Emerging applications of hormonal therapy of paroxysmal central nervous system disorders

Bibliography

• MCEWEN BS: How do sex and stress hormones affect nerve cells? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1994) 743:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEE KW, MCCAULEY LD, LAN NC: A putative receptor for •neurosteroids on the GABA receptor complex: the phar-macological properties and therapeutic potential of epalons. Grit. Rev. Neurobiol (1995) 9:207-227. A good review of neuroactive steroids.
   Google Scholar
• MCEWEN BS: Nongenomic and genomic effects of ster-oids on neural activity. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1991) 12:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAUL SM, PURDY RH: Neuroactive steroids. FASEB (1992) 6:2311-2322. An excellent review of neuroactive steroids.
   Google Scholar
• KLEIN P, HERZOG AG: Endocrine aspects of epilepsy. In: •Neuroendocrine and Neuromolecular Aspects of Epilepsy and Brain Disorders. Pretel S, Knigge R, Prasad D (Eds.). (In Press). A comprehensive review of hormones and partial epilepsies.
   Google Scholar
• LOGOTHETIS J, HARNER R: Electrocortical activation by estrogens. Arch. Neurol. (1960) 3:290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY DE, TIMIRAS PS: The gonad-brain relation-ship: effects of female sex hormones on electroshock convulsions in the rat. Endocrinology (1962) 70:196–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCUS EM, WATSON CVV, GOODMAN PL: Effects of steroids on cerebral electrical activity. Arch. Neurol (1966) 15:521–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICOLETTI F, SPECIALE C, SORTINO MA et al: Compara-tive effects of estradiol benzoate, the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate and the progestin medroxypro-gesterone acetate on kainic acid-induced seizures in male and female rats. Epilepsia (1985) 26:252–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOM AC, BUTERBAUGH GG: Estrogen alters the acquisi-tion of seizures kindled by repeated amygdala stimula-tion or pentylenetetrazol administration in ovariectomized female rats. Epilepsia (1986) 27:103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TERESAWA E, TIMIRAS P: Electrical activity during the estrous cycle of the rat; cyclic changes in limbic struc-tures. Endocrinology (1968) 83:207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFAFF DW, KEINER M: Estradiol-concentrating cells in the rat amygdala as part of a limbic-hypothalamic hormone-sensitive system. In: The Neurobiology of the Amygdala. Eleftheriou BE (Ed.), Plenum Publishing, New York (1973):775–792.
   Google Scholar
• SIMERLY RB, CHANG M, MURAMATSU et al.: Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. (1990) 294:76–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLUGGE G, OERTEL WH, WUTTKE W: Evidence for estro-gen-receptive GABAergic neurons in the preoptic/ante-dor hypothalamic area of the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology (1986) 43:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALLIS GJ, LUTTGE WG: Influence of estrogen and progesterone on glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in discrete regions of rat brain. J. Neurochem. (1980) 34:609–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH SS: Estrogen administration increases neuronalresponses to excitatory amino adds as a long term effect. Brain Res. (1989) 503:354–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG M, MOSS R: Long-term and short-term electro- •physiological effects of estrogen on the synaptic prop-erties of hippocampal CA1 neurons. J. Neurosci. (1992) 12:3217-3225. A key paper demonstrating the excitatory effect on hippocampal neurones and exploring the receptor mechanism involved.
   Google Scholar
• KAWAKAMI M, TERESAWA E, IBUKI T: Changes in multi-ple unit activity in the brain during the estrous cycle. Neuroendocrinology (1970) 6:30–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY CS, MCEWEN BS: Roles of estradiol and pro- •gesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the estrous cycle in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. (1993) 336:293-306. The key of a series of papers by the same group of investigators describing the effects of gonadal steroids on hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
   Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY CS, MCEWEN BS: Estradiol regulates hippo-campal dendritic spine density via an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. (1994) 14:7680–7687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH SS, WATERHOUSE BD, WOODWARD DJ: Sex ster-oid effects on extrahypothalamic CNS. IL Progesterone, alone and in combination with estrogen, modulates cerebellar responses to amino acid neurotransmitters. Brain Res. (1987) 422:52–62.
   Google Scholar
• LANDGREN S, BACKSTROM T, KALISTRATOV G: The effectof progesterone on the spontaneous interictal spike evoked by the application of penicillin to the cat's cerebral cortex. J. Neurol. Sci. (1978) 36:119–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANDGREN S, AASLY J, BACKSTROM T et al.: The effect of •progesterone and its metabolites on the interictal epi-leptiforrn discharge in the cat's cerebral cortex. Acta Physiol. Scand. (1987) 131:33-42. A paper showing the suppressant effect of progesterone and its neuroactive steroidal metabolites on interictal spike activity.
   Google Scholar
• MCEWEN BS, DAVIS P, GERLACH J eta': Progestin recep-tors in the brain and pituitary gland. In: Progesterone and Progestins. Bardin CW, Mauvais-Jarvis J, Milgrom R (Eds.), Raven Press, New York (1983) 59–76.
   Google Scholar
• MAJEWSKA MD, HARRISON NL, SCHVVARTZ RD et al.:
   Google Scholar
• •Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science (1986) 232:1004-1007. Pivotal paper giving the earliest detailed descriptions of the neuros-teroids' effect on neurones.
   Google Scholar
• WILSON MA: GABA physiology: modulation by benzodiazepines and hormones. Grit. Rev. Neurobiol (1996) 10:1-37. A comprehensive recent review of the effect of gonadal and adrenal neuroactive steroids, on GABAA receptor and GABAergic neurones.
   Google Scholar
• WU FS, GIBBS TT, FARB DH: Inverse modulation of y-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-induced currents by progesterone. Mol. Pharmacol (1990) 37:597–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHENEY DL, UZUNOV D, VOSTA E et al.: Gas chroma-tographic-mass fragmentographic quantitation of 3a-hydroxy-5a-pragnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) and its precursors in blood and brain of adrenalectomized and castrated rats. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15:4641–4650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELLELI D, BOLGER MB, GEE KW: Anticonvulsant profile •of the progesterone metabolite 5a-pregnan-3a-o1-20-one. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1989) 166:325-329. The first account of in vivo anticonvulsant properties of allopreg-nanolone.
   Google Scholar
• KOKATE TG, SVENSSON BE, ROGAWSKI MA: Anticonvul-sant activity of neurosteroids: correlation with y-ami-nobutyric acid-evoked chloride current potentiation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 270:1223–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOKATE TG, COHEN AL, KARP E, ROGAWSKI MA: •Neuroactive steroids protect against pilocarpine- and kainic acid- induced limbic seizures and status epilep-ticus in mice. Neuropharmacology (1996) 35:1049–1056.
   Google Scholar
• FINN DA, GEE KW: The influence of estrus cycle phase on neurosteroid potency at the GABA-A receptor com-plex. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1993) 265:1374–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINN DA, GEE KW: The estrus cycle, sensitivity to con-vulsants and the anticonvulsant effect of a neuroactive steroid. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1994) 271:164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IRWIN RP, MARAGAKIS NJ, ROGAWSKI MA et al.:Pregnenolone sulfate augments NMDA receptor medi-ated increases in intracellular Ca2+ in cultured rat hip-pocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. (1992) 141:30–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEUSER G, LING GM, BUCHWALD NA: Sedation or sei-zures as dose-dependent effects of steroids. Arch. Neurol (1965) 13:195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE PH, GRIMES L, HONG JS: Glucocorticoids potentiate kainic acid-induced seizures and wet dog shakes. Brain Res. (1989) 480:322–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERTS AJ, CRABBE JC, KEITH LD: Type I corticosteroid receptors modulate PTZ-induced convulsions of with-drawal seizure prone mice. Brain Res. (1993) 626:143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERTS AJ, KEITH LD: Mineralocorticoid receptors mediate the enhancing effects of corticosterone on convulsion susceptibility in mice. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1994) 270:505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUGERS HJ, KNOLLEMA S, KEMPER RH et al: Down-regu- •lation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis re-duces brain damage and number of seizures following hypoxia/ischaemia in rats. Brain Res. (1995) 690:41–47.
   Google Scholar
• KLING MA, SMITH MA, GLOWA JR et al.: Facilitation of cocaine kindling by glucocorticoids in rats. Brain Res. (1993) 629:163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOODBURY DM: Effect of adrenocortical steroids andadrenocorticotropic hormone on electroshock seizure threshold. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1952) 105:27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAFNY N, PHILLIPS MI, NEWMAN TA, GILMAN S: Dose effects of cortisol on single unit activity in hypothala-mus, reticular formation and hippocampus of freely behaving rats correlated with plasma steroid levels. Brain Res. (1973) 59:257–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REOUL J, DEKLOET R: Two receptor systems for corti-costerone in rat brain: microdistribution and differen-tial occupation. Endocrinology (1985) 117:2505–2511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAPOLSKY R, KREY LC, MCEWEN BS: Prolonged glucocor-ticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implication for ageing. J. Neurosci. (1985) 5:1222–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLLEY CS, GOULD E, MCEWEN BS: Exposure to ex-cess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res. (1990) 531:225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAPOLSKY RM: The physiological relevance of glucocor- •ticoid endangerment of the hippocampus. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1994) 746:294-304. A good review of the glucocorticoids' effect on hippocampal neuro-nal cell loss.
   Google Scholar
• DE SOUZA EB, PERRIN MH, INSEL TR et al.: Corticotropin releasing factor receptors in rat forebrain: autoradiog-raphic identification. Science (1984) 224:1449–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNN AJ, BERRIDGE CW: Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administra-tion: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res. Rev. (1990) 15:71–100.
   Google Scholar
• ALDENHOFF GB, GRUOL DL, RIVIER J et al.: Corticotropin releasing factor decreases post-burst hyperpolarisation and excites hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro. Science (1983) 221:875–877.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH MA, WEISS SR, BERRY RL et al.: Amygdala-kindled seizures increase the expression of corticotropin-re-leasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding protein in GABAergic interneurons of the dentate hilus. Brain Ras. (1997) 745:248–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EHLERS CL, HENRIKSEN SJ, WANG M et al.: Corticotropin releasing factor produces increases in brain excitability and convulsive seizures in rats. Brain Res. (1983) 278:332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISS SRB, POST RM, GOLD PW et al.: CRF-induced •seizures and behavior: interaction with amygdala kin-dling. Brain Res. (1986) 372:345-351. A good early description of the potentiating effects of CRH on seizures.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, HIRSCH E, SNEAD CO et al: Corticotropin-re-leasing hormone-induced seizures in infant rats origi-nate in the amygdala. Ann. Neurol (1992) 31:488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARROSU F, GIAGHEDDU M, GESSA GL eta].: Clonidine prevents corticotropin releasing factor-induced epilep-togenic activity in rats. Epilepsia (1992) 33:435–438.
   Google Scholar
• ROSEN JB, PISHEVAR SK, WEISS SR eta].: Glucocorticoid treatment increases the ability of CRH to induce sei-zures. Neurosci. Lett. (1994) 174:113–116.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, KOUTSOUKOS Y, SCHULTZ L, RIVIER J: The •effect of Astressin, a novel antagonist of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on CRH-induced seizures in the infant rat: comparison with two other antagonists. Mol Psychiat. (1996) 1:223-226. The first paper to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CRH antagonist treatment in an animal seizure model.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, SCHULTZ L: Corticotropin-releasing hor-mone receptor antagonist is effective for febrile sei-zures in the infant rat. Ann. Neurol. (1994) 36:487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIEKUT D, PHIPPS B, PRETEL S, APPLEGATE C: Effects ofgeneralized convulsive seizures on corticotropin re-leasing factor neuronal systems. Brain Res. (1996) 743:63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIBAK CE, BARAM TZ: Selective death of hippocampalCA3 pyramidal cells with mossy fiber afferents after CRH-induced status epilepticus in infant rats. Brain Res. (1996) 91:245–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, AVISHAI-ELINER S, SCHULTZ L: Seizurethreshold to kainic acid in infant rats is markedly decreased by corticotropin releasing hormone. Epilep-sia (1995) 36:526.
   Google Scholar
• MAECKER H, DESAI A, DASH R et al.: Astressin, a novel •and potent CRF antagonist, is neuroprotective in the hippocampus when administered after a seizure. Brain Res. (1997) 744:166-170. The above two papers demonstrated the potential for neuronal damage of seizure-related CRH stress and the therapeutic potential of CRH antagonists in this setting.
   Google Scholar
• LOGOTHETIS J, HARNER R, MORRELL F et al: The role of •estrogens in catamenial exacerbation of epilepsy. Neu-rology (1959) 9:352–360.
   Google Scholar
• BACKSTROM T, ZETTERLUND B, BLOM S et al: Effects of •intravenous progesterone infusions on the epileptic discharge frequency in women with partial epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand (1984) 69:240–248.
   Google Scholar
• LAIDLAW J: Catamenial epilepsy. Lancet (1956) 271:1235– •1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG, KLEIN P, RANSIL BJ: Three patterns of •catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia (1997) 37. (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• BACKSTROM T: Epileptic seizures in women related to •plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Acta. Neurol. Scand. (1976) 54:321-347. Papers 62–65 are the key clinical papers relating to catamenial epilepsy. Although many of them are old, the information is not dated.
   Google Scholar
• ROSCIZEWSKA D, BUNTNER B, GUZ I et al.: Ovarian hormones, anticonvulsant drugs and seizures during the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy. J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychial (1986) 49:47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG, SEIBEL MM, SCHOMER DL et al: Reproduc-tive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch. Neurol. (1986) 43:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALL SM: Treatment of menstrual epilepsy with a pro-gesterone only oral contraceptive. Epilepsia (1977) 18:235–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEMKIN NR, DAVIS GR: Stress as a risk factor for seizures in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia (1984) 25:450–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG, SEIBEL MM, SCHOMER DL et al: Reproduc-tive endocrine disorders in men with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch. Neurol (1986) 43:347–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORRELL MJ, GULDNER G: Self-reported sexual function in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia (1994) 35(S8) :108.
   Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Hormonal changes in epilepsy. Epilepsia •(1995) 36:323-326. An editorial review of the effects of AEDs on gonadal hormones and reproductive function.
   Google Scholar
• GREENWOOD RS, FAN Z, MEEKER R: Persistent elevation of corticotropin releasing factor and vasopressin but not oxytocin mRNA in the rat after kindled seizures. Neurosci. Lett. (1997) 224:66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMINOFF MJ, SIMON R, WIEDEMANN E: The hormonal responses to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain (1984) 107:569–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLAGHER BB, MURVIN A, FLANIGIN HF eta].: Pituitary and adrenal function in epileptic patients. Epilepsia (1984) 25:683–689.
   Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG, SOTREL A, RONTHAL M: Reversible proxi-mal myopathy in epilepsy-related Cushing's syndrome. Ann. Neurol (1995) 38:306–307.
   Google Scholar
• HERMANN B, WYLER A, SOMES G et al.: Pathological statusof the medsial temporal lobe predicts memory outcome from left anterior temporal lobectomy. Neurosurgery (1992) 31:652–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUTULA T, LAUERSDORF S, LYNCH M et al.: Deficit inradial arm maze performance in kindled rats: evidence for long-lasting memory dysfunction induced by re-peated brief seizures. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15:8295–8301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISOJARVI JIT, REPO M, PAKARINEN AJ et al: Car-bamazepine, phenytoin, sex hormones and sexual dys-function in men with epilepsy. Epilepsia (1995) 36:364–368.
   Google Scholar
• MURIALDO G, GALIMBERTI CA, FONZI S et al.: Sex hor-mones and pituitary function in male epileptic patients with altered or normal sexuality. Epilepsia (1995) 36:364–368.
   Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG, LEVESQUE LA, DRISLANE FW, RONTHAL M,SCHOMER DL: Phenytoin-induced elevation of serum estradiol and reproductive dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsia (1991) 32 (6) 550–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KLEIN P, JACOBS AR, HERZOG AG: A comparison of •testosterone versustestosterone and testolactone in the treatment of reproductive and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy and hypogonadism. Neurology (1996) 46:177.
   Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Polycystic ovarian syndrome in women •with epilepsy: epileptic or iatrogenic? Ann. Neurol (1996) 39:559-561. An editorial discussion of the possible association of VPA and PCOS.
   Google Scholar
• ISOJARVI JIT, LAATIKAINEN TJ, PAKARINEN AJ et al: Poly- •cystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. New Engl. J. Med. (1993) 329:1383–1388.
   Google Scholar
• ISOJARVI JIT, LAATIKAINEN, KNIP M et al.: Obesity and endocrine disorders in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. (1996) 39:579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISOJARVI JIT, TAPANAINEN J, RATTYA J et al.: Changes in body weight, fasting serum insulin and testosterone levels and ovarian structure in women with epilepsy after substituting lemon-I:gine for valproate. Epilepsia (1995) 36\(Suppl. 4):57.
   Google Scholar
• MATTSON RH, CRAMER JA, CALDWELL BV et al: Treatmentof seizures with me droxyprogesterone acetate: prelimi-nary report. Neurology (1984) 34:1255–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANA HAERI J, RICHENS A: Effect of norethisterone onseizures associated with menstruation. Epilepsia (1983) 24:377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Progesterone therapy in women with •complex partial and secondary generalized seizures. Neurology (1995) 45:1660–1662.
   Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Intermittent progesterone therapy and frequency of complex partial seizures in women with menstrual disorders. Neurology (1986) 36:1607–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIRD RB, GORDON GS: Anticonvulsant properties of deoxycorticosterone. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1951) 145:715–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CASAROLI G, MUNARI C, MATTEUZZI G, PACIFICO L:L'Althesin nel trattamento dello stato di male epilettico. Nlinerva-Anesthesiologica (1980) 46:129–140.
   Google Scholar
• CARTER RB, WOOD PL, WIELAND S et al.: Characterization of the anticonvulsant properties of ganaxolone (CCD 1042; 3a-hydrxy-33-methy1-5a-preg-nan-20-one), a selective, high affinity, steroid modula-tor of the y-aminobutyric acid a receptor. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1997) 280:1284–1295.
   Google Scholar
• HOGENKAMP DJ, TAHIR SH, HAWKINSON JE et al.: Syn-thesis and in vitro activity of 3-beta-substituted-3 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones: allosteric modulators of the GABA-A receptor. J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40:61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASHBROOK DW, NAVALTA LA, SCHARY WL: CCD 1042:initial clinical experience with a novel neurosteroid anticonvulsant. Epilepsia (1995) 36:S51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LECHTENBERG R, VILLENEUVE N, MONAGHAN EP et al.:An open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of ganaxolone in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in pediatric patients. Epilepsia (1996) 37\(Suppl. 5):205.
   Google Scholar
• MONAGHAN EP, DENSEL MB, LECHTENBERG R: Gender differences in sensitivity of ganaxolone, a neuroactive steroid under investigation as an antiepileptic drug. Epilepsia (1996) 37 (Suppl. 5):205
   Google Scholar
• DODSON WE, BOURGEOIS B, KERRIGAN J et at. An open label evaluation of safety and efficacy of ganaxolone in children with refractory seizures and history of infan-tile spasms. Epilepsia (1997) 38\(Suppl. 3):75.
   Google Scholar
• FRIEDMAN L, GIBBS TT, FARB DH: Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor regulation: chronic treatment with pregnanolone uncouples allosteric interactions be-tween steroid and benzodiazepine recognition sites. MoL Pharmacol. (1993) 44:191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOGIN IS, DREIFUSS FE: Anticonvulsant activity of clomiphene. Arch. NeuroL (1983) 40:525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Seizure control with clomiphene therapy: a case report. Arch. Neurol (1988) 45:209–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERZOG AG: Clomiphene therapy in epileptic women with menstrual disorders. Neurology (1988) 38:432–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAIDER Y, BARNETT D: Catamenial epilepsy and gos ere-lin. Lancet (1991) 2:1530.
   Google Scholar
• BAUER J, WILDT L, FLUGEL D, STEFAN H: The effect of a synthetic GnRH analogue on catamenial epilepsy: a study in ten patients. J. Neurol (1992) 239:284–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SNEAD OC: ACTH and prednisone: use in seizure disor-ders other than infantile spasms. In: Anti-epileptic Drugs Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, (Eds.), Raven Press, New York (1995):941–948.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, MITCHELL WG, TOURNAY A et al: High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Pe-diatrics (1996) 97:375–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO H, ASOH M, OHTA C et al: Comparison of ACTH and liposteroid therapy for West syndrome. Epilepsia (1997) 38\(Suppl. 3):41.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ: Pathophysiology of infantile spasms: per-spective on the putative role of the brain adrenal axis. Ann. Neurol. (1993) 33:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENEROTH P, GUSTAFSSON JA: Excretion and anticonvul-sant activity of steroid hormones in an infant with infantile spasm and hypsarrhythrnia treated with ex-cessive doses of ACTH. J. Steroid Biochem. (1972) 3:877–887.
   Google Scholar
• BARAM TZ, MITCHELL WG, HADEN E: Inhibition of pitui-tary-adrenal secretion by a corticotropin releasing hor-mone antagonist in humans. Mol. Psychiat. (1996) 1:320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar