONTES B, MCKINZIE S, PARDI DS, BURTON D, THOMFORDE G, CAMILLERI M: Alosetron retards small bowel and overall colonic transit in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A848.
  • CAMILLERI M: Pharmacology and clinical experience with alosetron. Expert Opin. Irivestig. Drugs (2000) 9:147–159.
  • ••A comprehensive review of alosetron intreatment of IBS.
  • CLAYTON NM, SARGENT R, BUTLER A et al: The pharmacological properties of the novel selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, alosetron, and its effects on normal and perturbed small intestinal transit in the fasted rat. Neurogastroenterol Moth. (1999) 11:207–217.
  • HOUGHTON LA, FOSTER JM, WHORWELL PJ: Alosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, delays colonic transit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2000) 14:775–782.
  • BARDHAN KD, BODEMAR G, GELDOF H et al.: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy of alosetron in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther (2000) 14:23–34.
  • JONES RH, HOLTMANN G, RODRIGO L et al: Alosetron relieves pain and improves bowel function compared with mebeverine in female nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1999) 13:1419–1427.
  • CAMILLERI M, MAYER EA, DROSSMAN DA et al: Improvement in pain and bowel function in female irritable bowel patients with alosetron, a 5HT3-receptor antagonist. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1999) 13:1149–1159.
  • CHARATAN F: Drug for irritable bowel syndrome taken off the market. EMI (2000) 321:1429.
  • ZIGHELBOIM J, TALLEY NJ, PHILLIPS SF, HARMSEN WS, ZINSMEISTER AR: Visceral perception in irritable bowel syndrome. Rectal and gastric responses to distension and serotonin type 3 antagonism. Dis. Sci. (1995) 40:819–827.
  • GOLDBERG PA, KAMM MA, SETTI-CARRARO P, VAN DER SUP JR, ROTH C: Modification of visceral sensitivity and pain in irritable bowel syndrome by 5-HT3 antagonism (ondansetron). Digestion (1996) 57:478–483.
  • WILDE MI, MARKHAM A ONDANSETRO N: A review of its pharmacology and preliminary clinical findings in novel applications. Drugs (1996) 52:773–794.
  • BANNER SE, SANGER GJ: Differences between 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in modulation of visceral hypersensitivity. BE Pharmacy]. (1995) 114: 558–562.
  • PRIOR A, READ NW: Reduction of rectal sensitivity and post-prandial motility by granisetron, a 5 HT3-receptor antagonist, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. (1993) 7:175–180.
  • PRATHER CM, CAMILLERI M, ZINSMEISTER AR, MCKINZIE S, THOMFORDE G: Tegaserod accelerates orocecal transit in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:463–468.
  • SCHIKOWSKI A, MATHIS C, THEWISSEN M, ROSS H-G, PAK MA, ENCK P: Dose-dependent modulation of rectal afferent sensitivity by a 5-HT4 receptor agonist. Gastroenterology (1999) 17A:643 (Abstract).
  • MUELLER-LISSNER S, FUMAGALLI I, BARDHAN KD et al: Tegaserod, a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, relieves key symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A175 (Abstract).
  • JOHANSON JF, MINER PB, PARKMAN HP et al.: Prucalopride improves bowel movement frequency and symptoms in patients with chronic constipation: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A175 (Abstract).
  • DELVAUX M, LOUVEL D, LAGIER E, SCHERRER B, ABITBOL JL, FREXINOS J: The kappa agonist fedotozine relieves hypersensitivity to colonic distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology (1999) 116: 38–45.
  • DAPOIGNY M, ABITBOL JL, FRAITAG B; Efficacy of peripheral kappa agonist, fedotozine, vs. placebo in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter dose-response study. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1995) 40:2244–2249.
  • DELVAUX M: Pharmacology and clinical experience with fedotozine. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2001) 10:97–110.
  • •A comprehesive review of fedotozin in management of IBS.
  • LEMBO T, NALIB OFF BD, MATIN K et al.: Irritable bowel syndrome patients show altered sensitivity to exogenous opioids. Pain (2000) 87:137–147.
  • DELVAUX M, WINGATE D: Trimebutine: mechanism of action, effects on gastrointestinal function and clinical results. j Int. Med. Res. (1997) 25:225–246.
  • FIELDING JF, O'MALLEY K: Lack of effect of naloxone in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ir. J. Med. Sci. (1981) 150:41–42.
  • BHARUCHA AE, CAMILLERI M, ZINSMEISTER AR, HANSON RB: Adrenergic modulation of human colonic motor and sensory function. Am. j Physial (1997) 273:997–1006.
  • MALCOLM A, CAMILLERI M, KOST L, BURTON DD, FETT SL, ZINSMEISTER AR: Towards identifying optimal doses for a-2 adrenergic modulation of colonic and rectal motor and sensory function. Aliment Pharmacal Ther. (2000) 214:783–793.
  • PRIOR A, WILSON KM, WHORWELL PJ: Double-blind study of an alpha 2 agonist in the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Ailment Pharmacy]. Ther. (1988) 2:535–539.
  • BRADETTE M, DELVAUX M, STAUMONT G, FIORAMONTI J, BUENO L, FREXINOS J: Octreotide increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in IBS patients without modifying muscle tone. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1994) 39:1171–1178.
  • HASLER WL, SOUDAH HC, OWYANG C: Somatostatin analog inhibits afferent response to rectal distention in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel patients. Pharmacy]. Exp. Ther. (1994) 268:1206–1211.
  • O'DONNELL LJ, WATSON AJ, CAMERON D, FARTHING MJ: Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacy]. Ther. (1990) 4:177–181.
  • MAYER EA Some of the challenges in drug development for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut (2001) 48:585–586.
  • JULIA V, MORTEAU 0, BUENO L: Involvement of neurokinin 1 and 2 receptors in viscerosensitive response to rectal distension in rats. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:94–102.
  • LAIRD JM, OLIVAR T, LOPEZ-GARCIA JA, MAGGI CA, CERVERO F: Responses of rat spinal neurons to distension of inflamed colon: role of tachykinin NK2 receptors. Neuropharmacology (2001) 40:696–701.
  • MANNION RJ, COSTIGAN M, DECOSTERD I et al.: Neurotrophins: peripherally and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulus-induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:9385–9390.
  • LOMMATZSCH M, BRAUN A, MANNSFELDT A et al: Abundant production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by adult visceral epithelia. Implications for paracrine and target- derived Neurotrophic functions. Am. Patna. (1999) 55:183–193.
  • HELKE CJ, ADRYAN KM, FED OROWICZ J et al.: Axonal transport of neurotrophins by visceral afferent and efferent neurons of the vagus nerve of the rat. J. Comp. Neural (1998) 393:102–117.
  • COULIE B, SZARKA LA, CAMILLERI M: Recombinant human neurotrophic factors accelerate colonic transit and relieve constipation in humans. Gastroenterology (2000) 119:41–50.
  • LANCASTER-SMITH MJ, PROUT BJ, PINTO T, ANDERSON JA, SCHIFF AA: Influence of drug treatment on the irritable bowel syndrome and its interaction with psychoneurotic morbidity. Acta Psychiatr. Scam/. (1982) 66:33–41.
  • RAJAGOPALAN M, KURIAN G, JOHN J: Symptom relief with amitriptyline in the irritable bowel syndrome. j Gastroenteral Hepatal (1998) 13:738–741.
  • JACKSON JL, O'MALLEY PG, TOMKINS G, BALDEN E, SANTORO J, KROENKE K: Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressant medications: a meta-analysis. Am. j Med. (2000) 108:65–72.
  • •A meta-analysis showing the efficacy of antidepressants in treatment of IBS.
  • GORELICK AB, KOSHY SS, HOOPER FG, BENNETT TC, CHEY WD, HASLER WL: Differential effects of amitriptyline on perception of somatic and visceral stimulation in healthy humans. Am. Physial (1998) 275:460–466.
  • RAJAGOPALAN M, KURIAN G, JOHN J: Symptom relief with amitriptyline in the irritable bowel syndrome. j Gastroenteral Hepatal (1998) 13:738–741.
  • GORARD DA, LIBBY GW, FARTHING MJ: Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Ailment Pharmacy]. Ther (1994) 8:159–66.
  • KIRSCH MA, LOUIE AK: Paroxetine and irritable bowel syndrome. Am. I Psychiam (2000) 157:1523–1524.
  • CLOUSE RE, LUSTMAN PJ, GEISMAN RA, ALPERS DH: Antidepressant therapy in 138 patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a five-year clinical experience. Aliment Pharmacal Ther (1994) 8:409–416.
  • HALPERN GM, PRINDIVILLE T, BLANKENBURG M, HSIA T, GERSHWIN ME: Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Am. J Castreenterel. (1996) 91:1579–1584.
  • GADE J, THORN P: Paraghurt for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled clinical investigation from general practice. Land. j Prim. Health Care (1989) 7:23–26.
  • NOBAEK S, JOHANSSON ML, MOLIN G, AHRNE S, JEPPSSON B: Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J Castreenterel. (2000) 95:1231–1238.
  • LUNARDI C, BAMBARA M, BIASI D et al.: Double-blind crossover trial of oral sodium cromoglycate in patients with irritable bowel syndrome due to food intolerance. OM. Esp. Allergy (1991) 21:569–572.
  • ZUCKERMAN MJ, GUERRA LG, DROSSMAN DA, FOLAND JA, GREGORY GG: Health-care-seeking behaviors related to bowel complaints. Hispanics versus non-Hispanic whites. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1996) 41:77–82.
  • KUNZE M, SEIDEL HJ, STUBE G: Comparative studies of the effectiveness of brief psychotherapy, acupuncture and papaverin therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Z Cesamte Inn. Med. (1990) 45:625–627.
  • Cl-LAN J, CARR I, MAYBERRY JF: The role of acupuncture in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Hepategastreenterelegy (1997) 44:1328–1330.
  • PEDERSEN BS, HELO OH, JORGENSEN FB, KROMANN-ANDERSEN H: Treatment of irritable colon with the food additive. Appital Ugeskr Laeger (1998) 160:7259–7262.
  • YADAV SK, JAIN AK, TRIPATHI SN, GUPTA JP: Irritable bowel syndrome: therapeutic evaluation of indigenous drugs. Indian j Med. Res. (1989) 90:496–503.
  • BENSOUSSAN A, TALLEY NJ, HING M, MENZIES R, GUO A, NGU M: Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Chinese herbal medicine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1998) 280:1585–1589.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.