7
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Section Review Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Prospects for the development of new volatile anaesthetics

Pages 971-983 | Published online: 03 Mar 2008

References

  • RUBIN E, MILLER KW, ROTH SH: Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Alcohol and Anesthetics. New York Academy of Sciences, New York (1991):1–848.
  • This book is a compendium of information presented at the inter-national anaesthetic mechanisms meeting in Calgary. It provides an overview of methods and targets used in the study of anaesthetic mechanisms.
  • DRIPPS RD, ECKENHOFF JE, VANDAM LD: Introduction toAnesthesia. The Principles of Safe Practice. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1982):108–110.
  • HARRIS BD, WONG G, MOODY EJ, SKOLNICK P: Differentsubunit requirements for volatile and non-volatile an-esthetics at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Mol. Pharm. (1995) 47:363–367.
  • MEYER MD: The theory of narcosis. The Harvey Lectures(1906):11–17.
  • One of the first papers to propose a link between physical charac-teristics of anaesthetics and their potency.
  • FRANKS NP, LIEB WR: What is the molecular nature ofgeneral anesthetic target sites? Trends Pharmacol. Set. (1987) 8:169–174.
  • FRANKS NP, LIEB WR: Is membrane expansion relevantto anaesthesia? Nature (1981) 292:248–251.
  • HARRIS B, MOODY EJ, BASILE T, SKOLNICK P: Volatileanesthetics bidirectionally and stereospecifically modulate ligand binding at GABAA receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol.: Mot Pharmacol. Sect. (1994) 267:269–274.
  • MOODY EJ, HARRIS BD, SKOLNICK P: The potential for safer anaesthesia using stereoselective anaesthetics. Trends Pharrnacol. Set. (1994) 15:387–391.
  • A recent review of stereoselective volatile anaesthetic actions includ-ing a discussion of their relevance.
  • FRANKS NP, LIEB WR: Stereospecific effects of inhala-tional general anesthetic optical isomers on nerve ion channels. Science (1991) 254:427–430.
  • JOHNSON PH, FLAGLER EQ: Hydrostatic pressure rever-sal of narcosis in tadpoles. Science (1950) 112:91–92.
  • LEVER MJ, MILLER KW, PATON WDM, SMITH EB: Pressurereversal of anaesthesia. Nature (1971) 231:368–371.
  • HALSEY MJ, WARDLEY-SMITH B: Pressure reversal ofnarcosis produced by anaesthetics, narcotics and tran-quilizers. Nature (1975) 157:811–813.
  • MILLER KW: The opposing physiological effects of high pressures and inert gases. Fed. Proc. (1977) 36:1663–1667.
  • ALIFIMOFF JK, FIRESTONE LL, MILLER KW: Anesthetic potencies of secondary alcohol enantiomers. Anesthe-siol. (1987) 66:55–59.
  • EGER El II, SAIDMAN U, BRANDSTATER B: Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anes-thetic potency. Anesthesiol. (1965) 26:756–781.
  • EGER El: Anesthetic Uptake and Action. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore (1974):1–25.
  • A discussion of the advantages of measuring MAC and the physi-ologic factors that influence it.
  • UN LH, CHEN LL, HARRIS RA: Enflurane inhibits NMDA, AMPA, and kainate-induced currents in Xenopus OO-cytes expressing mouse and human brain mRNA. FASEB J. (1993) 7:479–485.
  • TANELIAN DL, KOSEK P, MODY I, MACIVER MB: The role of the GABA receptor/chloride channel complex inanesthesia. Anesthesiol. (1993) 78:757–776.
  • An excellent review of the actions of many anaesthetics at the GABAA receptor.
  • YANG J, ZORUMSKI CF: Effects of isoflurane on N-methyl-D-aspartate gated ion channels in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Ann. IVY Acad. Sci. (1991) 625:287–289.
  • DILGER JP, BRETT RS, LESKO LA: Effects of isoflurane onacetylcholine receptor channels. 1. Single channel cur-rents. Mol. Pharrn. (1992) 41:127–133.
  • HOEHNER PJ, BLANCK TJJ, ROY R, ROSENTHAL RE, FISKUM G: Alteration of voltage-dependent calcium channels in canine brain during global ischemia and perfusion. J. Cerebral Brain Flow Meta& (1992) 12:418–424.
  • HOEHNER PJ, QUIGG MC, BLANCK TJJ: Halothane de-presses 1)600 binding to bovine heart sarcoldnma. Anesthesiol. (1991) 75:1019–1024.
  • HAYDON DA, URBAN BW: The effects of some inhalation anaesthetics on the sodium current of the squid giant axon.]. Physiol. (Lond.) (1983) 341:429–434.
  • TOKIMASA T, SUGIYAMA K, AKASU T, MUTEKI T: Volatile anaesthetics inhibit a cyclic AMP-dependent sodium-potassium current in cultured sensory neurones of bullfrog. Br. J. Pharmacol (1990) 101:190–192.
  • LYNCH C, PANCRAZIO JJ: Snail, spiders and stereospeci-fldty - is there a role for calcium channels in anesthetic mechanisms? Anesthesiol. (1994) 81:1–5.
  • HAYASHI Y, MAZE M: Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists and anaesthesia. Br." Anaesth . (1993) 71:108–118.
  • HAYASHI Y, MAZE M: Drugs affecting adrenoceptors: a2 agonists. In: The Pharmacologic Basis of Anesthesiology. Bowdle TA, Elorita A, Kharasch ED (Eds.). Churchill Living-stone, New York (1994):607–622.
  • SQUIRES R: Introduction. In: GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors. Squires R (Eds.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1988): 1–2.
  • SCHWARTZ R, JACKSON J, WEIGART D, SKOLNICK P, PAULS: Characterization of barbiturate-stimulated chloride efflux from rat brain synaptoneurosomes. J Neurosci. (1985) 5:2963–2970.
  • LEEB-LUNDBERG F, SNOWMAN A, OLSEN R: Barbituratereceptors are coupled to benzodiazepine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1980) 77:7468–7472.
  • STUDY R, BARKER J: Diazepam and (-)-pentobarbital:fluctuation analysis reveals different mechanisms for potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric add response in cultured central neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1981) 78:7180–7184.
  • PRINCE RJ, SIMMONDS MA: Propofol potentiates the binding of [3111-flunitrazepam to the GABAA receptor. Brain Res. (1992) 596:238–242.
  • CONCAS A, SANTORO G, SERRA M, SANNO E, BIGGIO G: Neurochemical action of the general anesthetic propo-fol on the chloride ion channel coupled with GABAA receptors. Brain Res. (1991) 542:225–232.
  • UCHIDA I, KAMATCHI G, BURT D, YANG J: Etomidate potentiation of GABAA receptor gated current depends on the subunit composition. Neuroscience Lett. (1995) 185:203–206.
  • MAJEWSKA M, HARRISON N, SCHWATZ R, BARKER J, PAULS: Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science (1986) 232:1004–1007.
  • MORROW AL, PACE JR, PURDY RH, PAUL SM: Charac-terization of steroid interactions with gamma-ami-nobutyric acid receptor-gated chloride ion channels: evidence for multiple steroid recognition sites. Mol. Pharm. (1988) 37:263–270.
  • LAN N, GEE KW, BOLGER MB, CHEN JS: Differential responses of expressed recombinant human gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors to neurosteroids. J. Neuro-chem. (1991) 57:1818–1821.
  • HUIDOBRO-TORO JP, BLECK V, ALLAN AM, HARRIS RA: Neurochemical actions of anesthetic drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride channel complex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1987) 242:963–969.
  • MOODY EJ, SUZDAK PD, PAUL SM, SKOLNICK P: Modula-tion of the benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric add receptor complex by inhalational anesthetics. J. Neuro-chem. (1988) 51:1386–1393.
  • NAKAO S, ARAI T, MURAKAWA M, MORI K: Halothane enhances the binding of diazepam to synaptic mem-branes from rat cerebral cortex. Ada Anaethesiol. Scand (1991) 35:205–207.
  • HARRIS B, WONG G, SKOLNICK P: Neurochemical ac- lions of inhalational anesthetics at the GABAA receptor complex.]. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 265:1392-1398. A good neurochemical study documenting the various acts of volatile agents on binding to the benzodiazepine receptor.
  • PERISH() JA, BUECHEL DR, MILLER RD: The effect of diazepam (Valium) on minimum alveolar anaesthetic requirement (MAC) in man. Canad. Anaesth. Soc.]. (1971) 18(5):536–540.
  • YEH J, QUANDT FN, TANGUY J, NAKAHIRO M, NARA-HASHI T, BRUNNER EA: General anesthetic action on gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated channels. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1991) 625:155–173.
  • MACIVER MB, TANELIAN DL, MODY I: Two mechanismsfor anesthetic-induced enhancement of GABAA-medi-ated neuronal inhibition. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1991) 625:91–96.
  • OLSEN R, TOBIN A: Molecular biology of GABAA recep-tors. FASEB J. (1990) 4:1469–1480.
  • WISDEN W, LAURIE DJ, MANYER II, SEEBURG PH: The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, me-sencephalon. J. Neurosci. (1992) 12:1040–1062.
  • PRITCHETT D, LUDDENS H, SEEBURG P: Type land Type II GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors produced in trans-fected cells. Science (1989) 245:1389–1392.
  • GEE KW, LAN NC: Gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptorcomplexes in rat frontal cortex and spinal cord show differential responses to steroid modulation. Mol. Pharrn. (1991) 40:995–999.
  • YANG J, UCHIDA I, LI L: The role of N-terminal extracel-lular domain of GABAA receptor a-subunit in propofol potentiation of chloride current [Abstract]. Association of University Anesthesiologists, 42 Annual Meeting. San Di-ego, California (1995) 42:20–21.
  • LARSEN M, GRONDAHL TO, HAUGSTAD TS, LANGMOENIA: The effect of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane on Ca2+-dependent release from rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res. (1994) 663:335–337.
  • HUANG CG, ROZOV LA, HALPERN DF, VERNICE CG: Preparation of the isoflurane enantiomers. J. Biol. Chem. (1993) 58:7382–7387.
  • A methods paper describing synthesis of isoflurane stereoisomers.
  • MEINWALD J, THOMPSON WR, PEARSON FL, KONIG WA,RUNGE T, FRANCKE W: Inhalational anesthetics stereo-chemistry: optical resolution of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Science (1991) 251:560–561.
  • IIJIMA I, MINAMILKAWA JI, JACOBSON AE, BROSSI A, RICEKC, KLEE WA: Structure in the (+)-morphanan series. V. Synthesis and biological properties of (+)-naloxone. J. Med. ('hem. (1978) 21:398–400.
  • CALVERY TN: Chir' ality in anaesthesia. Anaestb. (1992)47:93–94.
  • HARRIS B, MOODY EJ, SKOLNICK P: Isoflurane anesthe-sia is stereoselective. Eur. J. Pbarrnacol. (1992) 217:215–216.
  • LYSKO GS, ROBINSON JL, CASTO R, FERRONE RA: The stereospecific effects of isoflurane isomers in vivo. Eur.J. Pharmacol. (1994) 263:25–29.
  • A formal determination of MAC with isoflurane stereoisomers as well as reporting some cardiovascular parameters.
  • MOODY EJ, HARRIS B, SKOLNICK P: Stereospeciffc ac-tions of the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane at the GABAA receptor complex. Brain Res. (1993) 615:101–106.
  • JONES MV, HARRISON NL: Effects of volatile anesthetics on kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cul-tured rat hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophys. (1993) 70:1340–1351.
  • MOODY E, SKOLNICK P: Stereoselective potentiation ofcr enhanced [311]-flunitrazepam binding by isoflurane to recombinant GABAA receptors. Association of Univer-sity Anesthesiologists, 42 Annual Meeting. San Diego, Califor-nia (1995) 42:64–65.
  • EL-MAGHRABI EA, ECKENHOFF RG: Inhibition ofdopamine transport in rat brain synaptosomes by vola-tile anesthetics. Anesthesiol. (1993) 78:750–756.
  • MOODY EJ, HARRIS BD, HOEHNER P, SKOLNICK P: Isoflu-rane stereoisomers inhibit [311]-isradipine binding to brain and heart: lack of stereoselectivity. Anesthesiol. (1994) 81:124–128.
  • ISNER RJ, BROWN BR: Clinical pharmacology and appli- cations of inhalational anesthetic agents. In: The Phar-macologic Basis of Anesthesiology. Bowdle TA, Horita A, Kharasch E (Eds.). Churchill Livingstone, New York (1994):549–580.
  • A recent review of the clinical aspects of volatile agents.
  • JAMES MK: Remifentanil and anaesthesia for the future. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (1994) 3:331–340.
  • Documents the increasing need for shorter acting anaesthetic agents.
  • MARAIS ML, MAHER MW, WETCHLER By, KORTTILA K,APFELBAUM JL: Reduced demands on recovery room resources with propofol (Diprivan) compared to thk•-pental-isoffurarte. Anesthesiol. Rev. (1989) 26:29–40.
  • BROWN BR, GANDOLFI AJ: Adverse effects of volatileanesthetics. Br. J. Anaesth. (1987) 59:14–29.
  • WOLFSON B, HETRICK WD, LAKE CL, SIKER ES: Anestheticindices - further data. Anesthesiol. (1978) 48:187-190. Documents the very low therapeutic index of volatile anaesthetics.
  • STEPHAN CR: The future of inhalation anaesthetics. In: Development of New Volatile Inhalation Anaesthetics. DobkinAB (Eds.). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam (1979):343–357.
  • A chapter that outlines relevant criteria for the development of new anaesthetics.
  • ZWASS MS, FISHER DM, WELBRON LG, COTE CJ, DAVIS PJ,DINNER M, HANNALLAY RS, LIU LMP, SRANER J, MCGILL WA, ALIFIMOFF JK, EMBREE PB, COOK DR: Induction and maintenance characteristics of anesthesia with desflu-rane and nitrous oxide in infants and children. Anesthe-siol. (1992) 76:373–378.
  • MAZZE RI, CALVERLEY RK, SMITH NT: Inorganic fluoridenephrotoxicity: prolonged enfkirane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiol. (1977) 26:265.
  • JIN L, BAIIIIE TA, DAVIS MR, KHARASCH ED: Nephro- toxicity of sevoflurane compound A in rats: evidence for glutathione and cysteine conjugate formation and the role of renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1995) 210:498–506.
  • A recent publication addressing the question of toxicity with reactive products of sevoflurane.
  • KAUS SJ, ROCKOFF MA: Malignant hyperthermia. Pediatr. Clin, North Am. (1994) 41:221–237.
  • MOODY EJ, MATTSON M, NEWMAN AH, RICE KC, SKOL-NICK P: Stereospecific reversal of nitrous oxide analge-sia by naloxone. Life Sci. (1989) 44:703–709.
  • ABBOUD TK, SWART F, SHU J, DONOVAN MM, ET AL.:Desflurane analgesia for vaginal delivery. Acta Anaesthe-siol. Scand. (1995) 39:259–261.
  • BENNE'FT SN, MCNEIL MM, BLAND LA, ARDUINO MJ, ET AL.: Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofoL New Engl.J. Med. (1995) 333:147–154.
  • A recent report implicating the contamination of drug syringes to a number of deaths. This gives some idea of the extraordinary scrutiny that any anaesthetic complications are subjected to.
  • DOBKIN AB: Development of New Volatile Inhalation Anaes- thetics. Excerpta Medica, American Elsevier, Amsterdam(1979):1–369.
  • While somewhat dated, this volume provides an excellent overview of the enormous problems encountered in attempting to develop new volatile anaesthetic drugs. The issues discussed fifteen years ago with our currently used drugs are equally applicable with drugs currently under development.
  • GRAF BM, BOBAN M, STOWE DF, KAMPINE .113, BOSNJAK ZJ: Lack of stereospecific effects of isoflurane and des-flurane isomers in isolated guinea-pig hearts. Anesthe-siol. (1994) 81:129–136.
  • This study documents that in vivo the stereoisomers of isoflurane and desflurane do not exhibit stereoselectivity on cardiac depression.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.