New developments in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Bibliography

• PRAKASH A, SPENCER CM: Balsalazide. Drugs (1998) 56:83-89; discussion 90.
   Google Scholar
• LEVINE D, PRUITT R, RIFF D et al: A multicenter, double blind dose-response trial of colazide ( balsalazide disodium) and asacol (mesalamine) formild-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (1997) 112:A1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRUITT R, HANSON J, SAFDI M et al.: Balsalazide is superior to mesalamine in the time to improvement of signs and symptoms of acute ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A756.
   Google Scholar
• GREEN JR, LOBO AJ, HOLDSWORTH CD et al: Balsalazide is more effective and better tolerated than mesalamine in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. The Abacus Investigator Group. Gastroenterology (1998) 114:15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper is the largest published clinical study demonstrating efficacy of balsalazide in IBD treatment.
   Google Scholar
• RILEY SA: What dose of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) in ulcerative colitis? Gut (1998) 42:761–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREEN JR, GIBSON JA, KERR GD et al.: Maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis: a comparison between balsalazide 3 g daily and mesalazine 1.2 g daily over 12 months. ABACUS Investigator group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther: (1998) 12:1207–1216.
   Google Scholar
• ADHIYAMAN V, VAISHNAVI A, FROESE S: Hypersensitivity reaction to balsalazide. BMI(2000) 320:613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOWRY PW, SZUMLANSKI CL, WEINSHILBOUM RM, SANDBORN WJ: Balsalazide and azathiprine or 6-mercaptopurine: evidence for a potentially serious drug interaction. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:1505–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUTGEERTS P, LOFBERG R, MALCHOW H et al: A comparison of budesonide with prednisolone for active Crohn's disease. N Engl. I Med. (1994) 331:842–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper is a large clinical study demonstrating the efficacy and side effects of budesonide in comparison to steroids.
   Google Scholar
• BIANCHI PORRO G, PRANTERA C, CAMPIERI M et al.: Comparartive trial of methylprednisolone and budesonide enemas in patients with distal ulcerative colitis or proctitis. Eur: Gastroenterol Hepatol (1994) 6:125–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOFBERG R, OSTERGAARD THOMSEN 0, LANGHOLZ E et al.: Budesonide versus prednisolone retention enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1994) 8:623–629.
   Google Scholar
• CAMPIERI M, FERGUSON A, DOE W, PERSSON T, NILSSON LG: Oral budesonide is as effective as oral prednisolone in active Crohn's disease. The Global Budesonide Study Group. Gut (1997) 41:209–214.
   Google Scholar
• •This paper is a large clinical study demonstrating the efficacy and side effects of budesonide in comparison to steroids.
   Google Scholar
• CAMPIERI M, FERGUSON A, DOE W et al: Oral budesonide competes favorably with prednisolone in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1995) 108:A790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPENCER CM AND MCTAVISH D: Budesonide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. Drugs (1995) 50:854–872.
   Google Scholar
• RYRFELDT A, ANDERSSON P, EDSBACKER S et al: Pharmacolkinetics and metabolism of budesonide, a selective glucocorticoid. Eur. I Respir. Dis. (1982) 122:86–95.
   Google Scholar
• DANIELSSON A, EDSBACKER S, LOFBERG R et al: Pharmacolkinetics of budesonide enema in patients with distal ulcerative colitis or proctitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1993) 7:401–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'HAENS G, VERSTRAETE A, CHEYNS K et al.: Bone turnover during short-term therapy with methylprednisolone or budesonide in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1998) 12:419–424.
   Google Scholar
• •This study shows that immediate bone effects of conventional steroids are not seen with budesonide in the short term.
   Google Scholar
• GREENBERG GR, FEAGAN BG, MARTIN F et al: Oral budesonide for active Crohn's disease. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (1994) 331:836–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This paper is a large clinical study demonstrating the efficacy and side effects of budesonide in comparison to steroids.
   Google Scholar
• HANAUER SB, ROBINSON M, PRUITT R et al: Budesonide enema for the treatment of active, distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis: a dose-ranging study. US Budesonide enema study group. Gastroenterology (1998) 115:525–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOFBERG R, DANIELSSON A, SUHR 0 et al: Oral budesonide versus prednisolone in patients with active extensive and left-sided ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (1996) 110: 1713-1718.
   Google Scholar
• •This paper is a large clinical study demonstrating the efficacy and side effects of budesonide in comparison to steroids.
   Google Scholar
• BAR-MEIR S, CHOWERS Y, LAVY A et a/.: Budesonide versus prednisone in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. The Israeli Budesonide Study Group. Gastroenterology (1998) 115:835–840.
   Google Scholar
• CAESAR I, GROSS V, ROTH M et al: Treatment of active and postactive ileal and colonic Crohn's disease with oral pH-modified-release budesonide. German Budesonide Study Group. Hepatogastroenterology (1997) 44:445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSS V, ANDUS T, CAESAR let al: Oral pH-modified release budesonide versus 6-methylprednisolone in active Crohn's disease. German/Austrian Budesonide Study Group. Eur. Gastroenterol Hepatol (1996) 8:905–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEMANN M, GALIAN A, RUTGEERTS P et al.: Comparison of budesonide and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther: (1995) 9:557–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUFLE W, FRUHMORGEN P, HUBER W, KIMMIG JM: Budesonide foam as a new therapeutic principle in distal ulcerative colitis in comparison with mesalazine enema. An open, controlled, randomized and prospective multicenter pilot study. Z Gastroenterol (2000) 38:287–293.
   Google Scholar
• THOMSEN 00, CORTOT A, JEWELL D et al.: A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active Crohn's disease. International Budesonide-Mesalamine Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (1998) 339:370–374.
   Google Scholar
• CORTOT A, COLOMBEL JF, RUTGEERTS P et al: Switch from systemic steroids to budesonide in steroid dependent patients with inactive Crohn's disease. Gut (2001) 48:186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This study provides evidence that budesonide is effective even in the face of prior steroid dependence.
   Google Scholar
• EWE K, BOTTGER T, BUHR HJ, ECKER KW, OTTO HF: Low-dose budesonide treatment for prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: a multicentre randomized placebo- controlled trial. German Budesonide Study Group. Eur. Gastroenterol Hepatol (1999) 11:277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HELLERS G, CORTOT A, JEWELL D et al.: Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn's disease. The IOIBD Budesonide Study Group. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:294–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERGUSON A, CAMPIERI M, DOE W, PERSSON T, NYGARD G: Oral budesonide as maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease-results of a 12-month study. Global Budesonide Study Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1998) 12:175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSS V, ANDUS T, ECKER KW et al.:Low dose oral pH modified release budesonide for maintenance of steroid induced remission in Crohn's disease. The Budesonide Study Group. Gut (1998) 42:493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOFTUS E, FAUBION W, SANDBORN W: Outcome of combination therapy with sulfasalazide or 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids in a population based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol (2001) 96:S299.
   Google Scholar
• LENNARD L: The clinical pharmacology of6-mercaptopurine. Ear: Clin. Pharmacol (1992) 43:329–339.
   Google Scholar
• •Review of the pharmacology of purine analogues used in IBD treatment.
   Google Scholar
• CUFFARI C, THEORET Y, LATOUR S, SEIDMAN G: 6-Mercaptopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease: correlation with efficacy and toxicity. Gut (1996) 39:401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is the first study demonstrating significant correlations between clinical response, side effects and purine analogue metabolites.
   Google Scholar
• DUBINSKY M, LAMONTHE S, YANG H et al.: Optimizing and individualizing 6-MP therapy in IBD: The role of 6-MP metabolite levels and TPMT genotyping. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:G3055.
   Google Scholar
• •This is a clinical study demonstrating usefulness of purine metabolite measurement and TPMT genetic testing in optimising therapeutic response to purine analogues.
   Google Scholar
• DUBINSKY MC, LAMOTHE S, YANG HY et al.: Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:705–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is a clinical study demonstrating usefulness of purine metabolite measurement and TPMT genetic testing in optimising therapeutic response to purine analogues.
   Google Scholar
• PROMETHEUS INC.: Interpretation guide for Pro-Predict Rx 6-MP and Pro-Predict Rx TPMT (1999).
   Google Scholar
• COLONNA T, KORELITZ BI: The role of leukopenia in the 6-mercaptopurine-induced remission of refractory Crohn's disease. Am. Gastroenterol (1994) 89:362–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YATES CR, KRYNETSKI EY, LOENNECHEN T et al.: Molecular diagnosis of thiopurine 5-methyltransferase deficiency: genetic basis for azathioprine and mercaptopurine intolerance. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 126:608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLOMBEL JF, FERRARI N, DEBUYSERE H et al.: Genotypic analysis of thiopurine 5-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:1025–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUBINSKY MC, HASSARD PV, SEIDMAN EG et al.: An open-label pilot study using thioguanine as a therapeutic alternative in Crohn's disease patients resistant to 6-mercaptopurine therapy. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. (2001) 7:181–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEAGAN BG, FEDORAK RN, IRVINE EJ et al: A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl. I Med. (2000) 342:1627–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Large randomised controlled trial showing efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in maintenance of CD.
   Google Scholar
• TE HS, SCHIANO TD, KUAN SF et al: Hepatic effects of long-term methotrexate use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Am.! Gastroenterol (2000) 95:3150–3156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'HAENS G, LEMMENS L, GEBOES K et al.: Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1323–1329.
   Google Scholar
• NAVAZO L, SALATA H, MORALES S et al.: Oral microemulsion cyclosporine in the treatment of steroid-refractory attacks of ulcerative and indeterminate colitis. Scand. Gastroenterol (2001) 36:610–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELLERMANN K, LUDWIG D, STAHL M, DAVID-WALEK T, STANGE EF: Steroid-unresponsive acute attacks of inflammatory bowel disease: immunomodulation by tacrolimus (FK506). Am.! Gastroenterol (1998) 93:1860–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELLERMANN K, HERRLINGER KR, WITTHOEFT T et al.:Tacrolimus: a new immunosuppressant for steroid refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Transplant Proc. (2001)33:2247-2248.
   Google Scholar
• IERARDI E, PRINCIPI M, FRANCAVILLA R et al.: Oral tacrolimus long-term therapy in patients with Crohn's disease and steroid resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2001) 15:371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOWRY PW, WEAVER AL, TREMAINEWJ, SANDBORN WJ: Combination therapy with oral tacrolimus (FK506) and azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for treatment-refractory Crohn's disease perianal fistulae. Liflamm. Bowel Dis. (1999) 5:239–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IERARDI E, PRINCIPI M, FRANCAVILLA R et al.: Long-term tacrolimus: a promising therapeutic approach for Crohn's disease. Transplant Proc. (2001) 33:2107–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUSVAROS A, KIRSCHNER BS, WERLIN SL et al.: Oral tacrolimus treatment of severe colitis in children. J. Per/MM. (2000) 137:794–799.
   Google Scholar
• CASSON DH, ELTUMI M, TOMLIN S, WALKER-SMITH JA, MURCH SH: Topical tacrolimus may be effective in the treatment of oral and perineal Crohn's disease. Gut (2000) 47:436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUSSELL RK, RICHARDSON N, WILSON DC: Systemic absorption with complications during topical tacrolimus treatment for orofacial Crohn disease. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr. (2001) 32:207–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIPSKY JJ: Mycophenolate mofetil. Lancet (1996) 348:1357–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZEEH JM, RILEY NR, HOFFMAN 0, GOEBELL H, GUERKIN G.: Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits growth and expression of extracellular matrix in human intesinal and rat colonic smooth muscle cells. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:G4128.
   Google Scholar
• HILDNER K, MARKER-HERMANN E, SCHLAAK JF et al.: Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate specifically modulate cytokine production by T cells. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1998) 859:204–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEURATH ME WANITSCHKE R, PETERS M et al.: Mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of active inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and immunological studies. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 859:315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FICKERT P, HINTERLEITNER TA, WENZL HH, AICHBICHLER BW, PETRITSCH W: Mycophenolate mofetil in patients with Crohn's disease. Jim. j Gastroenterol (1998) 93:2529–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLORIN TH, ROBERTS RK, WATSON MR, RADFORD-SMITH GL: Treatment of steroid refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Aust. NZ J. Med. (1998) 28:344–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MIEHSLER W, REINISCH W, MOSER G, GANGL A, VOGELSANG H: Is mycophenolate mofetil an effective alternative in azathioprine- intolerant patients with chronic active Crohn's disease? Am.j Gastroenterol (2001) 96:782–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGHES AP, JACKSON JM, CALLEN JP: Clinical features and treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. JAMA (2000) 284:1546–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HASSARD PV, VASILIAUSKAS EA, KAM LY, TARGAN SR, ABREU MT: Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients failing 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflanon. Bowel Dis. (2000) 6:16–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELLERMANN K, STEFFEN M, STEIN Jet al.: Mycophenolate mofetil: lack of efficacy in chronic active inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharinacol The]: (2000) 14: 171–176.
   Google Scholar
• RADFORD-SMITH GL, TAYLOR P AND FLORIN TH: Mycophenolate mofetil in IBD patients. Lancet (1999) 354:1386–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ORTH T, PETERS M, SCHLAAK JF et al:Mycophenolate mofetil versusazathioprine in patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis: a 12-month pilot study. Jim. .1 Gastroenterol (2000) 95:1201–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Randomised clinical trial showing better efficacy of AZA versus MMF in UC.
   Google Scholar
• NEURATH MF, WANITSCHKE R, PETERS M et al.: Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. Gut (1999) 44:625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Randomised clinical trial showing comparable effects of AZA and MMF in CD treatment.
   Google Scholar
• RAMPTON DS, NEURATH ME ALMER S et al.: Mycophenolate mofetil in Crohn's disease. Lancet (2000) 356:163–164.
   Google Scholar
• MATHEW TH: A blinded, long-term, randomized multicenter study of mycophenolate mofetil in cadaveric renal transplantation: results at three years. Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation (1998) 65:1450–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOWRY PW, SANDBORN WI, LIPSKY JJ: Mycophenolate mofetil for Crohn's disease? Lancet (1999) 354:3–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATERS ME LAING AB, AMBIKAPATHY A, LENNARD-JONES JE: Treatment of ulcerative colitis withthalidomide. Br. Med. J. (1979) 1:792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ODEKA EB, MILLER V.: Thalidomide in oral Crohn's disease refractory to conventional medical treatment. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr. (1997) 25:250–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WETTSTEIN AR, MEAGHER AP: Thalidomide in Crohn's disease. Lancet (1997) 350:1445–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEUCKMANN V, FISCH M, BRUERA E.: Potential novel uses of thalidomide: focus on palliative care. Drugs (2000) 60:273–292.
   Google Scholar
• MOREIRA AL, SAMPAIO EP, ZMUIDZINAS A et al.: Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. J. Exp. Med. (1993) 177:1675–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLLER DR, WYSOCKA M, GREENLEE BM et al: Inhibition of IL-12 production by thalidomide. J. bninunol. (1997) 159:5157–5161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIERHOFER C, DUNZENDORFER S, WIEDERMANN CJ: Protein kinase C-dependent effects on leukocyte migration of thalidomide. J. Infect. Dis. (1999) 180:216–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEIERHOFER C, DUNZENDORFER S, WIEDERMANN CJ: Theoretical basis for the activity of thalidomide. BioDrugs (2001) 15:681–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOGUEIRA AC, NEUBERT R, HELGE H, NEUBERT D: Thalidomide and the immune system. 3. Simultaneous up- and down- regulation of different integrin receptors on human white blood cells. Life Set. (1994) 55:77–92.
   Google Scholar
• NOGUEIRA AC, NEUBERT R, FELIES A et al.: Thalidomide derivatives and the immune system. 6. Effects of two derivatives with no obvious teratogenic potency on the pattern of integrins and other surface receptors on blood cells of marmosets. Life Set. (1996) 58:337-348. ao.MCCARTY MF: Thalidomide may impede cell migration in primates by down-regulating integrin beta-chains: potential therapeutic utility in solid malignancies, proliferative retinopathy, inflammatory disorders, neointimal hyperplasia, and osteoporosis. Med. Hypotheses (1997) 49:123–131.
   Google Scholar
• EHRENPREIS ED, KANE SV, COHEN LB, COHEN RD, HANAUER SB: Thalidomide therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease: an open-label trial. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:1271–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of two published open-label trials in adult IBD suggesting a therapeutic benefit of thalidomide.
   Google Scholar
• VASILIAUSKAS EA, KAM LY, ABREU-MARTIN MT et al.: An open-label pilot study of low-dose thalidomide in chronically active, steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:1278–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of two published open-label trials in adult IBD suggesting a therapeutic benefit of thalidomide.
   Google Scholar
• KAM LY, VASILIAUSKAS EA, ABREU MT et al.: Open labelled pilot study of thalidomide as a novel therapy for medically resistant ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FACCHINI S, CANDUSSO M, MARTELOSSI S et al.: Efficacy of long-term treatment with thalidomide in children and young adults with Crohn disease: preliminary results. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr. (2001) 32:178–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANDS BE, PODOLSKY DK: New life in asleeper: thalidomide and Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:1485–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TYRRELL DJ, HORNE AP, HOLME KR, PREUSS JM, PAGE CP: Heparin in inflammation: potential therapeutic applications beyond anticoagulation. Adv. Pharinacol (1999) 46:151–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOENIG A, NORGARD-SUMNICHT K, LINHARDT R, VARKI A: Differential interactions of heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans with the selectins. Implications for the use of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins as therapeutic agents. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:877–889.
   Google Scholar
• SALAS A, SANS M, SORIANO A et al.: Heparin attenuates TNF-alpha induced inflammatory response through a CD1 lb dependent mechanism. Gut (2000) 47:88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First paper to illustrate a cellular mechanism for a potential therapeutic benefit from heparin in IBD treatment. ao. MATZNER Y, MARX G, DREXLER R, ELDOR A: The inhibitory effect of heparin and related glycosaminoglycans on neutrophil chemotaxis. Thromb. Haemost. (1984) 52:134–137.
   Google Scholar
• BAZZONI G, BELTRAN NUNEZ A, MASCELLANI G et al: Effect of heparin dermatan sulfate, and related oligo-derivatives on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions. I Lab. Chit. Med. (1993) 121:268–275.
   Google Scholar
• HIEBERT LM, LIU JM: Heparin protects cultured arterial endothelial cells from damage by toxic oxygen metabolites. Atherosclerosis (1990) 83:47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARR J: The anti-inflammatory action of heparin: heparin as an antagonist to histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin El. Thromb. Res. (1979) 16:507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAY R, ILYAS M, DASZAK P, TALBOT I, FORBES A: Expression of syndecan-1 in inflammatory bowel disease and a possible mechanism of heparin therapy. DV. Dis. Sci. (1999) 44:2508–2515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAY R, FORBES A: Heparin, cell adhesion, and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet (1999) 354:62–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOLWACZNY C, FRICKE H, ENDRES S et al.: Anti-inflammatory properties of unfractioned heparin in patients with highly active ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Am. J. Gastroenterol (1997) 92:911–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAFFNEY PR, O'LEARY JJ, DOYLE CT et al.: Response to heparin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Lancet (1991) 337:238–239.
   Google Scholar
• GAFFNEY PR, DOYLE CT, GAFFNEY A et al.: Paradoxical response to heparin in 10 patients with ulcerative colitis. Am. Gastroenterol (1995) 90:220–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWARAKANATH AD, YU LG, BROOKES C, PRYCE D, RHODES JM: 'Sticky' neutrophils, pathergic arthritis, and response to heparin in pyoderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis. Gut (1995) 37:585–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 99. DUPAS J, BRAZIER F, YZET T, ROUSSEL B, DUCHMANN J: Treatment of active Crohn's disease with heparin. Gastroenterology (1996) 110:A900.
   Google Scholar
• IGLICKI F, DUPAS J: Effect of heparin treatment on extraintestinal manifestations assocaited with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology (1996) 110:A872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOLWACZNY C, WIEBECKE B, LOESCHKE K: Uniractioned heparin in the therapy of patients with highly active inflammatory bowel disease. Am. Gastroenterol (1999) 94:1551–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EVANS RC, WONG VS, MORRIS Al, RHODES JM: Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant ulcerative colitis with heparin--a report of 16 cases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (1997) 11:1037–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORKVIST L, THORLACIUS H, SJOQVIST U et al.: Low molecular weight heparin as adjuvant therapy in active ulcerative colitis. Ailment Pharmacol Titer. (1999) 13:1323–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANES J, ESTEVE M, CABRE E et al: Comparison of heparin and steroids in the treatment of moderate and severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2000) 119:903–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the two randomised controlled trials of heparin therapy in IBD, showing ineffectiveness and major side effects from heparin.
   Google Scholar
• ANG YS, MAHMUD N, WHITE B et al.: Randomized comparison of unfractionated heparin with corticosteroids in severe active inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Titer. (2000) 14:1015–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the two randomised controlled trials of heparin therapy in IBD, showing efficacy.
   Google Scholar
• FOLWACZNY C: Heparin therapy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1307; discussion 1307–1308.
   Google Scholar
• PAPA A, DANESE S, GASBARRINI G, GASBARRINI A: When can unfractionated heparin really be useful in the treatment of ulcerative colitis? Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1306-1307; discussion 1307–1308.
   Google Scholar
• •Concise discussion of the role of heparin therapy in IBD treatment.
   Google Scholar
• TORKVIST L, STAHLBERG D, BOHMAN L et al.: LMWH for the treatment of mild to moderatley active steroid refractory/dependent UC- An independent, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:A–277.
   Google Scholar
• TARGAN SR, HANAUER SB, VAN DEVENTER SJ et al: A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (1997) 337:1029–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUTGEERTS P, D'HAENS G, TARGAN S et al.: Efficacy and safety of retreatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody (infliximab) to maintain remission in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:761–769.
   Google Scholar
• PRESENT DH, RUTGEERTS P, TARGAN S et al.: Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J. Med. (1999) 340:1398–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN RD, TSANG JF, HANAUER SB: Infliximab in Crohn's disease: first anniversary clinical experience. Am. Gastroenterol (2000) 95:3469–3477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FARRELL RJ, SHAH SA, LODHAVIA PJ et al.: Clinical experience with infliximab therapy in 100 patients with Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol (2000) 95:3490–3497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICART E, PANACCIONE R, LOFTUS EV, TREMAINE WJ, SANDBORN WJ: Infliximab for Crohn's disease in clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic: the first 100 patients. Am.j Gastroenterol (2001) 96:722–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN ASSCHE G, RUTGEERTS P: Anti-TNE agents in Crohn's disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Concise review of the role of TNF in IBDpathogenesis and results with currently available anti-TNF agents.
   Google Scholar
• VALLE E, GROSS M, BICKSTON SJ: Infliximab. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2001) 2:1015–1025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Current review of the data with infliximab.
   Google Scholar
• PANACCIONE R: Infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease: review and indications for clinical use in Canada. Can. J. Gastroenterol (2001) 15:371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUTGEERTS P, COLOMBEL J, SCHREIBER S et al.: Treatment of Crohn's disease: response to remicade (infliximab) in the ACCENT I trial through week 54. Am. I Gastroenterol (2001) 96:S303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •One of the first abstracts that shows efficacy of infliximab in maintenance therapy of CD.
   Google Scholar
• KEANE J, GERSHON S, WISE RP et al: Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha- neutralizing agent. N Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1098–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive look at tuberculosis cases associated with infliximab use.
   Google Scholar
• KASER A, MAIRINGER T, VOGEL W, TILG H: Infliximab in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. (2001) 113:930–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEY WY, HUSSAIN A, RYAN C, POTTER GD, SHAH A: Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. Am. I Gastroenterol (2001) 96:2373–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANDBORN WJ, HANAUER SB, KATZ S et al.: Etanercept for active crohn's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology (2001) 121:1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUGERING A, SCHMIDT M, LUGERING N et al.: Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active crohn's disease by using a caspase-dependent pathway. Gastroenterology
   Google Scholar
• •• (2001) 121:1145–1157.
   Google Scholar
• SANDBORN WJ, FEAGAN BG, HANAUER SB et al: An engineered human antibody to TNF (CDP571) for active Crohn's disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1330–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STACK WA, MANN SD, ROY AJ et al: Randomised controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha in Crohn's disease. Lancet (1997) 349:521–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANDBORN WJ, TARGAN SR, HANAUER SB et al.: A randomized controlled trial of CDP571, a humanized antibody to TNF-alpha, in moderately to severely active crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLAM ME, STEIN RB, LICHTENSTEIN GR: Integrating anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: current and future perspectives. Am. Gastroenterol (2001) 96:1977–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review of anti-TNFstrategies in IBD treatment.
   Google Scholar
• EVANS RC, CLARKE L, HEATH P et al: Treatment of ulcerative colitis with an engineered human anti-TNFalpha antibody CDP571. Aliment Pharmacol The]: (1997) 11:1031–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGY MA, BEINHAUER BG, REINISCH W, HUANG L, POKIESER P: Transfer of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in patients with severe inflammatory bowel disease of the rectum. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11:1731–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIORENTINO DF, ZLOTNIK A, VIEIRA P et al.: IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Thl cells. J. Immunol (1991) 146:3444–3451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIORENTINO DF, ZLOTNIK A, MOSMANN TR, HOWARD M, O'GARRA A: IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. brimunol. (1991) 147:3815–3822.
   Google Scholar
• DE WAAL MALEFYT R, HAANEN J, SPITS H et al.: Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. Exp. Med. (1991) 174:915–924.
   Google Scholar
• DE WAAL MALEFYT R, ABRAMS J, BENNETT B, FIGDOR CG, DE VRIES JE: Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J. Exp. Med. (1991) 174:1209–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAGA K, TOSATO G: IL-10 inhibits human T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. J. brimunol. (1992) 148:1143–1148.
   Google Scholar
• DE WAAL MALEFYT R, YSSEL H, DE VRIES JE: Direct effects of IL-10 on subsets of human CD4+ T cell clones and resting T cells. Specific inhibition of IL-2 production and proliferation. brimunol. (1993) 150:4754–4765.
   Google Scholar
• CASSATELLA MA, MEDAL, BONORA S, CESKA M, CONSTANTIN G: Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for an autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 beta in mediating the production of IL-8 triggered by lipopolysaccharide." Exp. Med. (1993) 178:2207–2211.
   Google Scholar
• WANG P, WU P, ANTHES JC et al.: Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils. Blood (1994) 83:2678–2683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASAMA T, STRIETER RM, LUKACS NW, BURDICK MD, KUNKEL SL: Regulation of neutrophil-derived chemokine expression by IL-10. J. brimunol. (1994) 152:3559–3569.
   Google Scholar
• WANG P, WU P, SIEGEL MI, EGAN RW, BILLAH MM: Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) activation in human monocytes. IL-10 and IL-4 suppress cytokine synthesis by different mechanisms." Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:9558–9563.
   Google Scholar
• MADSEN KL, TAVERNINI MM, MOSMANN TR, FEDORAK RN: Interleukin 10 modulates ion transport in rat small intestine. Gastroenterology (1996) 111:936–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MADSEN KL, LEWIS SA, TAVERNINI MM, HIBBARD J, FEDORAK RN: Interleukin 10 prevents cytokine-induced disruption of T84 monolayer barrier integrity and limits chloride secretion. Gastroenterology (1997) 113:151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUHN R, LOHLER J, RENNICK D, RAJEWSKY K, MULLER W: Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell (1993) 75:263–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POWRIE F, LEACH MW, MAUZE S et al: Inhibition of Thl responses prevents inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice reconstituted with CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells. Immunity(1994) 1:553–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROOL TA, VAN DULLEMEN H, MEENAN J et al.: Anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 in rabbit immune complex-induced colitis. Scand..1. Gastroenterol (1998) 33:754–758.
   Google Scholar
• VALENTINE J, RANDALL M, LAUWERS G, GRISHAM M: Intramuscular injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector containing interleukin-10 reduces proximal colonic inflammation in IL-10 deficient mice. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:A–689.
   Google Scholar
• VAN DEVENTER SJ, ELSON CO, FEDORAK RN: Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology (1997) 113:383–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, FEDORAK RN, NIELSEN OH et al: Safety and efficacy of recombinant human interleukin 10 in chronic active Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease IL-10 Cooperative Study Group. Gastroenterology (2000) 119:1461–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEDORAK RN, GANGL A, ELSON CO et al.: Recombinant human interleukin 10 in the treatment of patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease. The Interleukin 10 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cooperative Study Group. Gastroenterology (2000) 119:1473–1482.
   Google Scholar
• COLOMBEL JF, RUTGEERTS P, MALCHOW H et al.: Interleukin 10 (Tenovil) in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gut (2001) 49:42–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DU XX, DOERSCHUK CM, ORAZI A, WILLIAMS DA: A bone marrow stromal-derived growth factor, interleukin-11, stimulates recovery of small intestinal mucosal cells after cytoablative therapy. Blood (1994) 83:33–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POTTEN CS: Protection of the small intestinal clonogenic stem cells from radiation- induced damage by pretreatment with interleukin 11 also increases murine survival time. Stem Cells (1996) 14:452–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEITH JC, JR., ALBERT L, SONIS ST, PFEIFFER CJ, SCHAUB RG: IL-11, a pleiotropic cytokine: exciting new effects of IL-11 on gastrointestinal mucosal biology. Stem Cells (1994) 12:79-89; discussion 89–90.
   Google Scholar
• KEITH JJ, ALBERT L, FERRANTI T et al: Recombinant human interleukin- 11 (rhIL-11) decreases inflammatory bowel disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Gastroenterology (1995) 108:A846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QIU BS, PFEIFFER CJ, KEITH JC, Jr.: Protection by recombinant human interleukin-11 against experimental TNB-induced colitis in rats. Dig. Dis. Si". (1996) 41:1625–1630.
   Google Scholar
• SANDS BE, BANKS, SNINSKY CA et at.: Preliminary evaluation of safety and activity of recombinant human interleukin 11 in patients with active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:58–64.
   Google Scholar
• •Pilot trial of the safety and efficacy of IL-11 treatment in 76 patients with CD.
   Google Scholar
• SPRINGER TA: The sensation and regulation of interactions with the extracellular environment: the cell biology of lymphocyte adhesion receptors. Ann. Rev Cell Biol. (1990) 6:359–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SINGER KH: Interactions between epithelial cells and T lymphocytes: role of adhesion molecules. .I. Leukoc. Biol. (1990) 48:367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTCHER EC: Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: three (or more) steps to specificity and diversity. Cell (1991) 67:1033–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPRINGER TA: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell (1994) 76:301–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN SEVENTER GA, SHIMIZU Y, HORGAN KJ, SHAW S: The LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1 provides an important costimulatory signal for T cell receptor-mediated activation of resting T cells. Immunol (1990) 144:4579–4586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAMLE NK, KLUSSMAN K, LINSLEY PS, ARUFFO A: Differential costimulatory effects of adhesion molecules B7, ICAM-1, LFA-3, and VCAM-1 on resting and antigen-primed CD4+ T lymphocytes. I Immunol (1992) 148: 1985-1992.
   Google Scholar
• KAVANAUGH AF, DAVIS LS, NICHOLS LA et al: Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Arthritic Rheum. (1994) 37:992–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAVANAUGH AF, DAVIS LS, JAIN RI et al.: A Phase I/II open label study of the safety and efficacy of an anti- ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CD54) monoclonal antibody in early rheumatoid arthritis. j. Rheumatol (1996) 23:1338–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUG CE, COLVIN RB, DELMONICO FL et al.: A Phase I trial of immunosuppression with anti-ICAM-1 (CD54) mAb in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation (1993) 55:766-772; discussion 772–773.
   Google Scholar
• CHIANG MY, CHAN H, ZOUNES MA et al.: Antisense oligonucleotides inhibit intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression by two distinct mechanisms. Biol. Chem. (1991) 266:18162–18171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENNETT CE CROOKE ST: Regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression with antisense oligonucleotides. Adv. Pharmacol (1994) 28:1–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BENNETT CE CONDON TP, GRIMM S, CHAN H, CHIANG MY: Inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression with antisense oligonucleotides. Immunol (1994) 152:3530–3540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YACYSHYN BR, BOWEN-YACYSHYN MB, JEWELL L et al.: A placebo-controlled trial of ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotide in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (1998) 114:1133–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, NIKOLAUS S, MALCHOW H et al.: Absence of efficacy of subcutaneous antisense ICAM-1 treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1339–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YACYSHYN BR, CHEY WY, GOFF J et al: A randomized, placebo-controllde trial of antisense ICAM-1 inhibitor (ISIS 2302) in steroid-dependent Crohn's disease showed clinical improvement at high serum levels. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1447.
   Google Scholar
• FARSTAD IN, HALSTENSEN TS, KVALE D, FAUSA 0, BRANDTZAEG P: Topographic distribution of homing receptors on B and T cells in human gut-associated lymphoid tissue: relation of L-selectin and integrin alpha 4 beta 7 to naive and memory phenotypes. Am. I Pathol (1997) 150:187–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PODOLSKY DK, LOBB R, KING N et al.: Attenuation of colitis in the cotton-top tamarin by anti-alpha 4 integrin monoclonal antibody. Clin. Invest. (1993) 92:372–380.
   Google Scholar
• GORDON FH, LAI CW, HAMILTON MI et al: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a humanized monoclonal antibody to alpha4 integrin in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology (2001) 121:268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILES AM, GRISHAM MB: Antioxidant properties of 5-aminosalicylic acid: potential mechanism for its protective effect in ulcerative colitis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1995) 21:1317–1321.
   Google Scholar
• KUROKAWA T, JOH T, IKAI M et al.: Rebamipide protects against oxygen radical-mediated gastric mucosal injury in rats. Dig. Dis. Se/. (1998) 43:1135–1175.
   Google Scholar
• SAKURAI K, YAMASAKI K: Protective effect of rebamipide against hydrogen peroxide-induced hemorrhagic mucosal lesions in rat stomach. fpn. Pharmacol (1994) 64:229–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZEA-IRIARTE WL, MAKIYAMA K, GOTO S et al.: Impairment of antioxidants in colonic epithelial cells isolated from trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis rats. Protective effect of rebamipide. Scand. Gastroenterol (1996) 31:985–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, FITZPATRICK L, ZHANG Y, KESHAVARZIAN A: OPC-compounds prevent oxidant-induced carbonylation and depolymerization of the F-actin cytoskeleton and intestinal barrier hyperpermeability. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (2001) 30:287–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIHARA M, IMAGAWA K, FUNAKOSHI Y, OHMOTO Y, KIKUCHI M: Effects of rebamipide on production of several cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1998) 43:1605-166S.
   Google Scholar
• AIHARA M, AZUMA A, TAKIZAWA H et al.: Molecular analysis of suppression of interleukin-8 production by rebamipide in Helicobacter pylori-stimulated gastric cancer cell lines. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1998) 43:174S–180S.
   Google Scholar
• WATANABE S, WANG XE, HIROSE Met al.: Rebamipide prevented delay of wound repair induced by hydrogen peroxide and suppressed apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells M vitro. Dig. Dis. Sa. (1998) 43:1075–1125.
   Google Scholar
• PAI R, TARNAWSKI A: Signal transduction cascades triggered by EGF receptor activation: relevance to gastric injury repair and ulcer healing. Dig. Dis. Sa. (1998) 43:14S–22S.
   Google Scholar
• KLEINE A, KLUGE S, PESKAR BM: Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis mediates gastroprotective effect of rebamipide in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1993) 38:1441–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUN WH, TSUJI S, TSUJII M et al: Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat gastric mucosa by rebamipide, a mucoprotective agent. Pharmacol Exp. Thec (2000) 295:447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKIYAMA K, TAKESHIMA F, KAWASAKI H, ZEA-IRIARTE WL: Anti-inflammatory effect of rebamipide enema on proctitis type ulcerative colitis: a novel therapeutic alternative. Am. I Gastroenterol (2000) 95:1838–1839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EISENBERG DM, KESSLER RC, FOSTER C et al.: Unconventional medicine in the
   Google Scholar
• ••
   Google Scholar
• ••
   Google Scholar
• •• United States. Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl. J. Med. (1993) 328:246–252.
   Google Scholar
• POWELL JJ, AINLEY CC, HARVEY RS et al.: Characterisation of inorganic microparticles in pigment cells of human gut associated lymphoid tissue. Gut (1996) 38:390–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POWELL JJ, RSJ H, ASHWOOD P et al.: Immune potentiation of ultrafine dietary particles in normal subjcets and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Autommunity (2000) 14:99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOMER MC, HARVEY RS, EVANS SM et al.: Efficacy and tolerability of a low microparticle diet in a double blind, randomized, pilot study in Crohn's disease. Eur.j Gastroenterol Hepatol (2001) 13:93–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •First pilot trial showing efficacy of a diet treatment (microparticulate diet) in CD.
   Google Scholar
• IANNOLI P, MILLER JH, RYAN CK et al.: Human growth hormone induces system B transport in short bowel syndrome. J. Surg. Res. (1997) 69:150–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BYRNE TA, MORRISSEY TB, NATTAKOM TV, ZIEGLER TR, WILMORE DW: Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet enhance nutrient absorption in patients with severe short bowel syndrome. JPENJ Parente]: Enteral Num. (1995) 19:296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLONIM AE, BULONE L, DAMORE MB et al.: A preliminary study of growth hormone therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:1633–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEAGAN B: Antibiotics are not effective therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflarnm. Bowel Dis. (1997) 1997:314–317.
   Google Scholar
• KENNEDY RJ, KIRK SJ, GARDINER KR: Promotion of a favorable gut flora in inflammatory bowel disease. "PEN Parenter. Enteral. Num. (2000) 24:189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review of the benefits fromand current experience with probiotics in IBD. los. DUGAS B, MERCENIER A, LENOIR-WIJNKOOP I et al.: Immunity and probiotics. Immunol. Today (1999) 20:387–390.
   Google Scholar
• SHANAHAN F: Inflammatory bowel disease: immunodiagnostics, immunotherapeutics, and ecotherapeutics. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:622–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Comprehensive review of emerging treatment strategies for IBD.
   Google Scholar
• REMBACKEN BJ, SNELLING AM, HAWKEY PM, CHALMERS DM, AXON AT: Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet (1999) 354:635–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Randomized trial showing a potential role of probiotic E.Coli in prevention of relapse in UC.
   Google Scholar
• KRUIS W, SCHUTZ E, FRIC P et al.: Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pliarmacol Titer. (1997) 11:853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VENTURI A, GIONCHETTI P, RIZZELLO F et al.: Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pliannacol Ther: (1999) 13:1103–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Pilot trial showing benefit from a probiotic preparation, VSL#3, in UC treatment. zoo. GIONCHETTI P, RIZZELLO F, VENTURI A et al.: Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology (2000) 119:305–309.
   Google Scholar
• ••First major clinical trial showing significantefficacy of a probiotic treatment (with VSL#3) in maintanence of remission in pouchitis.
   Google Scholar
• MALCHOW HA: Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease?' Clin. Gastroenterol (1997) 25:653-658. zoz. GUSLANDI M, MEZZI G, SORGHI M AND TESTONI PA: Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2000) 45:1462–1464.
   Google Scholar
• STEIDLER L, HANS W, SCHOTTE Let al.: Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin- 10. Science (2000) 289:1352–1355.
   Google Scholar
• ELLIOTT DE, URBAN JJ, ARGO CK, WEINSTOCK JV: Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease? Faseb. J. (2000) 14:1848–1855.
   Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive review of the epidemiological and clinical data pointing toward a benefit from intestinal helminth therapy in IBD.
   Google Scholar
• ELLIOTT DE, LI J, CRAWFORD C et al: Exposure to helminthic parasites protect mice from intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:A706. zos. ELLIOTT DE, CRAWFORD C, LI J et al: Helminthic parasites inhibit spontaneous colitis in I1-10 deficient mice. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:A863.
   Google Scholar
• GUTMANOWITCZ Y: Pig whipworms induce remission in IBD patients. Gastroenterology and Endoscopy News (2001) 52:13. zos. VERHOEF MJ, SUTHERLAND LR: Outpatient health care utilization of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1990) 35:1276–1280.
   Google Scholar
• HILSDEN RJ, MEDDINGS JB, VERHOEF MJ: Complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: An Internet survey. Can. J. Gastroenterol (1999) 13:327–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A large survey of IBD patients showing considerable use of various CAM modalities as treatment.
   Google Scholar
• PLUMMER SM, HOLLOWAY KA, MANS ON MM et al.: Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-kappaB activation via the NIK/IKK signalling complex. Oncogene (1999) 18:6013–6020.
   Google Scholar