Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 17, 2008 - Issue 5
Submit an article Journal homepage
333
Views
93
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

New tubulin targeting agents currently in clinical development

Robert O Carlson Vice President Discovery Biology, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA +1 801 584 3706; +1 801 883 3213; [email protected]
, , PhD
Pages 707-722 | Published online: 30 Apr 2008

Bibliography

  • Pellegrini F, Budman DR. Review: tubulin function, action of antitubulin drugs, and new drug development. Cancer Invest 2005;23:264-73
  • Sengupta S, Thomas SA. Drug target interaction of tubulin-binding drugs in cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006;6:1433-47
  • Hait WN, Rubin E, Alli E, et al. Tubulin targeting agents. Update Cancer Ther 2007;2:1-18
  • Altmann KH, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature-natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep 2007;24:327-57
  • Wall ME, Wani MC. Camptothecin and taxol: discovery to clinic – thirteenth Bruce F. Cain Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 1995;55:753-60
  • Schiff PB, Fant J, Horwitz SB. Promotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol. Nature 1979;277:665-7
  • Searchable website for ongoing clinical trials. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/
  • Emerson DL, Jones M, Bell C, et al. TPI 287 crosses the blood brain barrier and contributes to antitumor activity in the U251 glioblastoma intracranial tumor model in nude mice [poster 1441]. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2007
  • Jones ME, Barrett BS, Bell C, et al. TPI 287, a next generation taxane derivative, functionally modulates MDR1 P-glycoprotein drug transport pump and is active in resistant tumor cells [poster A192]. AACR-NCI-EORTC International Meeting, Molecular Targets and Cancer, Therapeutics Meeting; 2007
  • Modiano M, Plezia P, Baram J, et al. A phase 1 study OF TPI 287 – a third generation taxane administered every 21 days in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2569
  • Hwang J, Marshall J, Ahmed T, et al. A phase 1 study of TPI 287, a third generation taxane administered weekly in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2575
  • Tapestry Pharmaceuticals website-therapeutics-taxanes. Available from: http://www.tapestrypharma.com/therapeutics/taxanes/at
  • Brahmer JR, Shapiro M, Carducci K, et al. Phase I trial of a potent novel taxane, TL(0013)9 (MAC-321), in patients with advanced malignant solid tumors. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:2003
  • Lockhart AC, Bukowski R, Rothenberg ML, et al. Phase I trial of oral MAC-321 in subjects with advanced malignant solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007;60:203-9
  • Sampath D, Discafani CM, Loganzo F, et al. MAC-321, a novel taxane with greater efficacy than paclitaxel and docetaxel in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:873-84
  • Hari M, Loganzo F, Annable T, et al. Paclitaxel-resistant cells have a mutation in the paclitaxel-binding region of beta-tubulin (Asp26Glu) and less stable microtubules. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:270-8
  • Larkin JM, Kaye SB. Epothilones in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006;15:691-702
  • Cortes J, Baselga J. Targeting the microtubules in breast cancer beyond taxanes: the epothilones. Oncologist 2007;12:271-80
  • Larkin JM, Kaye SB. Potential clinical applications of epothilones: a review of phase II studies. Ann Oncol 2007;5:v28-34
  • Gerth K, Bedorf N, Hofle G, et al. Epothilons A and B: antifungal and cytotoxic compounds from Sorangium cellulosum (Myxobacteria): production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996;49:560-3
  • Kowalski RJ, Giannakakou P, Hamel E. Activities of the microtubule-stabilizing agents epothilones A and B with purified tubulin and in cells resistant to paclitaxel (Taxol(R)). J Biol Chem 1997;272:2534-41
  • Hofstetter B, Van Vuong V, Broggini-Tenzer A, et al. Patupilone acts as radiosensitizing agent in multidrug-resistant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:1588-96
  • Lee FY, Borzilleri R, Fairchild CR, et al. BMS-247550: a novel epothilone analog with a mode of action similar to paclitaxel but possessing superior antitumor efficacy. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1429-37
  • Giannakakou P, Gussio R, Nogales E, et al. A common pharmacophore for epothilone and taxanes: molecular basis for drug resistance conferred by tubulin mutations in human cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2904-9
  • Bollag DM, McQueney PA, Zhu J, et al. Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action. Cancer Res 1995;55:2325-33
  • Fojo T, Menefee M. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance: the potential role of microtubule-stabilizing agents. Ann Oncol 2007;18(Suppl 5):v3-8
  • Bauer B, Hartz AM, Fricker G, Miller DS. Modulation of p-glycoprotein transport function at the blood-brain barrier. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005;230:118-27
  • Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Active efflux across the blood-brain barrier: role of the solute carrier family. NeuroRx 2005;2:73-85
  • Löscher W, Potschka H. Blood-brain barrier active efflux transporters: ATP-binding cassette gene family. NeuroRx 2005;2:86-98
  • Lerzo GL, Lee RK, Thomas ES, et al. Phase III study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) progressing after anthracyclines and taxanes: Subgroup analysis in HER2+ disease. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:152
  • Pivot XB, Lee RK, Thomas ES, et al. Phase III study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to anthracyclines/taxanes: subgroup analysis by estrogen receptor (ER) status. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:221
  • The ixabepilone label. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2007/022065lbl.pdf
  • Moulder SL, Wang M, Gradishar W, et al. A phase II trial of trastuzumab, weekly ixabepilone and carboplatin (TIC) in patients with HER2/neu-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2103). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:152
  • Hsin KW, Boyer M, Ducreux M, et al. Efficacy of patupilone in advanced local or metastatic gastric cancer: a phase IIa trial. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4069
  • Venook AP, Poon R, Kang YK, et al. Evaluation of patupilone as monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:15055
  • Abrey L, Wen PY, Govindan R, et al. Activity of patupilone for the treatment of recurrent or progressive brain metastases in patients (pts) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): an open-label, multicenter, phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:18058
  • Rustin GJ, Reed NS, Jayson G, et al. Phase II trial of the novel epothilone ZK-EPO in patients with platinum resistant ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5527
  • Stopeck A, Moulder S, Jones S, et al. Optimization of the phase 2 dose of KOS-1584 (a novel, synthetic epothilone) via weekly administration [abstract no. A286]. AACR-NCI-EORTC – 19th Symposium Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2007
  • Villalona-Calero M, Goel S, Schaaf L, et al. First-in-human phase I trial of a novel epothilone, KOS-1584. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2003
  • Denekamp J. Review article: angiogenesis, neovascular proliferation and vascular pathophysiology as targets for cancer therapy. Br J Radiol 1993;66:181-96
  • Bloemendal HJ, Logtenberg T, Voest EE. New strategies in anti-vascular cancer therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 1999;29:802-9
  • Hinnen P, Eskens F. Vascular disrupting agents in clinical development. Br J Cancer 2007;96:1159-65
  • Bennouna J, Campone M, Delord JP, et al. Vinflunine: a novel antitubulin agent in solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005;14:1259-67
  • Hill BT. Vinflunine, a second generation novel vinca alkaloid with a distinctive pharmacological profile, now in clinical development and prospects for future mitotic blockers. Curr Pharm Des 2001;7:1199-212
  • Holwell SE, Hill BT, Bibby MC. Anti-vascular effects of vinflunine in the MAC 15A transplantable adenocarcinoma model. Br J Cancer 2001;84:290-5
  • Goldstein D, Ackland SP, Bell DR, et al. Phase II study of vinflunine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2006;24:429-34
  • Olver IN, Byrne MJ, Walpole E, et al. Phase II study of IV vinflunine in patients with chemotherapy naive metastatic malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:1829-32
  • Peyton JD, Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, et al. Phase II trial of vinflunine in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:18091
  • Talbot D, Margery J, Dabouis G, et al. Phase II study of vinflunine in malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4751-6
  • Bennouna J, Breton JL, Tourani JM, et al. Vinflunine – an active chemotherapy for treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with a platinum-based regimen: results of a phase II study. Br J Cancer 2006;94:1383-8
  • Campone M, Cortes-Funes H, Vorobiof D, et al. Vinflunine: a new active drug for second-line treatment of advanced breast cancer. Results of a phase II and pharmacokinetic study in patients progressing after first-line anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2006;95:1161-6
  • Peacock NW, Spigel DR, Mainwaring MG, et al. Preliminary results of a multicenter phase II trial of vinflunine (with trastuzumab in HER2+ pts) as first-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1043
  • Krzakowski M, Douillard J, Ramlau R, et al. Phase III study of vinflunine versus docetaxel in patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with a platinum-containing regimen. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:7511
  • Seed L, Slaughter DP, Limarzi LR. Effect of colchicine on human carcinoma. Surgery 1940;7:696-709
  • Pettit GR, Singh SB, Niven ML, et al. Isolation, structure and synthesis of combretastatins A-1 and B-1, potent new inhibitors of microtubule assembly, derived from Combretum caffrum. J Nut Prod 1987;50:119-31
  • Pettit GR, Singh SB, Hamel E, et al. Isolation and structure of the strong cell growth and tubulin inhibitor Combretastatin A-4. Experientia 1989;45:209-11
  • Chaplin DJ, Pettit GR, Parkins CS, et al. Antivascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of tubulin binding agents. Br J Cancer Suppl 1996;27:S86-8
  • Griggs J, Metcalfe JC, Hesketh R. Targeting tumour vasculature: the development of combretastatin A4. Lancet Oncol 2001;2:82-7
  • Bilenker JH, Flaherty KT, Rosen M. Phase I trial of combretastatin a-4 phosphate with carboplatin. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:1527-33
  • Dowlati A, Robertson K, Cooney M, et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:3408-16
  • Stevenson JP, Rosen M, Sun W, et al. Phase I trial of the antivascular agent combretastatin A4 phosphate on a 5-day schedule to patients with cancer: magnetic resonance imaging evidence for altered tumor blood flow. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4428-38
  • Anderson HL, Yap JT, Miller MP. Assessment of pharmacodynamic vascular response in a phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2823-30
  • Rustin GJS, Galbraith SM, Anderson H, et al. Phase I clinical trial of weekly combretastatin A4 phosphate: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2815-22
  • Salmon HW, Siemann DW. Effect of the second-generation vascular disrupting agent OXi4503 on tumor vascularity. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4090-4
  • Patterson DM, Ross P, Koetz B, et al. Phase I evaluation of OXi4503, a vascular disrupting agent, in patients with advanced solid tumours. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:14146
  • Hori K. Antineoplastic strategy: irreversible tumor blood flow stasis induced by the combretastatin A-4 derivative AVE8062 (AC7700). Chemotherapy 2005;51:357-60
  • Tolcher AW, Forero L, Celio P, et al. Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and DCE-MRI correlative study of AVE8062A, an antivascular combretastatin analogue, administered weekly for 3 weeks every 28-days [abstract 834]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22
  • Santoni J. Sanofi-aventis' late stage R&D pipeline 2007. sanofi aventis website. Available from: http://www.sanofi-aventis.com/Images/20070510_exane_en_tcm23-17719.pdf
  • Jordan M, Kamath K, Manna T. The primary antimitotic mechanism of action of the synthetic halichondrin E7389 is suppression of microtubule growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2005;4:1086-95
  • Dabydeen DA, Burnett JC, Bai R. Comparison of the activities of the truncated halichondrin B analog NSC 707389 (E7389) with those of the parent compound and a proposed binding site on tubulin. Mol Pharmacol 2006;70:1866-75
  • Kuznetsov G, Tendyke K, Yu MJ, et al. C58 Antiproliferative effects of halichondrin B analog eribulin mesylate (E7389) against paclitaxel-resistant human cancer cells in vitro [abstract no. C58]. AACR-NCI-EORTC – 19th Symposium Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2007
  • Blum JL, Pruitt BT, Fabian CJ, et al. Phase II study of eribulin mesylate (E7389) in patients with heavily pretreated advanced breast cancer [abstract no. 223]. Breast Cancer Symposium (ASCO); 2007
  • Spira AI, Iannotti NO, Savin MA, et al. Phase II study of eribulin mesylate (E7389), a mechanistically novel inhibitor of microtubule dynamics, in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:7546
  • Molife R, Cartwright TH, Loesch DM, et al. Phase II multicenter, two-stage study of E7389 in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer with advanced and/or metastatic disease stratified by prior chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:15513
  • Garg V, Zhang W, Gidwani P, et al. Preclinical analysis of tasidotin HCl in Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:5446-54
  • Bai R, Durso NA, Sackett DL, et al. Interactions of the sponge-derived antimitotic tripeptide hemiasterlin with tubulin: comparison with dolastatin 10 and cryptophycin 1. Biochemistry 1999;38:14302-10
  • Otani M, Natsume T, Watanabe JI, et al. TZT-1027, an antimicrotubule agent, attacks tumor vasculature and induces tumor cell death. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000;91:837-44
  • Aguayo A, Kraut E, Moore D, et al. Administered intravenously every 21 days to patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2000;19:1127
  • Margolin K, Longmage J, Gandara D, et al. Dolastatin-10 (DOLA) in metastatic melanoma (MEL): a phase II Trial of the California Cancer Consortium. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2000;9:2243
  • McDermott DF, Hersh E, Weber J, et al. ILX651 administered daily for five days every 3 weeks (qdx5dq3w) in patients (pts) with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic melanoma: phase II experience. J Clin Oncol 2007;23:7556
  • Genzyme website-Tasidotin hydrochloride. Available from: http://www.genzymeoncology.com/onc/research/onc_p_research.asp
  • Lakhani NJ, Sarkar MA, Venitz J, et al. 2-Methoxyestradiol, a promising anticancer agent. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:165-72
  • Klauber N, Parangi S, Flynn E, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and taxol. Cancer Res 1997;57:81-6
  • Schumacher G, Kataoka M, Roth JA, et al. Potent antitumor activity of 2-methoxyestradiol in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:493-9
  • Keck C, Schürle C, Pietrowski D, et al. Growth inhibiting effects of progesterone, 17beta-estradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol on human endothelial cells. J Turk Germ Gynecol Assoc 2006;7:11-7
  • Dahut WL, Lakhani NJ, Gulley JL, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral 2-methoxyestradiol, an antiangiogenic and apoptotic agent, in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Biol Ther 2006;5:22-7
  • James J, Murry D, Treston A, et al. Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of 2-methoxyestradiol alone or in combination with docetaxel in patients with locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 2007;25:41-8
  • Lacy M, Richardson P, Gertz M, et al. Novel therapy with 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) for the treatment of relapsed and plateau phase multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:8108
  • Sweeney C, Glenn Liu G, Yiannoutsos C, et al. A phase II multicenter, randomized, double-blind, safety trial assessing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of oral 2-methoxyestradiol capsules in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6625-33
  • Matei D, Schilder J, Menning N, et al. Phase II open-label, safety, pharmacokinetic and efficacy study of Panzem® NCD administered orally to patients with ovarian cancer [poster A14]. AACR-NCI-EORTC International Meeting, Molecular Targets and Cancer, Therapeutics meeting; 2007
  • EntreMed website-ENMD-1198 for Oncology. Available from: http://www.entremed.com/science/enmd-1198/
  • Liaw TT, Lavallee T, Lock R, et al. ENMD-1198: a microtubule destabilizing agent active against drug resistant leukemia cell lines and human leukemia xenografts [abstract 1439]. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2007;48
  • Kuznetsov G, Tendyke K, Towle MJ, et al. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of novel hemiasterlin analog E7974 [abstract 3432]. Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2005;46
  • Madajewicz S, Zojwalla NJ, Lucarelli AG, et al. A phase I trial of E7974 administered on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle in patients with solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2550
  • Zojwalla NJ, Takimoto CH, Lucarelli AG, et al. A phase I trial of E7974 administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle in patients with solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2543
  • Nicholson B, Lloyd GK, Miller BR, et al. NPI-2358 is a tubulin-depolymerizing agent: in-vitro evidence for activity as a tumor vascular-disrupting agent. Anticancer Drugs 2006;17:25-31
  • Spear MA, Lorusso P, Tolcher AW, et al. A phase 1 dynamic accelerated titration dose escalation study of the vascular disrupting agent NPI-2358. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:14097
  • Yoshimatsu K, Yamaguchi A, Yoshino H, et al. Mechanism of action of E7010, an orally active sulfonamide antitumor agent: inhibition of mitosis by binding to the colchicine site of tubulin. Cancer Res 1997;57:3208-13
  • Luo Y, Hradil V, Mohning K, et al. Time-dependent anti-vascular effects of ABT-751 assessed by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med 2004;11:545
  • Fox E, Maris JM, Widemann BC, et al. A phase 1 study of ABT-751, an orally bioavailable tubulin inhibitor, administered daily for 7 days every 21 days in pediatric patients with solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4882-7
  • Mauer AM, Szeto L, Belt RJ, et al. Preliminary results of a phase 2 study of ABT-751 in patients (pts) with taxane-refractory non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7137
  • Benson AB, Kindler HL, Jodrell D, et al. Phase 2 study of ABT-751 in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3537
  • Washington DK, Storniolo AV, Saleh M, et al. Phase 2 results of ABT-751 in subjects with taxane-refractory breast cancer: interim analysis. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:724
  • Hagey AE, Figlin RA, Moldawer N, et al. Preliminary Phase 2 results of ABT-751 in subjects with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4603
  • Kasibhatla S, Baichwal V, Cai SX, et al. MPC-6827: a small-molecule inhibitor of microtubule formation that is not a substrate for multidrug resistance pumps. Cancer Res 2007;67:5865-71
  • Pleiman C, Baichwal V, Bhoite L, et al. Vascular disruption effects of MPC-6827 [abstract no. 1422]. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2007;48
  • Kurzrock R, Akerley W, Hong D, et al. Two phase 1 studies of MPC-6827, a novel vascular disrupting agent (VDA), in patients with advanced solid tumors and CNS metastases. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3604
  • Gerlach M, Schuster T, Teifel M, et al. A novel highly potent cytotoxic compound with inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization and topopisomerase II [abstract no. 499]. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2006;47
  • Æterna Zentaris website-AEZS-112 (ZEN-012). Available from: http://www.aeterna.com/en/page.php?p=31&prod=19 at
  • Lickliter J, Smith G, Burge M, et al. Phase I study of CYT997, a novel cytotoxic and vascular disrupting agent, given as a 24-hour intravenous infusion to patients with advanced solid tumours. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:14115
  • Ricart AD, Cooney M, Sarantopoulos J, et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of MN-029, a novel vascular disrupting agent (VDA), in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3096
  • Anthony SP, Von Hoff D, Whisnant JK, et al. EPC2407, a new beta-tubulin vascular disrupting agent with potent apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:14043
  • EpiCept website-EpiCept announces successful completion of enrollment for Phase I Trial of EPC2407. Available from: http://investor.epicept.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=267755
  • Bacher G, Nickel B, Emig P, et al. D-24851, a novel synthetic microtubule inhibitor, exerts curative antitumoral activity in vivo, shows efficacy toward multidrug-resistant tumor cells, and lacks neurotoxicity. Cancer Res 2001;61:392-9
  • Raab G, Bacher G, Komarnitsky PB, et al. Indibulin (ZIO-301): a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor has potent anti tumor activity and a distinct tubulin binding bite [abstract no. B276]. AACR-NCI-EORTC – 19th Symposium Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2007
  • Oostendorp RL, Witteveen PO, Schwartz B, et al. Phase I and pharmacological study of orally administered indibulin in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2565
  • Ferretti S, Allegrini PR, O'reilly T, et al. Patupilone induced vascular disruption in orthotopic rodent tumour models detected by magnetic resonance imaging and interstitial fluid pressure. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:7773-84

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.