Developments in the treatment of candidiasis: more choices and new challenges

Bibliography

• EGGIMANN P, GARBINO J, PITTET D: Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect. Dis. (2003) 3(11):685-702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKAKURA S, FUJIHARA N, SAITO T et al.: National surveillance of species distribution in blood isolates of Candida species in Japan and their susceptibility to six antifungal agents including voriconazole and micafungin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2004) 53(2):283-289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASCHMEYER G, RUHNKE M: Update on antifungal treatment of invasive Candida and Aspergillus infections. Mycoses (2004) 47(7):263-276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISHER-HOCH SP, HUTWAGNER L: Opportunistic candidiasis: an epidemic of the 1980s. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 21(4):897-904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAMAGNI TL, EVANS BG, SHIGEMATSU M, JOHNSON EM: Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990-9). Epidemiol. Infect. (2001) 126(3):397-414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAUPLAND KB, GREGSON DB, CHURCH DL, ROSS T, ELSAYED S: Invasive Candida species infections: a 5 year population-based assessment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 56(3):532-537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, JONES RN, MESSER SA, EDMOND MB, WENZEL RP: National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. SCOPE Participant Group. Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1998) 30(2):121-129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUDLAUGSSON O, GILLESPIE S, LEE K et al.: Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37(9):1172-1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEY SB, MORI M, PFALLER MA, WOOLSON RF, WENZEL RP: Hospital-acquired candidemia. The attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch. Intern. Med. (1988) 148(12):2642-2645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLAVIN M, FASTENAU J, SUKAROM I et al.: Burden of hospitalization of patients with Candida and Aspergillus infections in Australia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 8(2):111-120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RENTZ AM, HALPERN MT, BOWDEN R: The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 27(4):781-788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER LG, HAJJEH RA, EDWARDS JE Jr: Estimating the cost of nosocomial candidemia in the united states. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 32(7):1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LYYTIKAINEN O, LUMIO J, SARKKINEN H et al.: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in Finnish hospitals during 1999-2000. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 35(2):e14-e19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOBSON RP: The global epidemiology of invasive Candida infections – is the tide turning? J. Hosp. Infect. (2003) 55(3):159-168 (Quiz 233).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, JONES RN, DOERN GV et al.: International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Candida species: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibilities of isolates collected in 1997 in the United States, Canada, and South America for the SENTRY Program. The SENTRY Participant Group. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1998) 36(7):1886-1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPPAS PG, REX JH, LEE J et al.: A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37(5):634-643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIEKEMA DJ, MESSER SA, BRUEGGEMANN AB et al.: Epidemiology of candidemia: 3-year results from the emerging infections and the epidemiology of Iowa organisms study. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40(4):1298-1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCO F, DANES C, ALMELA M et al.: Trends in frequency and in vitro susceptibilities to antifungal agents, including voriconazole and anidulafungin, of Candida bloodstream isolates. Results from a six-year study (1996-2001). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2003) 46(4):259-264.
   Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, BOYKEN L et al.: In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and fluconazole against 4,169 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans collected during 2001 and 2002 in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2004) 48(3):201-205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUENCA-ESTRELLA M, RODRIGUEZ D, ALMIRANTE B et al.: In vitro susceptibilities of bloodstream isolates of Candida species to six antifungal agents: results from a population-based active surveillance programme, Barcelona, Spain, 2002 – 2003. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 55(2):194-199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAOUTIS TE, FORAKER E, McGOWAN KL et al.: Antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from pediatric patients: a survey of 4 children’s hospitals. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2005) 52(4):295-298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORTORANO AM, PRIGITANO A, BIRAGHI E, VIVIANI MA: The European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) survey of candidaemia in Italy: in vitro susceptibility of 375 Candida albicans isolates and biofilm production. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 56(4):777-779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, HOLLIS RJ et al.: In vitro susceptibilities of Candida bloodstream isolates to the new triazole antifungal agents BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(12):3242-3244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NGUYEN MH, YU CY: Voriconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and resistant candida isolates: in-vitro efficacy compared with that of itraconazole and ketoconazole. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1998) 42(2):253-256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAUFFMAN CA, ZARINS LT: In vitro activity of voriconazole against Candida species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1998) 31(1):297-300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCO F, PFALLER MA, MESSER S, JONES RN: In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and four other antifungal agents against 394 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(1):161-163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARRY AL, BROWN SD: In vitro studies of two triazole antifungal agents (voriconazole [UK-109,496] and fluconazole) against Candida species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40(8):1948-1949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAVEZ M, BERNAL S, VALVERDE A et al.: In-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), LY303366 and other antifungal agents against oral Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1999) 44(5):697-700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, JONES RN, DOERN GV et al.: International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents. SENTRY Participant Group (Europe). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1999) 35(1):19-25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOBAN DJ, ZHANEL GG, KARLOWSKY JA: In vitro susceptibilities of Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from blood cultures of neutropenic patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43(6):1463-1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAVERDIERE M, HOBAN D, RESTIERI C, HABEL F: In vitro activity of three new triazoles and one echinocandin against Candida bloodstream isolates from cancer patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(1):119-123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, BOYKEN L, HOLLIS RJ et al.: In vitro activities of anidulafungin against more than 2,500 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 315 isolates resistant to fluconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2005) 43(11):5425-5427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRISHNARAO TV, GALGIANI JN: Comparison of the in vitro activities of the echinocandin LY303366, the pneumocandin MK-0991, and fluconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(9):1957-1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTIZAL K, GILL CJ, ABRUZZO GK et al.: In vitro preclinical evaluation studies with the echinocandin antifungal MK-0991 (L-743,872). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(11):2326-2332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCO F, PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, JONES RN: Activity of MK-0991 (L-743,872), a new echinocandin, compared with those of LY303366 and four other antifungal agents tested against blood stream isolates of Candida spp. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1998) 32(1):33-37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, DIEKEMA DJ, MESSER SA, HOLLIS RJ, JONES RN: In vitro activities of caspofungin compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 3,959 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 157 fluconazole-resistant isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(3):1068-1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARTSONIS N, KILLAR J, MIXSON L et al.: Caspofungin susceptibility testing of isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis or invasive candidiasis: relationship of MIC to treatment outcome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(9):3616-3623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESPINEL-INGROFF A: Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1998) 36(10):2950-2956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, BOYKEN L, HOLLIS RJ et al.: In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to caspofungin: four years of global surveillance. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) 44(3):760-763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUENCA-ESTRELLA M, GOMEZ-LOPEZ A, MELLADO E et al.: Head-to-head comparison of the activities of currently available antifungal agents against 3,378 Spanish clinical isolates of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(3):917-921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESSER SA, DIEKEMA DJ, BOYKEN L et al.: Activities of micafungin against 315 invasive clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) 44(2):324-326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLER FM, KURZAI O, HACKER J, FROSCH M, MUHLSCHLEGEL F: Effect of the growth medium on the in vitro antifungal activity of micafungin (FK-463) against clinical isolates of Candida dubliniensis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2001) 48(5):713-715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIKAMO H, SATO Y, TAMAYA T: In vitro antifungal activity of FK463, a new water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2000) 46(3):485-487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAWARA S, IKEDA F, MAKI K et al.: In vitro activities of a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against a variety of clinically important fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(1):57-62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARRILLO-MUNOZ AJ, QUINDOS G, RUESGA M et al.: Antifungal activity of posaconazole compared with fluconazole and amphotericin B against yeasts from oropharyngeal candidiasis and other infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 55(3):317-319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, HOLLIS RJ, JONES RN: In vitro activities of posaconazole (Sch 56592) compared with those of itraconazole and fluconazole against 3,685 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(10):2862-2864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CACCIAPUOTI A, LOEBENBERG D, CORCORAN E et al.: In vitro and in vivo activities of SCH 56592 (posaconazole), a new triazole antifungal agent, against Aspergillus and Candida. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(8):2017-2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SABATELLI F, PATEL R, MANN PA et al.: In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(6):2009-2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, GEE S et al.: In vitro susceptibilities of Candida dubliniensis isolates tested against the new triazole and echinocandin antifungal agents. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1999) 37(3):870-872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UZUN O, KOCAGOZ S, CETINKAYA Y, ARIKAN S, UNAL S: In vitro activity of a new echinocandin, LY303366, compared with those of amphotericin B and fluconazole against clinical yeast isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(5):1156-1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOORE CB, OAKLEY KL, DENNING DW: In vitro activity of a new echinocandin, LY303366, and comparison with fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B against Candida species. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. (2001) 7(1):11-16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUENCA-ESTRELLA M, MELLADO E, DIAZ-GUERRA TM, MONZON A, RODRIGUEZ-TUDELA JL: Susceptibility of fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida spp. to echinocandin LY303366, itraconazole and amphotericin B. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2000) 46(3):475-477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANEL GG, KARLOWSKY JA, HARDING GA et al.: In vitro activity of a new semisynthetic echinocandin, LY-303366, against systemic isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Aspergillus species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(4):863-865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, COFFMAN S: In vitro susceptibilities of clinical yeast isolates to a new echinocandin derivative, LY303366, and other antifungal agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(4):763-766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWINNE D, WATELLE M, NOLARD N: In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against non Candida albicans yeast isolates. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. (2005) 22(1):24-28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BARCHIESI F, SPREGHINI E, TOMASSETTI S et al.: Comparison of the fungicidal activities of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Candida glabrata. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(12):4989-4992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANTON E, PEMAN J, SASTRE M, ROMERO M, ESPINEL-INGROFF A: Killing kinetics of caspofungin, micafungin and amphotericin B against Candida guilliermondii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(8):2829-2832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESPINEL-INGROFF A: In vitro antifungal activities of anidulafungin and micafungin, licensed agents and the investigational triazole posaconazole as determined by NCCLS methods for 12,052 fungal isolates: review of the literature. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. (2003) 20(4):121-136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFALLER MA, DIEKEMA DJ, REX JH et al.: Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against voriconazole: analysis and proposal for interpretive breakpoints. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) 44(3):819-826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUENCA-ESTRELLA M, GOMEZ-LOPEZ A, MELLADO E, GARCIA-EFFRON G, RODRIGUEZ-TUDELA JL: In vitro activities of ravuconazole and four other antifungal agents against fluconazole-resistant or -susceptible clinical yeast isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(8):3107-3111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAW D, MOORE CB, DENNING DW: Activity of SCH 56592 compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(10):2310-2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETRAITIS V, PETRAITIENE R, GROLL AH et al.: Dosage-dependent antifungal efficacy of V-echinocandin (LY303366) against experimental fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(2):471-479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETRAITIENE R, PETRAITIS V, GROLL AH et al.: Antifungal activity of LY303366, a novel echinocandin B, in experimental disseminated candidiasis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43(9):2148-2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JU JY, POLHAMUS C, MARR KA, HOLLAND SM, BENNETT JE: Efficacies of fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B in Candida glabrata-infected p47phox-/- knockout mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(5):1240-1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAYBILL JR, BOCANEGRA R, LUTHER M, FOTHERGILL A, RINALDI MJ: Treatment of murine Candida krusei or Candida glabrata infection with L-743,872. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(9):1937-1939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAYBILL JR, NAJVAR LK, LUTHER MF, FOTHERGILL AW: Treatment of murine disseminated candidiasis with L-743,872. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(8):1775-1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLEMONS KV, ESPIRITU M, PARMAR R, STEVENS DA: Assessment of the paradoxical effect of caspofungin in therapy of candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(4):1293-1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAESAKI S, HOSSAIN MA, MIYAZAKI Y et al.: Efficacy of FK463, a (1,3)-β-d-glucan synthase inhibitor, in disseminated azole-resistant Candida albicans infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(6):1728-1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETRAITIS V, PETRAITIENE R, GROLL AH et al.: Comparative antifungal activities and plasma pharmacokinetics of micafungin (FK463) against disseminated candidiasis and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(6):1857-1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARN PA, SHARP A, MORRISSEY G, DENNING DW: In vivo activity of micafungin in a persistently neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection caused by Candida tropicalis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(6):1071-1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARINE M, SERENA C, FERNANDEZ-TORRES B, PASTOR FJ, GUARRO J: Activities of flucytosine, fluconazole, amphotericin B, and micafungin in a murine model of disseminated infection by Candida glabrata. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(11):4757-4759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERNANDEZ S, GONZALEZ GM, McCARTHY DI et al.: Alternatives to amphotericin B for Candida rugosa infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2004) 54(2):477-480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GHANNOUM MA, OKOGBULE-WONODI I, BHAT N, SANATI H: Antifungal activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), fluconazole and amphotericin B against hematogenous Candida krusei infection in neutropenic guinea pig model. J. Chemother. (1999) 11(1):34-39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IKEDA F, WAKAI Y, MATSUMOTO S et al.: Efficacy of FK463, a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis and aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(3):614-618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRAUSE DS, REINHARDT J, VAZQUEZ JA et al.: Phase II, randomized, dose-ranging study evaluating the safety and efficacy of anidulafungin in invasive candidiasis and candidemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(6):2021-2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFALLER MA, DIEKEMA DJ, BOYKEN L et al.: Effectiveness of anidulafungin in eradicating Candida species in invasive candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(11):4795-4797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRAUSE DS, SIMJEE AE, VAN RENSBURG C et al.: A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39(6):770-775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VILLANUEVA A, ARATHOON EG, GOTUZZO E et al.: A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33(9):1529-1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VILLANUEVA A, GOTUZZO E, ARATHOON EG et al.: A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am. J. Med. (2002) 113(4):294-299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORA-DUARTE J, BETTS R, ROTSTEIN C et al.: Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347(25):2020-2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOHNO S, MASAOKA T, YAMAGUCHI H et al.: A multicenter, open-label clinical study of micafungin (FK463) in the treatment of deep-seated mycosis in Japan. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 36(5):372-379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTROSKY-ZEICHNER L, KONTOYIANNIS D, RAFFALLI J et al.: International, open-label, noncomparative, clinical trial of micafungin alone and in combination for treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory candidemia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2005) 24(10):654-661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETTENGELL K, MYNHARDT J, KLUYTS T et al.: Successful treatment of oesophageal candidiasis by micafungin: a novel systemic antifungal agent. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2004) 20(4):475-481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE WET N, LLANOS-CUENTAS A, SULEIMAN J et al.: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-response study of micafungin compared with fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39(6):842-849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE WET NT, BESTER AJ, VILJOEN JJ et al.: A randomized, double blind, comparative trial of micafungin (FK463) versus fluconazole for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2005) 21(7):899-907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAZQUEZ JA, SKIEST DJ, NIETO L et al.: A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV/AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2006) 42(8):1179-1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KULLBERG BJ, SOBEL JD, RUHNKE M et al.: Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet (2005) 366(9495):1435-1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLY R, SCHURMANN D, KREISEL W et al.: A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33(9):1447-1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERFECT JR, MARR KA, WALSH TJ et al.: Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36(9):1122-1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTROSKY-ZEICHNER L, OUDE LASHOF AM, KULLBERG BJ, REX JH: Voriconazole salvage treatment of invasive candidiasis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2003) 22(11):651-655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SULEIMAN J, DELLA NEGRA M, LLANOS-CUENTAS A, TICONA E, REX JH, BUELL DN: Open label study of micafungin in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy, San Diego, USA (27 – 30 September 2002).
   Google Scholar
• APERIS G, MYLONAKIS E: Newer triazole antifungal agents: pharmacology, spectrum, clinical efficacy and limitations. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2006) 15(6):579-602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATIONAL COMMITTEE FORCLINICAL LABORATORY STANDARDS: Methods for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved guideline M44-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa. (2004).
   Google Scholar
• PAPPAS PG, REX JH, SOBEL JD et al.: Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 38(2):161-189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARK BJ, ARTHINGTON-SKAGGS BA, HAJJEH RA et al.: Evaluation of amphotericin B interpretive breakpoints for Candida bloodstream isolates by correlation with therapeutic outcome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(4):1287-1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COURTNEY R, SANSONE A, SMITH W et al.: Posaconazole pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in subjects with varying degrees of chronic renal disease. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2005) 45(2):185-192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COURTNEY R, LAUGHLIN M, STATKEVICH P: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in subjects with various degrees of chronic liver disease. Annual Meeting of American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. Indianapolis, USA (29 October – 2 November 2000).
   Google Scholar
• COURTNEY R, STATKEVICH P, LAUGHLIN M: Effect of posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. 41st Interscience Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy. Chicago, USA (16 – 19 December 2001).
   Google Scholar
• SCHMITT-HOFFMANN A, ROOS B, HEEP M et al.: Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(1):279-285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMITT-HOFFMANN A, ROOS B, MAARES J et al.: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(1):286-293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPELLBERG BJ, IBRAHIM AS, AVENISSIAN V et al.: The anti- Candida albicans vaccine composed of the recombinant N terminus of Als1p reduces fungal burden and improves survival in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. Infect. Immun. (2005) 73(9):6191-6193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBRAHIM AS, SPELLBERG BJ, AVENISSIAN V et al.: Vaccination with recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p improves survival during murine disseminated candidiasis by enhancing cell-mediated, not humoral, immunity. Infect. Immun. (2005) 73(2):999-1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar