Anti-androgens for the treatment of hirsutism

Bibliography

• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: Hirsutism, alopecia and acne. In: Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism (3rd edition). Beckers KL (Ed.) Lippincott Publishing, Philadelphia, USA (200 U:991–1008.
   Google Scholar
• BARTH JH, CATALAN J, CHERRY CA, DAY A: Psychosoin. Res. (1993) 37:615–619.
   Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. j Clio. Endocrinol Metab. (1999) 84:1897–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review on morbidity of PCOS.
   Google Scholar
• SHAPIRO G, EVRON S: A novel use of spironolactone: treatment of hirsutism. Clio. Endocrinol Metab. (1980) 51:429–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERAFINI PC, CATALINO J, LOBO RA: The effect of spironolactone on genital skin 5a-reductase activity. J. Steroid Biocbein. (1985) 23:1911–1914.
   Google Scholar
• SERAFINI PC, LOBO RA: The effects ofspironolactone on adrenal steroidogenesis in hirsute women. Fertil. Stern. (1985) 44:595–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOUNG RL, GOLDZIEHER JW, ELKIND-HIRSCH K: The endocrine effects of spironolactone used as an antiandrogen. Fertil. Stern. (1987) 48:223–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOBO RA, SHOUPE D, SERAFINI P et al.: The effect of two doses of spironolactone on serum androgens and anagen hair in hirsute women. Fertil Steril. (1985) 43:200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Large experience on the use of spironolactone in hirsutism.
   Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: Peripheral androgen blockade versus glandular androgen suppression in the treatment of hirsutism. Obstet. Cynecol (1991) 18:845–849.
   Google Scholar
• •Comparison of anti-androgens and androgen-suppressing strategies in hirsutism.
   Google Scholar
• HELFER EL, MILLER IL, ROSE LI: Side effects of spironolactone therapy in the hirsute woman. J. Clio. Endocrinol Metab. (1988) 66:208–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOARD JA, ROSENBERG SM, SMELTZER IS: Spironolactone and estrogen-progestin therapy for hirsutism. South Med. J. (1987) 80:483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMMERSTEIN J, MECKIES J, LEO-ROSSBERG I et al.: Use of cyproterone acetate (CPA) in the treatment of acne, hirsutism and virilism. J. Steroid Biocbein. (1975) 6:827–836.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NERI RO: Antiandrogens. Adv. Sex -01771. Res. 2: 233–262.
   Google Scholar
• UNDERHILL R, DEWHURST J: Furtherclinical experience in the treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate. Br. .1. Obstet. Cynecol (1979) 86:139–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LACHNIT-FIXSON U: The development and evaluation of an ovulation inhibitor (DIANE) containing an antiandrogen. Acta Obstet. Cynecol Scand. Sapp]. (1979) 88:33–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BARTH JH, CHERRY CA, WOJNAROWSKA F, DAWBER RP: Cyproterone acetate for severe hirsutism: results of a double blind dose-ranging study. Clin. Endocrinol (ux!) (1991) 35:5–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'BRIEN RC, COOPER ME, MURRAY RML, SEEMAN E, THOMAS AK, JERUMS G: Comparison of sequential cyproterone acetate /estrogen vs. spironolactone/oral contraceptive in the treatment of hirsutism. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1991) 72:1008–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERENUS M, YUCELTEN D, GURBUZ 0 et al.: Comparison of spironolactone/oral contraceptive vs. cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. Sterd. (1996) 66:216–219.
   Google Scholar
• VENTUROLI S, MARESCALCHI 0, COLOMBO FM et al.: A prospective randomized trial comparing low dose flutamide, finasteride, ketoconazole, and cyproterone acetate regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1999) 84:1304–1310.
   Google Scholar
• •Comparison of different anti-androgens.
   Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist therapy for hirsutism is as effective as high dose cyproterone acetate but results in a longer remission. Hum. Reprod. (1997) 12:663–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEXIAU P, BOURDOU P, FIET J et al: 1713-estradiol: oral or parenteral administration in hyperandrogenic women? Metabolic tolerance in association with cyproterone acetate. Fertid. Stern. (1995) 63:508–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARON Z, KAULI R: Experience with cyproterone acetate in the treatment of precocious puberty. I Pediatr. Endocrinol Metab. (2000) 13 (Supp1.1):805–810.
   Google Scholar
• VAN WAYIEN RG, VAN DEN ENDE A: Experience in the long-term treatment of patients with hirsutism and/or acne with cyproterone-acetate containing preparations: efficacy, metabolic and endocrine effects. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol Diabetes (1995) 103:241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Large experience on the use of cyproterone acetate in hirsutism.
   Google Scholar
• SIMARD J, LUTHY I, GUAY J et al: Characteristics of interaction of the antiandrogen flutamide with the androgen receptor in various target tissues. MM. Cell. Endocrinol (1986) 44:261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AYUB M, LEVELL MJ: Inhibition of rat testicular 17a-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities by antiandrogens (flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, RU 23908, cyproterone acetate) in vitro I Steroid Biochem. (1987) 28:43–47.
   Google Scholar
• BROCHU M, BELANGER A, DUPONT A et al.: Effects of flutamide and aminoglutethimide on plasma 5a-reduced steroid glucuronide concentrations in castrated patients with cancer of the prostate. Steroid Biochem. (1987) 28:619–622.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EAGLESON C, GINGRICH MB, PASTOR CL et al.: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (2000) 85:4047–4052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUSAN L, DUPONT A, BELANGER A et al.: Treatment of hirsutism with the pure antiandrogen flutamide. I Am. Acad. Dermatol (1990) 23:462–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCONIDES JAM, MINNANI SL, LUTHOLD WW et al: Treatment of hirsutism with flutamide. Feral. Sterd. (1992) 57:543–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOMEZ JL, DUPONT A, CUSAN L et al: Incidence of liver toxicity associated with the use of flutamide in prostate cancer patients. Am.! Med. (1992) 92:465–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WYSOWSKI DK, FOURCROY JL: Flutamide hepatotoxicity. Um]. (1996) 155:209–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOGHETTI F, CASTELLO R, NEGRI C et al: Flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism: long term clinical effects, endocrine changes, and androgen receptor blockade. Fertil. Steil]. (1995) 64:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUDERRIS II., BAYRAM F, SAHIN Y et al.: The efficacy of 250 mg/day flutamide in the treatment of patients with hirsutism. Feral. Sterd. (1996) 66:220–222.
   Google Scholar
• •Use of low doses of flutamide in treatment of hirsutism.
   Google Scholar
• AZZIZ R, CARMINA E, SAWAYA ME: Idiopathic hirsutism. Endocc Rev (2000) 21:347–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review on pathogenesis and treatment of idiopathic hirsutism.
   Google Scholar
• SAWAYA ME: Alopecia-the search for novel agents continues. Exp. Opinion Therapeut. Patents (1997) 7:859–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STONER E: The clinical development of a 5a-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. I Steroid Biochem. Ma Biol. (1990) 37:375–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RITTMASTER RS: Finasteride. N Engl. Med. (1994) 330:120–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRUZZETTI F, DE LORENZO P, PARRINI D et al.: Effects of finasteride, a 5a-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens and gonadotropin secretion in hirsute women. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1994) 79:831–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG IL, MORRIS RS, CHANG L et al.:A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1995) 56:897–904.
   Google Scholar
• ERENUS M, YUCELTEN D, DURMUSOGLU F, GURBUZ 0: Comparison of finasteride versus spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil. Steil]. (1997) 68:1000–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK RL, ANTONELLO JM, GROSSMAN SJ et al.: External genitalia abnormalities in male rats exposed M utero to finasteride, a 5 a-reductase inhibitor. Teratology (1990) 42:91–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FALSETTI L, PASINETTI E: Treatment of moderate and severe hirsutism by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic hirsutism. Feral. Steril. (1994) 61:817–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG FJ, LAUFER LR, MELDRUM DR et al.: Steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease after ovarian suppression by a long acting gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1983) 56:897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEFAZIO J, MELDRUM DR, LAUFER L et al.: Induction of hot flashes in menopausal women treated with a long- acting GnRH-agonist. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1983) 56:445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHANSEN J, RIIS BL, HASSAGER C et al.: The effect of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist analog (nafarelin) on bone metabolism. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1988) 67:701–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, JANNI' A, LOBO RA: Physiological estrogen replacement may enhance the effectiveness of the gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of hirsutism. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1994) 78:126–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZZIZ RA, OCHOA TM, BRADLEY EL et al.: Leuprolide and estrogen versus oral contraceptive for the treatment of hirsutism: a prospective randomized study. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1995) 80:3406–3411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIVENS JR, ANDERSON RN, WISER WL et al.: The effectiveness of two oral contraceptives in suppressing plasma androstenedione, testosterone, LH and FSH and in stimulating plasma testosterone binding capacity in hirsute women. Am.,/ Obstet. Cynecol. (1975) 124:333–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOBO RA, CARMINA E: Androgen excess. In: Infertility contraception and reproductive endocrinology Lobo RA, Mishell DR et al. (Eds). Blackwell Pub., Oxford, UK (1997):341–362.
   Google Scholar
• PORCILE A, GALLARDO E: Long term treatment of hirsutism: desogestrel compared with cyproterone acetate in oral contraceptives. Fertil. Stern (1991) 55:877–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REDMOND G, GIDWANI G, GUPTA M et al: Treatment of androgenic disorders with dexamethasone. Dose response relationship for suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1990) 22:91–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: The addiction of dexamethasone to antiandrogen therapy for hirsutism prolongs the duration of remission. Fertil. Stern. (1998) 69:1075–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Paper on the possibility to prolong the remission of hirsutism by dexamethasone.
   Google Scholar
• GRABER AL, NEY RL, NICHOLSON WE et al.: Natural history of pituitary adrenal recovery following long term suppression with corticosteroids. Endocrinol. (1965) 25:11–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LEVIN JH, MALIZIA G, LOBO RA: Ovine corticotropin-releasing factor and dexamethasone responses in hyperandrogenic women. Fertil. Stern (1990) 54:245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNAIF A: Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr. Rev (1997) 18:774–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review on insulin resistance in PCOS.
   Google Scholar
• BARBIERI RL, MAKRIS A, RANDALL RW et al.: Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1986) 62:904–910.
   Google Scholar
• NESTLER JE, POWERS LP, MATT DW etal.: A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex-hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.' Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1991) 72:83–89.
   Google Scholar
• VELAZQUEZ EM, MENDOZA S, HAMER T et al.: Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduced hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism (1994) 43:647–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORIN-PAPUNEN LC, KOIVUNEN RM, RUOKONEN A et al.: Metformin therapy improves the menstrual pattern with minimal endocrine and metabolic effects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Feral Stern (1998) 69:691–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NESTLER JE, JAKUBOWICZ DJ, EVANS WS, PASQUALI R: Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:1876–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOGHETTI P, CASTELLO R, NEGRI C et al.: Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6 month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) 85:139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Prolonged experience on use of metformin in treatment of hyperandrogenism.
   Google Scholar
• VRBIKOVA J, HILL M, STARKA L et al.: The effects of long-term metformin treatment on adrenal and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. Endocrinol. (2001) 144:619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOIVUNEN PM, MORIN-PAPUNEN LC, RUOKONEN A, TAPANAINEN JS, MARTIKAINEN HK: Ovarian steroidogenic response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of metformin. Hum. Reprod. (2001) 16:2546–2551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZZIZ R, EHRMANN D, LEGRO RS et al.: Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. .1 Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2001) 86:1626–1632.
   Google Scholar
• •Report of a large multi-centre trial on troglitazone in PCOS.
   Google Scholar
• SHIBUYA A,WATANABE M, FUJITA Y et al.: An autopsy case of troglitazone-induced fulminant hepatitis. Diab. Care (1998) 21:2140–2143.
   Google Scholar
• CARMINA E, LOBO RA: Do hyperandrogenic women with normal menses have PCOS? Fertil. Stern (1999) 71:319–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Paper on differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenic women with normal menses.
   Google Scholar
• CARMINA E: Topical eflornithine. A viewpoint. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. (2001) 2:202.
   Google Scholar