84
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellaneous

Diagnostic advantages and therapeutic options for giardiasis

Pages 1513-1519 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • DOBELL C: Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his 'little animals' New York: Dover Publications. (1960) 224.
  • LAMBL VDF: Mikroskopische untersuchungen der Darm-Excrete. Beitrag zur Pathologie des Darms und zur Diagnostik am Krankenbette; vierjahrschrift fur die praktische Heilkunde. Med. Fac. Prague (1859) 1:440–491.
  • MEYER EA: 1990 Taxonomy and nomenclature. In: Giardiasis. EA Meyer (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland (1999) 51-60.
  • THOMPSON RCA, REYNOLDSON JA, LYMBERY AJ: Ciardia from molecules to disease and beyond. Parasitology Today (1993) 9:313–315.
  • MANK TG, ZAAT JOM, BLOTKAMP J, POLDERMAN AM: Comparison of fresh versus sodium acetate acetic acid formalin preserved stool specimens for diagnosis of intestinal protozoal infections. Eur. Microbial Infect Dis. (1995) 14:1076–1081.
  • MANK TG, ZAAT JOM, VAN EIJK JTHM, POLDERMAN AM, DEELDER AM: Persistent diarrhoea in a general practice population in the Netherlands, prevalence of protozoal and other intestinal infections. In: Proceedings of the IXth International Congress of Paisitology Chiba, Japan. 803–807.
  • WIT MAS DE, KOOPMANS MPG, KORTBEEK LM, VAN LEEUWEN NJ, BARTELDS AIM, VAN DUYNHOVEN THP: Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, the Netherlands. Emerging Infect. Dis. (2001) 7:82–91.
  • DYKES AC, JURANEK DD, LORENZ RA, SINCLAIR S, JAKUBOWSKI W, DAVIES R: Municipal waterborne giardiasis. An epidemiologic investigation. Ann. Intern. Med. (1980) 93:165–170.
  • HEALY GR: Giardiasis in perspective: the evidence of animals as a source of human Ciardia infections. 305–313. In: Giardiasis, Human Parasitic Diseases. EA Meyer (Ed.), Vol. 3. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, USA (1990).
  • ADAM RD: The biology of Ciardia spp. Microbial Rev (1991) 55:706–732.
  • BURET A: Pathogenesis - how does Ciardia cause disease? In: Ciardia From Molecules to Disease. Thompson RCA., Reynoldson JA, Lymbery AJ (Eds.), CAB, Wallingford, UK (1994):293–315.
  • BURET A: Pathogenesis - how does Ciardia cause disease? In: Ciardia From Molecules to Disease. Thompson RCA, Reynoldson JA, Lymbery AJ (Eds.), CAB, Wallingform, (1994):128–135.
  • THOMPSON RCA, HOPKINS RM, HOMAN WL: Nomenclature and genetic grouping of Ciardia infecting mammals. Parasitology Today (2000) 16:210–213.
  • CEDILLO-RIVERA R, ENCISO-MORENO JA, MARTINEZ-PALOMO A, ORTEGA-PIERRES: Ciardia lamblia: isoenzyme analysis of 19 axenic strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Mexico. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1989) 83:644–646.
  • HOMAN WL, VAN ENCKEVORT FHJ, LIMPER L et al.: Comparison of Giardia isolates from different laboratories by isoenzyme analysis and recombinant DNA probes. Parasite]. Res. (1992) 78:316–323.
  • MELONI BP, LYMBERY AJ, THOMPSON RCA: Genetic characterization of isolates of Giardia duaderralis by enzyme electrophoresis: implications for reproductive biology, population structure, taxonomy, and epidemiology. j Parasite]. (1995) 81:868–883.
  • KARANIS P, EY PL: Characterization of axenic isolates of Ciardia intestinalis established from humans and animals in Germany. Parasite]. Res. (1998) 8:773–779.
  • HOMAN WL, MANK TG: Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int. j Parasite]. (2001) 31:822–826.
  • CARTWRIGHT CP: Utility of multiple-stool-specimen ova and parasite examinations in a high-prevalence setting. Clin. Microbial (1999) 37:2408–2411.
  • GARCIA LS, BRUCKNER DA: Diagnostic Medical Parasitology 3rd Edition (1997) Washington, DC, USA. Am. Soc. Microbial
  • GOOL T, MANK TG: Fixatives and permanent stains in the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal protozoal infections.1st Edition, Jos Mathot by Haarlem, The Netherlands (1999).
  • MANK TG, ZAAT JOM, DEELDER AM, EIJK JTHM VAN, POLDERMAN AM: Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of Giardiasis. Eur. Chit. Microbioanfect. Dis. (1997) 16:615–619.
  • GARCIA LS, SHIMIZU RY: Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Ciardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. j Chit. ll/licrobiaL (1997) 35:1526–1529.
  • ROSOFF JD, SANDERS CA, SONNAD SS: Stool diagnosis of Giardiasis using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay to detect Giardia-specific antigen 65.1 OM. Microbial (1989) 27:1997–2002.
  • SCHEFFER EA, VAN ETTA LL: Evaluation of a rapid commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of CiardM lamblia in formalin-preserved stool specimens. j Chit. ll/licrobiaL (1994) 32:1807–1808.
  • ZIMMERMAN SK, NEEDHAM CA: Comparison of conventional stool concentration and preserved-smear methods with Merifluor CryptosporidMm/CiardM direct immunofluorescence assay and ProSpect Ciardia EZ microplate assay for detection of Ciardia lamblia. I OM. Microbial. (1995) 33:1942–1943.
  • ISAAC-RENTON JL, BLATHERWICK J,BOWIE WR et al.: Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and CiardM in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am. I Trap. Med. Hyg. (1999) 60:578–583.
  • ISAAC-RENTON JL, LEWIS LE ONG CS, NULSEN MF: A second community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Canada and serological investigation of patients. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1994) 88:395–399.
  • MIOTTI PG, GILMAN RH, SANTOSHAM M, RYDER RW, YOLKEN RH: Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Ciardia lamblia in four diverse populations. I Clin. ll/licrobiaL (1986) 24:972–975.
  • CHARS, FARTHING MJG: DNA probes for diagnosis of enteric infection. Cut (1991) 32:A563.
  • BUTCHER PD, FARTHING MJG: DNA probes for the faecal diagnosis of Ciardia lamblia infections in man. Biochem. Soc. Transactions (1988) 17:363–364.
  • KAUCNER C, STINEAR T: Sensitive and rapid detection of viable Ciardia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in large-volume water samples with wound fiberglass cartridge filters and reverse transcription PCR. AppL Environ. Microbial. (1998) 64:1743–1749.
  • MAHBUBANI MH, SCHAEFER FWI, JONES DD, BEJ AK: Detection of Ciardia in environmental waters by immuno-PCR amplification methods. Curr. (1998) 36:107–113.
  • GILMAN RH, MIRANDA E, MARQUIS GS, VESTEGUI M, MARTINEZ H: Rapid reinfection by Ciardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community. Lancet (1988) i:343–345.
  • GARDNER TB, HILL DR: Treatment ofgiardiasis. Chit. Microbial. Rev (2001) 14:114–128
  • ISH-HOROWICZ M, KORMAN SH, SHAPIRO M et al.: Asymptomatic giardiasis in children Pad Infect. Dis. (1989) 8:773–779.
  • ZAAT JOM, MANK THG, ASSENDELFT WJJ: Drugs for treating giardiasis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1, (2001) Oxford.
  • BASSILY S, FARID Z, MIKHAIL JW, KENT DC, LEHMAN JS: The treatment of Ciardia lamblia infection with mepacrine, metronidazole and furazolidone. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1970) 73:15–18.
  • LEARY P, JONES C, DOUGLAS F: Metronidazole suspension in the outpatient treatment of giardiasis. I Trap. Pediatc Envir. Child Health (1974) 20:198–200.
  • PALOMINO H, PREZ C, DONCHASTER R et al.: Ensayo terapeutico con cinco medicamentos en lambliasis. Bo/. CiL ParasitaL (1970) 25:52–56.
  • OCKHUYSEN PC, DUPONT HL, FLORES LOPEZ JF, PEREZ CASTELL J, MATHEWSON JJ: A comparative study of furazolidone and placebo in addition to oral rehydration in the treatment of acute infantile diarrhea. Scand. I CastroenteraL (1989) 169(Suppl.):39–46.
  • GILLIS JC, WISEMAN LR: Secnidazole. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. Drugs (1996) 51:621–638.
  • CARO PATON T, CARVAJAL A, MARTIN DE DIEGO I, MARTIN-ARIAS LH, ALVAREZ REQUEJO A, RODRIGUES PINILLA E: Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br .j Cliii. PharmacaL (1997) 44:179–182.
  • FALAGAS ME, WALKER AM, JICK H, RUTHAZER R, GRIFFITH J, SNYDMAN DR: Late incidence of cancer after metronidazole use: a matched metronidazole user/nonuser study. Chit. Infect. Dis. (1998) 26:384–388.
  • GOLDMAN P: Metronidazole. N Engl. Med. (1980) 303:1212–1278.
  • AL-WAILI NS, HASAN NU: Mebendazole in Ciardia infections: a comparative study with metronidazole. I Infect. Dis. (1992) 165:1170–1171.
  • BASSILY S, FARID Z, MIKHAIL JW, KENT DC, LEHMAN JS: The treatment of Ciardia lamblia infection with mepacrine, metronidazole and furazolidone. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1970) 73:15–18.
  • GARG BK: Furazolidone and metronidazole in the treatment of Giardiasis. Indian I Pediatr. (1972) 39:264–266.
  • GUERREIRO NM, HERREIRA PM, DE ESCOLONA L et al.: Ciardia lamblia: comparacion de dos metodos de diagnostico y evaluacion de la respuesta al tratamiento com etronidazol. GEN(1991) 45:106–110.
  • KALAYCI AG, CETINKAYA F, GUNAYDIN M, GURSES N: Comparison of mebendazole with metronidazole and furazolidone in the treatment of giardiasis in children. Ann. Saudi Med. (1995) 15:655–656.
  • KAVOUSI S: Giardiasis in infancy and childhood; a prospective study of 160 cases with comparison of quinacrine and metronidazole. Am. I Trap. Med. Hyg. (1979) 28:19–23.
  • MISRA PK, KUMAR A, AGARWAL V, JAGOTA SC: A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. Indian Pediatr. (1995) 32:291–294.
  • QUIROS BUELNA E: Furazolidone andmetronidazole for treatment of giardiasis in children. Land. j Castroenteral (1989) 169(Suppl.):65–69.
  • VINAYCHANDRAN NAIR K, SHARMA MP, MITHAL S, TANDON BN: Successes of metronidazole and furazolidone in the treatment of giardiasis. I Indian Med. Assoc. (1979) 72:162–165.
  • BULUT BU, GULNAR SB, AYSEV D: Alternative treatment protocols in giardiasis: a pilot study. Scam/. j Infect. Dis. (1996) 28:493–495.
  • DUTTA AK, PHADKE M, BAGADE AC, JOSHI V, GAZDER A, BISWAS TK: A randomised multicentre study to compare the safety and efficacy of albendazole and metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in children. Indian J. Pediam (1994) 61:264–266.
  • GAS CON J, ABOS R, VALLS ME, CORACHAN M: Mebendazole and metronidazole in giardial infections. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1990) 84:694.
  • HALL A, NAHA Q: Albendazole as a treatment for infections with Ciardia duadertalis in children in Bangladesh. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1993) 87:84–86.
  • LEITE EV, GONCALVES ALC, LOPES DA COSTA DG, COSTA FILHO RL, FODKAMENI N: Comparacao entre ornidazol e metronidazol: ensaio clinico-terapeutico duplo-cego em giardiase intestinal. Re vista do instituto Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo (1976) 18:28–35.
  • ROMERO-CABELLO R, ROBERT L, MUNOZ-GARCIA R, TANAKA J: Estudio aleatorio para comparar seguridad y eficacia of albendazole and metronidazole en el tratamiento de giardiasis an ninos. Rev Latinaam. Microbial (1995) 37: 315–323.
  • CIMERMAN B, BORUCHOVSKI H, CURY FM, BICHUED LM, IERI A: Comparison between secnidazole and metronidazole in treatment of giardiasis. Arq Bras. Med. (1988) 62:291–294.
  • CHACON RA, WANG CHIO M, COB SOSA CE: Eficacia de la furazolidone, metronidazol y secnidazol en el tratamiento de la giardiasis en ninos. Compend Invest. Chit. Latirmam. (1991) 11:41–44.
  • GUPTA JP, JAIN AK, NANIVADEKAR AS: Efficacy of tinidazole in giardiasis in parasitologic, biochemical and gut transit studies. Indian J. Castroenteral. (1989) 8:103–104.
  • OREN B, SCHGURENSKY E, EPHROS M, TAMIR I, RAZ R: Single-dose ornidazole versus seven day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel. Eur. j Chit. Microbial Infect. Dis. (1991) 10:963–965.
  • SPEELMAN P: Single-dose tinidazole forthe treatment of giardiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1985) 27:227–229.
  • SUNTORNPOCH V, CHAVALITTAMRONG B: Treatment of giardiasis in children with tinidazole, ornidazole and metronidazole. Southeast Asian J. Trap. Med. Public Health (1981) 12:231–235.
  • BAKSHI JS, GHIARA JM, NANIVADEKAR AS: How does tinidazole compare with metronidazole? Drugs (1978) 15\(Suppl. 1):33–42.
  • JOKIPII L, JOKIPII AM: Treatment of giardiasis: comparative evaluation of ornidazole and tinidazole as a single oral dose. Gastroenterology (1982) 83:399–404.
  • GAZDER AJ, BANERJEE M: Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children; a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (1977) 5:164–168.
  • KYRONSEPPA H, PETTERSON T: Treatment of giardiasis: relative efficacy of metronidazole as compared to tinidazole. Scam/. J. Infect. Dis. (1981) 13:311–312.
  • NIGAM P, KAPOOR KK, KUMAR A, SARKARI NB, GUPTA AK: Clinical profile of giardiasis and comparison of its therapeutic response to metronidazole and tinidazole. I Assoc. Physicians India (1991) 39:613–615.
  • KREUTNER AK, DEL BENE VE, AMSTEY MS: Giardiasis in Pregnancy. Am. Obstet. Cynaecal (1981) 140:895–901.
  • ROTBLATT MD: Giardiasis and amebiasis in pregnancy. Drug Intel]. Clin. Pharm. (1983) 17:187–188.
  • ROSEN FS, COOPER MD, WEDGWOOD RJP: The primary immunodeficiencies. N Engl. I Med. (1995) 333:431–440.
  • NASH TE, OHL CA, THOMAS E, SUBRAMANIAN G, KEISER P, MOORE T: Treatment of refractory giardiasis. CM]. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33(1):22–28.
  • OREN B, SCHGURENSKY E, OPHROS M, TAMIR I, RAZ R: Single dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in kibbutzim children in Israel. Eur. j Clin. Microbial Infect. Dis. (1991) 10:963–965.
  • REYNOLDSON JA, THOMPSON RCA, HORTON RJ: Albendazole as a future antigiardial agent. Parasitology Today (1992) 8:412–414.
  • VENKATESAN P: Albendazole. Antimicrob. Chemother (1998) 41:145–147.
  • LLOYD D, WALLIS P: A giardia feast. Trench in Parasitology (2001) 17:115–117.
  • BOREHAM PFL, UPCROFT JA, UPCROFT P: Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Ciardia intestinalis, In: Biochemical Protozoology Coombs GH and North MA (Eds), London, UK: Taylor and Francis 594–604.
  • BOREHAM PFL, PHILLIPS RA, SHEPHERD RW: Altered uptake of metronidazole in votro by stocks of Ciardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. (1988) 82:104–106.
  • FARTHING MJG: Giardiasis. Castroenteral Clin. N. Am. (1996) 25:493–515.
  • UPCROFT JA, UPCROFT P: Drug resistance in Ciardia. Parasitology today (1993) 9:187–190.
  • UPCROFT P: Drug resistance in Ciardia: clinical versus laboratory isolates. Drug. Resist. Updates (1998) 1:166–168.
  • CRAFT JC, MURPHY T, NELSON JD: Furazolidone and quinacrine. Comparative study of therapy for giardiasis in children. Am. J. Dis. Child (1981) 135:164–166.
  • TAYLOR GD, WENMAN WM, TYRRELL DLJ: Combined metronidazole and quinacrine hydrochloride therapy for chronic giardiasis. I Can. Med. Assoc. (1987) 136:1179–1180.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.