78
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Remacemide: current status and clinical applications

&
Pages 871-833 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • LIPTON SA, ROSENBERG PA: Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Engl. J. Med. (1994) 330:613–622.
  • •Excellent introduction to the theory of excitatory neurotoxicity.
  • THOMAS RJ: Excitatory amino acids in health and disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (1995) 43:1279–1289.
  • ROGAWSKI MA: Therapeutic potential of excitatory amino acid antagonists: channel blockers and 2,3-benzodiazepines. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1993) 14:325–331.
  • LOSCHER W: Basic aspects of epilepsy. Curr. Opin. Neurol Neurosurg. (1993) 6:223–232.
  • MELDRUM BS: Excitatory amino acids in epilepsy and potential novel therapies. Epilepsy Res. (1992) 12:189–196.
  • LEE J-M, ZIPFEL GJ, CHOI DW: The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms. Nature (1999) 399 (Suppl.) :A7–A14.
  • •Comprehensive update on glutamergic mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
  • DUNNETT SB, BJORKLUND A: Prospects for new restorative and neuroprotective treatments in Parkin-son's disease. Nature (1999) 399 (Suppl.):A32–A39.
  • ALBIN RL, GREENAMYRE JT: Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses. Neurology (1992) 42:733–738.
  • PORTER RHP, GREENAMYRE JT: Regional variations in the pharmacology of NMDA receptor channel blockers: implications for therapeutic potential. J. Neurochem. (1995) 64:614–623.
  • WILLETTS J, BALSTER RL, LEANDER JD: The behavioral pharmacology of NMDA receptor antagonists. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1990) 11:423–428.
  • OLNEY JW, LABRUYERE J, PRICE MT: Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science (1989) 244:1360–1362.
  • MCNAMARA JO, RUSSELL RD, RIGSBEE L, BONHAUS DW: Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic actions of MK-801 in the kindling and electroshock models. Neuropharmacology (1988) 27:563–568.
  • CLARK B, HUTCHISON JB, JAMIESON V, JONES T, PALMER GC, SCHEYER RD: Remacemide hydrochloride. In: Anti-epileptic Drugs, Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds.) Raven Press Ltd., New York, USA (1995):1035–1044.
  • ROGAWSKI MA, PORTER RJ: Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol. Rev. (1990) 42:223–286.
  • PARKINSON STUDY GROUP: The impact of remacemide hydrochloride on levodopa concentrations in Parkin-son's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol (1999) 22:220–225.
  • PATSALOS PN, SANDER JWAS: Newer antiepileptic drugs. Towards an improved risk-benefit ratio. Drug Safety (1994) 11:37–67.
  • STABLES JP, BIALER M, JOHANNESSEN SI et al.: Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs. A summary of the Second Eilat Conference. Epilepsy Res. (1995) 22:235–246.
  • SUBRAMANIAM S, DONEVAN SD, ROGAWSKI MA: Blockof the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor by remacemide and its des-glycine metabolite. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 276:161–168.
  • LINDSTROM P, BEN MENACHEM E, SODERFELDT B: CSF concentrations of remacemide and its desglycinyl metabolite in a double blind placebo controlled study of 3 doses (300, 600, 1200 mg) remacemide hydrochlo-ride as add-on therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (1996) 37\(Suppl. 5):166.
  • PALMER GC, MURRAY RJ, WILSON TCM et al.: Biological profile of the metabolites and potential metabolites of the anticonvulsant remacemide. Epilepsy Res. (1992) 12:9–20.
  • •Thorough review of the pharmacokinetics of remacemide.
  • RILEY RJ, LAMBERT C, COOPER AE et al.: Induction of rodent hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities by the novel anticonvulsant remacemide hydrochloride. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1995) 23:922–928.
  • LEACH JP, BLACKLAW J, JAMIESON V, JONES T, RICHENS A, BRODIE MJ: Mutual interaction between remace-mide hydrochloride and carbamazepine: two drugs with active metabolites. Epilepsia (1996) 37:1100–1106.
  • LEACH JP, GIRVAN J, JAMIESON V, JONES T, RICHENS A, BRODIE MJ: Mutual interaction between remacemide hydrochloride and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res. (1997) 26:381–388.
  • LEACH JP, GIRVAN J, JAMIESON V, JONES T, RICHENS A, BRODIE MJ: Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between remacemide hydrochloride and sodium valproate in epileptic patients. Seizure (1997) 6:179–184.
  • BLAKEY GE, LOCKTON JA, ROLAN IP: The effect of lamotrigine on the disposition of remacemide hydrochloride. Epilepsia (1999) 40\(Suppl. 2)251.
  • MAWER GE, PLEUVRY BJ: Interactions involving newantiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Ther. (1995) 68:209–231.
  • HEYN H, MCCARTHY DJ, CURRY SH, EISMAN MS, ANDERSMW: Brain uptake and biotransformation of remace-mide hydrochloride, a novel anticonvulsant. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1994) 22:443–446.
  • CURRY S, MCCARTHY DJ, CASE KR, EISMAN MS, MARLER MR, MAHMOOD NA: Disposition and pharmacokinetics of remacemide hydrochloride in male Sprague-Hawley rats. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1995) 765:330–331.
  • WILSON TCM, EISMAN MS, MACHULSKIS GE: Quantita-tion of the novel anticonvulsant remacemide in rat and dog plasma and urine: application of the plasma methodology to measure the plasma protein binding of remacemide.j Chromatogr. (1992) 582:195–202.
  • SCHEYER RD, CRAMER JA, LEPPIK IE et al.: Remacemideelimination after initial and chronic dosing. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1992) 51:189
  • LOCKTON JA, BLAKEY GE, SABIN AJ, PRASAD S, WEIL A:The pharmacokinetics of the anti-convulsant drug remacemide hydrochloride in hepatic impairment. Epilepsia (1999) 40\(Suppl. 2):251.
  • BLAKEY GE, LOCKTON JA, HALL DE, MANT IT: The pharmacokinetics of the anti-convulsant drug remace-mide hydrochloride in renal impairment. Epilepsia (1999) 40\(Suppl. 2):251.
  • HUETTNER JE, BEAN BP: Block of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated current by the anticonvulsant MK-801: selective binding to open channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1988) 85:1307–1311.
  • FOSTER AC, WONG EHF: The novel anticonvulsant MK-801 binds to the activated state of the N- methyl-D-aspartate receptor in rat brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1987) 91:403–409.
  • AHMED MS, MATHER A, ENNA SJ: Binding of [311]desglycinyl remacemide to rat brain membranes: association with the benzomorphan attachment site of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor channel. Brain Res. (1999) 827:46–50.
  • HU RQ, DAVIES JA: The effect of the desglycinylmetabolite of remacemide on cortical wedges prepared from DBA/2 mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1995) 287:251–256.
  • VAN LUIJTELAAR ELJM, COENEN AML: Effects of remace-mide and its metabolite FPL 12495 on spike-wave discharges, electroencephalogram and behaviour in rats with absence epilepsy. Neuropharmacology (1995) 34:419–425.
  • NORRIS SK, KING AE: Electrophysiological effects of the anticonvulsant remacemide hydrochloride and its metabolite ARL 12495AA on rat CA1 hippocampal neurons in vitro. Neuropharmacology (1997) 36:951–959.
  • DAVIES JA: Remacemide hydrochloride: a novel antiepileptic agent. Gen. Pharmacol. (1997) 28:499–502.
  • LEACH JP, SILLS GJ, BUTLER E, FORREST G, THOMPSON GG, BRODIE MJ: Neurochemical actions of the desglycinyl metabolite of remacemide hydrochloride (ARL 12495AA) in mouse brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 121:923–926.
  • MCLEAN MJ, MACDONALD RL: Multiple actions of phenytoin on mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1983) 227:779–789.
  • SRINIVASAN J, RICHENS A, DAVIES JA: The effect of thedesglycinyl metabolite of remacemide hydrochloride (FPL 12495AA) and dizocilpine (MK-801) on endoge-nous amino acid release from mouse cortex. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1995) 116:3087–3092.
  • WAMIL AW, CHEUNG H, HARRIS EW, MCLEAN MJ: Remacemide HC1 and its metabolite, FPL 12495AA, limit action potential firing frequency and block NMDA responses of mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture. Epilepsy Res. (1996) 23:1–14.
  • FRASER CM, SILLS GJ, FORREST G, THOMPSON GG, BRODIE MJ: Effects of anti-epileptic drugs on glutamine synthetase activity in mouse brain. Br. J. Pharmacol (1999) 126:1634–1638.
  • HOEHN MM, YAHR MD: Parkinsonism: onset, progres-sion and mortality. Neurology (1967) 17:427–442.
  • ALBIN RL, YOUNG AB, PENNEY JB: The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends NeuroscL (1989) 12:366–375.
  • BERGMAN H, WICHMANN T, DELONG MR: Reversal ofexperimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subtha-lamic nucleus. Science (1990) 249:1436–1438.
  • MITCHELL IJ, CLARKE CE, BOYCE S et al.: Neuromecha-nisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2,3, 6-tetra hydropy-ridine. Neuroscience (1989) 32:213–226.
  • GILL SS, HEYWOOD P: Bilateral dorsolateral subthala-motomy for advanced Parkinson's disease. Lancet (1997) 350:1222–1223.
  • LIMOUSIN P, KRACK P, POLLAK P et al.: Electricalstimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:1105–1111.
  • GREENAMYRE JT: Pharmacologial pallidotomy with glutamate antagonists? Ann. Neurol. (1996) 39:557–558.
  • BROTCHIE JM, MITCHELL IJ, SANBROOK MA, CROSSMAN AR: Alleviation of parkinsonism by antagonism of excitatory amino acid transmission in the medial segment of the globus pallidus in rat and primate. Mov. Disord. (1991) 6:133–138.
  • KLOCKGETHER T, TURSKI L, HONORE T et al.: The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX has antiparkinsonian effects in monoamine-depleted rats and MPTP-treated monkeys. Ann. Neurol. (1991) 30:717–723.
  • PAPA SM, CHASE TM: Levodopa-induced dyskinesias improved by a glutamate antagonist in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann. Neurol. (1996) 39:574–578.
  • ZIPP F, BAAS H, FISCHER PA: Lamotrigine-antiparkinsonian activity by blockade of glutamate release? J. Neural Transm. (1993) 5:67–75.
  • VERHAGEN METMAN L, DEL DOTTO P, VAN DEN MUNCKHOF P, FANG J, MOURADIAN MM, CHASE TN: Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 50:1323–1326.
  • HUNTER C, JANKOVIC J: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess safety and efficacy of Riluzole as a neuroprotective drug in patients with early, untreated Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1999) 52\(Suppl. 2):A214.
  • GREENAMYRE JT, ELLER RV, ZHANG Z, OVADIA A, KURLAN R, GASH DM: Antiparkinsonian effects of remacemide hydrochloride, a glutamate antagonist, in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. (1994) 35:655–661.
  • SMITH RD, ZHANG Z, KURLAN R, MCDERMOTT M, GASH DM: Developing a stable bilateral model of parkin-sonism in rhesus monkeys. Neuroscience (1993) 52:7–16.
  • HALONEN T, NISSINEN J, PITKANEN A: Neuroprotective effect of remacemide hydrochloride in a perforant pathway stimulation model of status epilepticus in the rat. Epilepsy Res. (1999) 34:251–269.
  • PALMER GC, CREGAN EC, BORRELLI AR et al.: Neuropro-tective actions of 2-amino-N-(1,2-diphenylethyl) -acetamide hydrochloride (FPL 13950) in animal models of hypoxia and global ischemia. I Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) 274:991–1000.
  • BANNAN PE, GRAHAM DI, LEES KR, MCCULLOCH J: Neuroprotective effect of remacemide hydrochloride in focal cerebral ischemia in the cat. Brain Res. (1994) 664:271–275.
  • PALMER GC, CLARK B, HUTCHISON JB: Antiepileptic andneuroprotective potential of remacemide hydrochlo-ride. Drugs Future (1993) 18:1021–1042.
  • ZUCCARELLO M, LEWIS Al, UPPUTURI S, FARMER JB,ANDERSON DK: Effect of remacemide hydrochloride on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm in rabbits. J. Neurotrauma (1994) 11:691–698.
  • BLACK MA, TREMBLAY R, MEALING GAR, DURKIN JP,WHITFIELD JF, MORLEY P: The desglycinyl metabolite of remacemide hydrochloride is neuroprotective in cultured rat cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. (1996) 66:989–995.
  • SMITH DH, PERRI BR, RAGHUPATHI R, SAATMAN KE, MCINTOSH TK: Remacemide hydrochloride reduces cortical lesion volume following brain trauma in the rat. NeuroscL Lett. (1997) 231:135–138.
  • GASIOR M, UNGARD JT, WITKIN JM: Preclinical evalua-tion of newly approved and potential antiepileptic drugs against cocaine-induced seizures. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1999) 290:1148–1156.
  • CRAMER CL, STAGNITTO ML, KNOWLES MA, PALMER GC: Kainic acid and 4-aminopyridine seizure models in mice: evaluation of efficacy of anti-epileptic agents and calcium antagonists. Life ScL (1994) 541271–275.
  • PALMER GC, BORRELLI AR, HUDZIK TJ, SPARBER S: Acute heat stress model of seizures in weanling rats: influence of prototypic anti-seizure compounds. Epilepsy Res. (1998) 30:203–217.
  • GARSKE GE, PALMER GC, NAPIER JJ et al.: Preclinical profile of the anticonvulsant remacemide and its enantiomers in the rat. Epilepsy Res. (1991) 9:161–174.
  • STAGNITTO ML, PALMER GC, ORDY JM et al.: Preclinical profile of remacemide: a novel anticonvulsant effective against maximal electroshock seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res. (1990) 7:11–28.
  • ALARCON G, BINNIE CD, ELWES RDC, POLKEY CE: Remacemide monotherapy in patients undergoing acute anti-epileptic drug withdrawal. Seizure (1992) (Suppl. A):7.
  • BIALER M, JOHANNESSEN SI, KUPFERBERG HJ, LEVY RH, LOISEAU P, PERUCCA E: Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the fourth Eilat conference (EILAT IV). Epilepsy Res. (1999) 34:1–41.
  • DIFIGLIA M: Excitotoxic injury of the neostriatum: a model for Huntington's disease. Trends Neurosci. (1990) 13:286–289.
  • KIEBURTZ K, FEIGIN A, MCDERMOTT M et al.: A controlled trial of remacemide hydrochloride in Huntington's disease. Mov. Disord. (1996) 11:273–277.
  • KIEBURTZ K: Antiglutamate therapies in Huntington's disease. J. Neural Transm. (1999) 55(Suppl.):99–102.
  • PARKINSON STUDY GROUP: Glutamate antagonist remacemide improves motor performance in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1999) 52 (Suppl. 2):A262.
  • LANG AE, LOZANO AM: Parkinson's disease. N Engl. J.Med. (1998) 33:1044-1053, 1130–1143.
  • LANG AE, FAHN S: Assessment of Parkinson's disease. In: Quantification of Neurologic Deficit. Munsat TL, (Ed.) Butterworth, Boston, USA (1989):285–309.
  • CLARKE CE: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending dose tolerability and safety study of remacemide as adjunct therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's disease with response fluctuations. Parkinsonism Related Disord.s (1999) 5 (Suppl.):S71.
  • JONES MW, BLUME W, GUBERMAN A et al. Remacemide hydrochloride (300 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg/day): efficacy and safety versus placebo in patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (1996) 37 (Suppl. 5):166.
  • MAWER GE, JAMIESON V, LUCAS SB, WILD JM: Adjust-ment of carbamazepine dose to offset the effects of the interaction with remacemide hydrochloride in a double-blind, multicentre, add-on drug trial (CR2237) in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (1999) 40:190–196.
  • MUIR KW, LEES KR: Initial experience with remacemide hydrochloride in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1995) 765:322–323.
  • ARROWSMITH JE, HARRISON MJG, NEWMAN SP, STYGALL J, TIMBERLAKE N, PUGSLEY WB: Neuroprotec-tion of the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized trial of remacemide during coronary artery bypass in 171 patients. Stroke (1998) 29:2357–2362.
  • GRANT KA, COLOMBO G, GRANT J, ROGAWSKI MA: Dizocilpine-like discriminative stimulus effects of low-affinity uncompetitive NMDA antagonists. Neuropharmacology (1996) 35:1709–1719.
  • CHADWICK DW, SMITH D, BAKER G et al.: Remacemidehydrochloride: safety, tolerability and pharmacoki-netics. Epilepsia (1994) 35 (Suppl. 7):61.
  • WROE S: CR 2341: an open long-term safety study ofremacemide hydrochloride (200–1200 mg/day) in medically refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (1996) 37 (Suppl. 5) :166.
  • HUDZIK TJ, PALMER GC: Effects of anticonvulsants in anovel operant learning paradigm in rats: comparison of remacemide hydrochloride and FPL 15896AR to other anticonvulsant agents. Epilepsy Res. (1995) 21:183–193.
  • LERNER RL, BURNS RS: Phencyclidine use among youth: history, epidemiology and acute and chronic intoxica-tion. NIDA Res. Monogr. (1978) 21:66–118.
  • SLIFER BL, BALSTER RL: Reinforcing properties of stereoisomers of the putative sigma agonists N-allylnormetazocine and cyclazocine in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1983) 225:522–528.
  • BRADY KT, WOOLVERTON WL, BALSTER RL: Discrimina-tive stimulus and reinforcing properties of etoxadrol and dexoxadrol in monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1982) 220:56–62.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.