49
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin

, , &
Pages 1383-1394 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • SCHANTZ EJ: Historical perspective. In: Therapy with Botulinum Toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1994) xxiii-xxvi.
  • SCOTT AB: Botulinurn toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol Soc. (1981) 79:734–770.
  • SCOTT AB: Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles asan alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology (1989) 87:1044–1049.
  • SIMPSON LL: The origin, structure, and pharmacologicalactivity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol Rev. (1981) 33:155–188.
  • SIMPSON LL: The action of clostridial toxins on storageand release of neurotransmitters. In: Natural and Syn-thetic Neurotoxins. Harvey A (Ed.), San Diego, Academic Press (1993) 278–317.
  • HATHEWAY CL: Botulism: the present status of thedisease. Curr. Top. MicrobioL Immunol. (1995) 195:55–75.
  • OGUMA K, YOKOTA K, HAYASHI S et al: Infant botulismdue to Clostridium botulinumtype C toxin. Lancet (1990) 336:1449–1450.
  • MINTON NP: Molecular genetics of clostridial neurotox-ins. Curr. Top. Microbic)]. Immunol (1995) 195:161–191.
  • SAKAGUCHI G: Clostridium botulinum toxins. Pharma-col. Ther. (1983) 19:165–194.
  • SHONE CC, TRANTER HS: Growth of Clostridia and preparation of their neurotoxins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. (1995) 195:143–160.
  • SCHIAVO G, ROSSETTO O, SANTUCCI A, DSGUPTA BR,MONTECUCCO C: Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc pro-teins. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) 267:23479–23483.
  • MONTECUCCO C, SCHIAVO G: Tetanus and botulinumneurotoxins: a new group of zinc-endopeptidases. Trends Biochem. Sci. (1993) 18:324–327.
  • STEVENS R: International Conference on the Molecular Genetics and Pathogenesis of the Clostridia. Seillac, France (1997).
  • DOLLY JO, BLACK J, WILLIAMS RS, MELLING J: Acceptors for botulinum toxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalisation. Nature (1984) 307:457–460.
  • SIMPSON LL, RAPPORT MM: Ganglioside inactivation of botulinum toxin. J. Neurochem. (1971) 18:1341–1343.
  • SIMPSON LL, RAPPORT MM: The binding of botulinum toxin to membrane lipids: phospholipids and proteo-lipid. J. Neurochem. (1971) 18:1761–1767.
  • BAKRY N, KAMATA Y, SIMPSON LL: Lectins from Triticumvulgaris and Limax flavus are universal antagonists of botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1991) 258:830–836.
  • SIMPSON LL: Kinetic studies on the interaction betweenbotulinum toxin type A and the cholinergic neuromus-cular junction. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1980) 212:16–21.
  • SIMPSON LL, KAMATA Y, KOZAKI S: Use of monoclonalantibodies as probes for the structure and biological activity of botulinum neurotoxin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1990) 255:227–232.
  • SIMPSON LL,COFFIELD JA, BAKRY N: Inhibition of vacuo-lar adenosine trip hosphatase antagonizes the effects of clostridial neurotoxins but not phospholipase A2 neurotoxins. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1994) 269:256–262.
  • BARRETT AJ: Proteolytic enzymes: aspartic and metal-lopeptidases. In: Methods in Enzymology. Barrett AJ (Ed.), Academic Press (1995) 248.
  • MONTECUCCO C, SCHIAVO G: The structure and func-tion of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Quart. Rev. Biophys. (1995) 28:423–472.
  • ROSSETTO O et al.: SNARE motif and neurotoxin recog-nition. Nature (1995) 372:415–416.
  • DASGUPTA BR: Structures of Botulinum neurotoxin, itsfunctional domains, and perspectives on the crystalline type A toxin. In: Therapy with Botulinum toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), New York, Marcell Dekker, Inc. (1994) 15–39.
  • SNIPE PT, SOMMER H: Studies on Botulinum toxin. 3.Acid preparation of botulinum toxin. J. Infect. as. (1928) 43:152–160.
  • LAMANNA C, EKLUND HW, MCELROY OE: Botulinum toxin (type A): including a study of shaking with chlo-roform as a step in the isolation procedure. J. Bacteriol (1946) 52:1–13.
  • LAMANNA C, CARR CJ: The botulinal, tetanal, and entero-staphylococcal toxins: a review. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1967) 8:286–332.
  • LEWIS KH, HILL EV: Practical media and control meas-ures for producing highly toxic cultures of Clostridium botulinum type A. J. Bacteriol (1947) 53:213–230.
  • DUFF JT, WRIGHT GG, KLERER J, MOORE DE, BIBLER RH:Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium bo-tulinum. I. A simplified procedure for isolation of type A toxin. J. Bacteriol (1957) 73:42–47.
  • SCHANTZ EJ, JOHNSON EA: Properties and use of bo-tulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbic)]. Rev. (1992) 56(1):80–99.
  • HAMBLETON P: Clostridium botulinumtoxins: a generalreview of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. J. Neural. (1992) 239:16–20.
  • DASGUPTA BR, BOROFF DA: Separation of toxin andhemagglutinin from crystalline toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A by anion exchange chromatography and determination of their dimensions by gel filtration. J. Biol. Chem. (1968) 243:1065–1072.
  • MEZAKI T, KAJI R, HAMANO T et al.: Optimisation ofbotulinum treatment for cervical and axial dystonias: experience with a Japanese type A toxin. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych/at. (1994) 57:1535–1537.
  • SCHANTZ EJ, KAUTTER DA: Standardization assay for Clostridium botulinum toxins. J. Assoc. Anal. Chem. (1978) 61:96–99.
  • LOMNETH R, SUSKIW JB, DASGUPTA BR: Response of thechick ciliary ganglion, iris neuromuscular preparation to botulinum neurotoxin. Neurosci. Lett. (1990) 113:211–216.
  • SIMPSON LL: Kinetic suites on the interaction betweentoxin type A and the cholinergic neuromuscular junc-tion. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1980) 212:16–21.
  • CLARK AW, BANDYOPADHYAY S, DASGUPTA BR: Theplantar nerves-lumbrical muscles: a useful nerve-mus-cle preparation for assaying the effects of Botulinum neurotoxin. j Neurosci. Meth. (1987) 19:285–295.
  • ELEOPRA R, TUGNOLI V, DE GRANDIS D: The variabilityin the clinical effect induced by botulinum toxin type A: the role of muscle activity in humans. Mov. Disord (1997) 12:89–94.
  • SLOOP RR, ESCUTIN RO, MATUS JA, COLE BA, PETERSONGW: Dose-response curve of human extensor digitorum brevis muscle function to im. injected botulinum toxin type A. Neurology (1996) 46(5):1382–1386.
  • BORODIC GE, PEARCE B, DUANE D, JOHNSON E: Anti-bodies to botulinum toxin. Neurology (1995) 45:204.
  • GARTLAU MG, HOFFMAN HT: Crystalline preparation ofbotulinum toxin type A (Botox): degradation in potency with storage. Otoryngol-Head Neck Surg. (1993) 108:135–140.
  • WILLIAMS RS, TSE CK, DOLLY JO, HAMBLETON P, MELLING J: Radioiodination of botulinum neurotoxin type A with retention of biological activity and its binding to brain synaptosomes. (1983) 131:437–445.
  • GREENE P: Clinical trials for cervical dystonia 2. In: NIH Consensus Development Conference on Clinical Use of Bo-tulinum Toxin Program (1990) 53:6.
  • COLE BA, SLOOP RR, ESCUTIN RO: Effect on refreezing or refrigerating reconstituted Botulinum A toxin on human muscle paralysis. Neurology (1995) 45(Suppl. 4A):457.
  • SIMPSON LL, DASGUPTA BR: Botulinum neurotoxin type E: studies on mechanism of action and on structure-ac-tivity relationship. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1983) 224:135–140.
  • TSE CK, DOLLY JO, HAMBLETON P, VVRAY D, MELLING J: Preparation and characterization of hogeneous neuro-toxin type A from Clostridium botulinum. Its inhibitory action on neuronal release of acetylcholine in the absence and presence of P-bungaro toxin. Eur. J. Bio-chem. (1982) 122:493–500.
  • DUCHFN LW: An electron microscopic study of the changes induced by botulinum toxin in the motor end plates of slow and fast skeletal muscle fibres of the mouse. J. Neurol Sci. (1971) 14:47–60.
  • DIAZ J, MOLGO J, PÉCOT-DECHAVASSINE M: Sprouting of frog motor nerve terminals after long-term paralysis by botulinum type A toxin. NeuroscL Lett. (1989) 96:127–132.
  • SPENCER RF, MCNEER KW: Botulinum toxin paralysis of adult monkey extraocular muscle. Arch. Ophthalmol. (1987) 105:1703–1711.
  • ALDERSEN K, HOLDS JB, ANDERSON RL: Botulinum-in-duced alterations of nerve-muscle interactions in the human orbicularis oculi following treatment for ble-pharospasm. Neurology (1991) 41:1800–1805.
  • BORODIC GE, FERRANTE RJ, PEARCE LB, ALDERSON K: Pharmacology and histology of the therapeutic appli-cation of Botulinum toxin. In: Therapy with Botulinum Toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), New York, Marcell Dekker, Inc. (1994) 119–157.
  • KAO I, DRACHMAN D, PRICE DL: Botulinum toxin:mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science (1976) 193:1256.
  • MONTECUCCO C, SCHIAVO G: The structure and func-tion of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Quart. Rev. Biophys. (1995) 28:423–472.
  • PESTRONK A, DRACHMAN DB, GRIFFIN JW: Effect of Botulinum toxin on trophic regulation of acetylcholine receptors. Nature (1976) 264:787–789.
  • YEE WC, PESTRONK A: Mechanisms of postsynaptic plasticity remodeling of the junctional acetylcholine receptor cluster induced by motor nerve terminal out-growth. J. NeuroscL (1987) 7:2019–2024.
  • ANGAUT-PETIT D, MOLGO J, COMELLA JX, FAILLE L, TABTI N: Terminal sprouting in mouse neuromuscular junc-tions poisoned with botulinum type A toxin: morpho-logical and electrophysiological features. Neuroscience (1990) 37:799–808.
  • HOLDS JB, ALDERSON K, FOGG SG, ANDERSON RL: Ter-minal nerve and motor end plate changes in human orbicularis muscle following botulinum A toxin injec-tion. Invest. OphthalmoL Vis. Sci. (1990) 31:178–181.
  • BORODIC GE, FERRANTE R: Histological effects of re-peated botulinum toxin over many years in human orbicularis oculi muscle. J. Clin. Neuro.-Ophthalmol. (1992) 12:121–127.
  • MILEDI R: The acetylcholine sensitivity of muscle fibers after complete and partial denervation. Physiol (1960) 151:1–23.
  • MOYER E, SETLER PE: Botulinum toxin type B: experi-mental and clinical experience. Comparative muscle paralytic efficacy. In: Therapy with Botulinum Toxin. Jank-ovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), New York, Marcell Dekker (1994) 76–78.
  • HARRIS CP, ALDERSON K, NEBEKER J, HOLDS JB, ANDER-SON RL: Histological features of human orbicularis oculi treated with botulinum A toxin. Arch. Ophthalmol (1991) 109(3)393–395.
  • BORODIC GE, JOSEPH M, FAY L, CAZZOLINO D, FER-RANTE R: Botulinum A toxin for the treatment of spas-modic torticollis. Dysphagia and regional spread. Head Neck (1990) 12:392–398.
  • SHAARI CM, GEIROGE E, WU BL, BILLER HF, SANDERS I: Quantifying the spread of botulinum toxin through muscle fascia. Laryngoscope (1991) 9:960–964.
  • SHAARI CM, SANDERS I: Quantifying how location and dose ofbotulinum toxin injections affect muscle paraly-sis. Muscle Nerve (1993) 16:964–969.
  • ELEOPRA R, TUGNOLI V, CANIATTI L, DE GRANDIS D: Botulinum toxin treatment in the facial muscles of humans: evidence of an action in untreated near mus-cles by peripheral local diffusion. Neurology (1996) 46(4):1158–1160.
  • BRIN MF, FAHN S, MOSCOWITZ C et al.: Localized injec-tions of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm. In: Dystonia. Fahn S, Marsden CD (Eds.), New York, Raven Press (1988) 559–608.
  • LORENTZ IT, SUBRAMANIAM SS, YANNIKAS C: Treatmentof idiopathic torticollis with botulinum toxin A: a dou-ble-blind study on 23 patients. Mov. Disord. (1991) 6:145–150.
  • NIX WA, BUTLER IF, ROONTGA S, GUTMANN L, HOPF HC:Persistent unilateral tibialis anterior muscle hypertro-phy with complex repetitive discharges and myalgia: report of two unique cases and response to botulinum toxin. Neurology (1992) 42:602–606.
  • TUGNOLI V, ELEOPRA R, DE GRANDIS D: Acute choliner-gic failure in patient treated with botulinum toxin type F for cervical dystonia. Electroenceph. Olin. Neurophysiol (In Press).
  • SCHNIDER P, BERGER T, SCHMIED M, FERTL L, AUFF F:Increased residual urine volume after local injection of botulinum A toxin. Nervenarzt (1995) 66 (6):165–467.
  • SCHNEIDER P, BRICHTA A, SCHMIELD M, AUFF E: Gall-bladder dysfunction induced by botulinum A toxin. Lancet (1993) 342:811–812.
  • LANGE DJ, BRIN MF, WARNER CL et al.: Distant effects oflocal injection of botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve (1987) 10:552–555.
  • LANGE DJ, BRIN MF, FAHN S et al.: Distant effects oflocally injected botulinum toxin: incidence and course. In: Dystonia. Fahn S, Marsden CD (Eds.), New York, Raven Press (1988) 609–613.
  • LANGE DJ, RUBIN M, GREENE PE et al.: Distant effects oflocally injected botulinum toxin: a double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve (1991) 14:672–675
  • OLNEY RK, AMINOFF MG, GELB DJ eta].: Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection. Neurology (1988) 38:1780–1783.
  • SANDERS DB, MASSEY EW, BUCKLEY EC: Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm: single fiber EMG studies. Neurology (1986) 36:545–547.
  • GIRLANDA P, VITA G, NICOLOSI C, MILONE S, MESSINA C: Botulinum toxin therapy: distant effects on neuromus-cular transmission and autonomic nervous system. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1992) 55 (9):844–845.
  • CLAUS D, DRUSCHKYA A, ERBGUTH F: Botulinum toxin: influence on respiratory hearth rate variation. Mov. Dis. (1995) 10:574–579.
  • WIEGAND H, ERDMANN G, WELLHONER HH: I125-labeled botulinum A neurotoxin: pharmacokinetics in cats af-ter im. injection. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1976) 292:161–165.
  • BLACK JD, DOLLY JO: Interaction of I125-labeled bo-tulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. I: Ultras-tructural autoradiographic localization and quantitation of distinct membrane receptors for types A and B on motor neurons. J. Cell Biol. (1986) 103:521–534.
  • FILIPPI GM, ERRICO P, SANTARELLI R, BAGOLINI B, MANNI E: Botulinum A toxin effects on rat jaw muscle spindles. Acta. Otolaryngol (Stockholm) (1993) 113:400–404.
  • MANNI E, BAGOLINI B, PETTOROSSI VE, ERRICO P: Effect of botulinum toxin on extraocular muscle propriocep-tion. Doc. Ophthalmol (1989) 72 (2) :189–198.
  • ROSALES RL, ARIMURA K, TAKENAGA S, OSAME M: Ex-trafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection. Muscle Nerve (1996) 19(4)488–496.
  • COSGROVE AP, GRAHAM HK: Botulinum toxin prevents the development of contractures in the hereditary spas-tic mouse. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. (1994) 36:379–385.
  • COSGROVE AP, CORRY IS, GRAHAM HK: Botulinum toxinin the management of the lower limb in cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol (1994) 36:386–396.
  • MONTECUCCO C, SCHIAVO G, TUGNOLI V, DE GRANDIS D: Botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic applications. Mol. Med. Today (1996) 2:418–424.
  • COMELLA CL: Electromyography-assisted botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia. In: Therapy with Botulinum Toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M, Marcell Dekker, Inc. (1994) 289–298.
  • GEENEN C, CONSKY E, ASHBY P: Localizing muscles for botulinum toxin treatment of focal dystonia. Can. J. Neurol Sci. (1996) 23:194–197.
  • JANKOVIC J, BRIN MF: Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 324(17):1168–1194.
  • BORODIC GE, FERRANTE R, PEARCE BL, SMITH K: His-tologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum-A toxin in-jections. Mov. Disord. (1994) 9(0:31–39.
  • BORODIC GE, VVEIGENER A, FERRANTE R, YOUNG R: Orbicularis oculi innervation zone and implications for botulinum A toxin therapy for blepharospasm. Ophthal-mol Plast. Reconstr. Surg. (1991) 7:54–59.
  • SHAARI C, SANDERS I: Assessment of the biological activity of botulinum toxin. In: Therapy with Botulinum Toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), Marcell Dekker, Inc. (1994) 159–170.
  • BLACKIE JD, LEES AJ: Botulinum toxin treatment in spasmodic torticollis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiaL (1989) 52:355–363.
  • PATRINELY JR, WHITING AS, ANDERSON RL: Local side-effects of botulinum toxin injections. In: Advances in Neurology: Facial Dyskinsias. Jankovic J, Tolosa E (Eds.), New York, Raven Press (1988) 49:439–499.
  • MARSDEN CD, SCHACHTER M: Assessment of ex-trapyramidal disorders. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1981) 11:129–151.
  • LANG AE, SHEEHY MP, MARSDEN CD: Anticholinergicsin adult-onset dystonia. Can. J. Neurol Sci. (1982) 9:313–319.
  • FAHN S: Assessment of the primary dystonias. In: Quan-tification of Neurologic Deficit. Munsat U (Ed.), Butterworth, London (1989) 241–270.
  • TSUI JKC, EISEN A, STOESSL AJ, CALNE DB: Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lan-cet (1986) 2:245–247.
  • JANKOVIC J, SCHWARTZ K: Botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia. Neurology (1990) 40:277–280.
  • CONSKY ES, BASINKI A, BELLE L, RANAWAYA R, LANG AE: The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS): assessment of validity and inter-rater reliability. Neurology (1990) 40 (Suppl. 1)445.
  • ANSARI KA, WEBSTER DD: Quantitative measurements in spasmodic torticollis. Dis. Nerv. Syst. (1974) 35:44–47.
  • ROGERS GW, ROOTES M, LYE RH: Computer/video analy-sis of movement disorders. J. A udiolds. Media Med. (1985) 8:101–107.
  • DYKSTRA D, ELLINGHAM C, BELFIE A et al.: Quantitative measurement of cervical range of motion in patients with torticollis treated with botulinum A toxin. Mov. Disord. (1993) 8:38–42.
  • GELB DJ, YOSHIMURA DM, OLNEY RK, LOWENSTEIN DH, AMINOFF MJ: Change in pattern of muscle activity fol-lowing botulinum toxin injections for torticollis. Ann. Neurol. (1991) 29:370–376.
  • TSUI JK, EISEN A, CALNE DB: Botulinum toxin in spas-modic torticollis. Adv. Neurol (1988) 50:593–597.
  • MEZAKI T, KAJI R, KOHARA N, KIMURA J: Development of general weakness in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after focal botulinum toxin injection. Neurology (1996) 46(3):845–846.
  • GLANZMAN RL, GELB DJ, DRURY I, BROMBERG MB, TRUONG DD: Brachial plexopathy after botulinum toxin injections. Neurology (1990) 40:1143.
  • MOSER E, LIGON KM, SINGER C, SETHI KD: Botulinum toxin A (Botox) therapy during pregnancy. Neurology (1997) 48:A399.
  • GREENE PE, FAHN S: Use of botulinum toxin type F injections to treat torticollis in patients with immunity to botulinum toxin type A. Mov. Disord. (1993) 8:479–483.
  • JANKOVIC J, SCHWARTZ K: Response and immunoresis-tance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology (1995) 45:1743–1746.
  • GREENE P, FAHN S, DIAMOND B: Development of resis-tance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torti-collis. Mov. Disord. (1994) 9:213–217.
  • TSUI JK, WONG NLM, WONG E, CALNE DB: Production of circulating antibodies to botulinum A toxin in patients receiving injections for dystonia. Ann. Neurol (1988) 23:181.
  • HAMBLETON P, COHEN HE, PALMER BJ, MELLING J: Anti-toxins and botulinum toxin treatment. Br. Med. J. (1992) 304(6832)959–960.
  • GREENE P, FAHN S: Development of antibodies to bo-tulinum toxin type A in torticollis patients treated with botulinum toxin injections. Mov. Disord. (1992) 7\(Suppl. 1)134.
  • JANKOVIC J: Botulinum toxin in movement disorders. Opin. Neurol (1994) 7:358–366.
  • DEZFULIAN M, BARTLETT JG: Detection of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin by enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay with antibodies produced in immunologi-cally tolerant animals. J. Olin. Microbiol (1984) 19:645–648.
  • DEZFULIAN M, HATHEWAY CL, YOLKEN RH, BARTLETT JG: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type A and type B toxins in stool samples from infants with botulism. J. UM Micro-biol. (1984) 20:379–383.
  • DUANE DD: Non-comparability of in vivo and in vitro Botulinum toxin A antibody measurement techniques in treated cervical dystonia patients? Neurology (1997) 48:A339.
  • SHONE C, WILTON-SMITH P, APPLETON N et al.: Mono-clonal antibody-based immunoassay for type A Clos-tridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the mouse bioassay. Appl. Environ. Microbic)]. (1985) 50:63–67.
  • HATHEWAY CL, DANG C: Irnmunogenecity of the neuro-toxins of Clostridium botulinum. In: Therapy with Bo-tulinum Toxin. Jankovic J, Hallett M (Eds.), Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York (1994) 93–108.
  • BORODIC G, JOHNSON E, GOODNOUGH M, SCHANTZ E: Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with available materials. Neurology (1996) 46(0 :26–29.
  • SESARDIC D, MCLELLAN K, EKONG TA, DAS RG: Refine-ment and validation of an alternative bioassay for potency testing of therapeutic botulinum type A toxin. Pharmacol Toxicol (1996) 78(5):283–288.
  • GREENE PE, FAHN S: Use of botulinum tozin type F injections to treat torticollis in patients with immunity to botulinum toxin Type A. Mo v. Discord. (1993) 8:479–483.
  • SELLIN LC, KAUFFMAN JA, DASGUPTA BR: Comparison of the effects of botulinum neurotoxins types A and E at the rat neuromuscular junction. Med. Biol. (1983) 61:120–
  • KAUFFMAN JA, WAY JF, SIEGEL LS, SELLIN LC: Compari-son of the action of types A and F botulinum toxin at the rat neuromuscular junction. Toxicol. Appl. Pharma-col. (1985) 79:211–217.
  • LUDLOW CL et al. Therapeutic use of type F botulinum toxin. New Engl. J. Med. (1992) 326:349–350.
  • ELEOPRA R, TUGNOLI V, ROSSETTO O, MONTECUCCO C, DE GRANDIS D: Botulinum neurotoxin serotype C: a novel effective botulinum toxin therapy in human. Neurosci. Lett. (1997) 224:91–94.
  • TSUI JK, HAYWARD M, MAK EK, SCHULZER M: Botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of cervical dystonia: a pilot study. Neurology (1995) 45 (11):2109–2110.
  • SHEEN GL, LEES AJ: Botulinum toxin F in the treatment of torticollis clinically resistant to botulinum toxin A. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychial (1995) 59(0:601–607.
  • JENZERG, MUMENTHALER M, LUDIN HP, ROBERT F: Auto-nomic dysfunction in botulism B: a clinical report. Neurology (1975) 25:150–153.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.