Bibliography
- CUTLER NR: Recent advances in the development of ante-mortem diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry (1988) 1:462–467.
- CRAPPER DR, KRISHNAN SS, DALTON AJ: Brain aluminium in Alzheimer's disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration. Science (1973) 180:511–513.
- CARR DB, GOATE A, PHIL D, MORRIS JC: CurrentConcepts in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. (1997) 103(3A):3S–10S.
- CUMMINGS JL, VINTERS HV, COLE GM, KHACHATURIANZS: Alzheimer's disease. Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve and treatment opportunities. Neurology (1998) 51 (Suppl. 1):S2-S17. Overview of current knowledge about AD.
- MURPHY MF, SRAMEK JJ, KURTZ NM, CARTA A, CUTLER NR: Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology. In: Alzheimer's disease. Optimizing the development of the next generation of therapeutic compounds. Greenwich Medical Media Ltd, London, UK (1998):21–60.
- ••See reference [4] for annotation.
- CORDER EH, SAUNDERS AM, STRITTMATTER WJ et al.: Gene dose of apolipoprotein E Type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science (1993) 261:921–923.
- KANG DE, SAITOH T, CHEN X et al.. Genetic association of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene (LRP), an apolipoprotein E receptor, with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1997) 49 56–61
- PAYAMI H, SCHELLENBERG GD, ZAREPARSI S et al.: Evidence for association of HLA-A2 allele with onset age of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1997) 49:512–518.
- ROCCA WA, AMADUCCI LA, SCHOENBERG BS: Epidemi-ology of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol (1986) 19:415–424.
- ROCCA WA, HOFMAN A, BRAYNE C et al.:Frequency and distribution of Alzheimer's disease in Europe. A collaborative study of 1980–1990 prevalence findings. Ann. Neurol (1991) 30:381–390.
- SCHOENBERG BS ANDERSON DW, HAERER AF: Severe dementia, prevalence and clinical features in a biracial US population. Arch Neurol (1985) 42:740–743.
- FRENCH LR, SCHUMAN LM, MORTIMER JA, HUTTON JT, BOATMAN RA, CHRISTIANS B: A case-controlled study of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1985) 121:414–421.
- HEYMAN A, WILKINSON WE, STAFFORD JA, HELMS MJ, SIGMON AH, WEINBERG T: Alzheimer's disease, a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann. Neurol. (1984) 15:335–341.
- MAYEUX R, OTTMAN R, TANG MX et al.: Genetic suscep-tibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann. Neurol. (1993) 33:494–495.
- BROE GA, HENDERSON AS, CREASEY H et al.: A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology (1990) 40:1698–1707.
- CHANDRA V, KOKMEN E, SCHOENBERG BS, BEARD CM: Head trauma with loss of consciousness as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1989) 39:1576–1578.
- JORDAN BD, KANIK AB, HORWICH MS et al.: Apolipopro-tein E e-4 and fatal cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with dementia pugilistica. Ann. Neurol. (1995) 38:698–699.
- MAYEUX R, OTTMAN R, MAESTRE G et al.. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-e-4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1995) 45:555–557.
- ROBERTS GW, GENTLEMAN SM, LYNCH A, MURRAY L, LANDON M, GRAHAM DI: Beta amyloid protein deposi-tion in the brain after severe head injury, implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1994) 57(4):419–425.
- MORI E, HIRONO N, YAMASHITA H et al.: Premorbid brain size as a determinant of reserve capacity against intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry (1997) 154:18–24.
- DEARY IJ, CARYL PG: Neuroscience and human intelli-gence differences. Trends Neurosci. (1997) 20:365–371.
- MORTIMER JA: Is Alzheimer's disease a lifelong illness? Risk factors for pathological and clinical disease. In: Progress in Alzheimer's disease and similar conditions. Heston LL (Ed.) American Psychiatric Press, Washington, USA (1997):9–20.
- DELACOURTE A: Etiology of Alzheimer's disease. In: Research and Practice in Alzheimer's disease. Vellas B, Fitten LJ (Eds.) Serdi Publisher, Paris, France (1999) 2:40–47.
- ••A thorough review of AD aetiology.
- DELACOURTE A, BUEE L, DAVID JP et al.: Lack of continuum between cerebral aging and Alzheimer's disease, as revealed by PHF-Tau and AB biochemistry. Alzheimer's Rep. (1998) 1:101–110
- DELACOURTE A: Tau pathology in aging and neurode-generative disorders. Curr. Res. Alzheimer's Disease (1998) 3:228–235.
- BRAAK H, BRAAK E: Neuropathological Staging of Alzheimer-Related Changes. Acta Neuropathol. (1991) 82:239–259.
- DUYCKAERTS C, BENNECIB M, GRIGNON Y et al.: Modeling the relation between neurofibrillary tangles and intellectual status. Neurobiol. Aging (1997) 18:267–273.
- MCGEER EG, MCGEER PL: Brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease and the therapeutic implications. Curr. Pharm. Des. (1999) 5(10):821–836.
- LEBER P: Draft guidelines for the clinical evaluation ofanti-dementia drugs. Food and Drug Administration Washington, USA (1990) FDA publication: F91–19331.
- •FDA guidelines for AD therapeutics.
- REISBERG B, SCHNEIDER L, DOODY R et al.: Clinical global measures of dementia, position paper from the International Work Group on Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1997) 11 (Suppl. 3):S8–S18.
- ROSEN WG, MOHS RC, DAVIS KL: A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry (1 98 4) 141:1356-1364.
- •Overview of ADAS-cog.
- STERN RG, MOHS RC, DAVIDSON M et al.:A longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease, measurement, rate and predictors of cognitive deterioration. Am. J. Psychiatry (1994) 151:390–396.
- SCHNEIDER LS, OLIN JT, DOODY RS et al.: Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1997) 11 (Suppl. 2):S22–S32.
- MCKHANN. G, DRACHMAN D, FOLSTEIN M, KATZMAN R, PRICE D, STADLAN EM: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1984) 34:939–944.
- VOLGER BW: Alternatives in the treatment of memory loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Pharm. (1991) 10(6):447–456.
- HEYMAN A, SCHMECHEL D, WILKINSON W et al. Failure of long term high-dose lecithin to retard progression of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Trans. (1987) 24(Suppl ) 279–286
- DUFFY FH, MCANULTY G, ALBERT M, DURWEN H, WEINTRAUB: Lecithin, absence of neurophysiologic effect in Alzheimer's disease by EEG topography. Neurology (1987) 37(6):1015–1019.
- •Criticism of lecithin pre-loading.
- GRAY GE: Nutrition and dementia. J. Am. Diet Assoc. (1989) 89(12):1795–1802.
- MORIYAMA T, UEZU K, MATSUMOTO Y et al.: Effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine on memory in memory deficient mice with low brain acetylcholine concen-tration. Life ScL (1996) 58(6) PL111–118
- SAKAI M, YAMATOYA H, KUDO S: Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine enzymatically synthe-sized from soybean lecithin on brain functions in rodents. J. Nutr. ScL Vitaminol. (Toyko) (1996) 42(0:47–54.
- CHUNG SY, MORIYAMA T, UEZU E et al.:Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in mice with dementia. J. Nutr. (1995) 125(6):1484–1489.
- CACABELOS R, CAAMANO J, GOMEZ MJ, FERNANDEZ-NOVAOA L, FRANCO-MASIDE A, ALVAREZ XA: Therapeutic effects of CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease. Cognition, brain mapping, cerebrovascular hemodynamics and immune factors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1996) 777:399–403.
- GRUNDMAN M: Recent developments in the therapeu-tics of Alzheimer's disease. In: Research and Practice in Alzheimer's disease. Vellas B, Fitten LJ (Eds.) Serdi Publisher, Paris, France (1999) 2:30–38.
- ••Overview of current therapeutics for AD.
- THAL LJ, FERGUSON JM, MINTZER J, RASKIN A, TARGUMSD: A 24-week randomized trial of controlled-release physostigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1999) 52(6):1146–1152.
- FARLOW M, GRACON SI, HERSHEY LA, LEWIS KW, SADOWSKY CH, DOLAN-URENO J: A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. The Tacrine Study Group. JAMA (1992) 268(18):2523–2529.
- KNAPP MJ, KNOPMAN DS, SOLOMON PR, PENDLEBURYWW, DAVIS CS, GRACON SI: A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The Tacrine Study Group. JAMA (1994) 271(13):985–991.
- MALAGUARNERA M, PISTONE G, VINCI M, MOTTA M, DI FAZIO I, RAMPELLO L: Tacrine treatment of Alzheimer's disease, many expectations, few certainties. Neuropsy-chobiology (1998) 38(4):226–231.
- •Current opinion of tacrine therapy.
- QIZILBASH N, WHITEHEAD A, HIGGINS J, WILCOCK G, SCHNEIDER L, FARLOW M: Cholinesterase inhibition for Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1998) 280 (20) :1777–1782.
- LOU G, MONTGOMERY PR, SITAR DS: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic disposition of tacrine in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Psychiatry NeuroscL (1996) 21 (5):334–339.
- GROTHE DR, PISCITELLI SC, DUKOFF R eta/.:Penetration of tacrine into cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 18 (1):78–81.
- ROGERS SL: Perspectives in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical profile of donepezil. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1998) 9\(Suppl. 3)29–42.
- BURNS A, ROSSOR M, HECKER J et al.: The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1999) 10(3)237–244.
- •Current opinion of donepezil therapy.
- ROGERS SL, DOODY RS, MOHS RC, FRIEDHOFF LT: Donepezil improves cognitive and global function in Alzheimer's disease. A 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158(9):1021–1031.
- ROGERS SL, FRIEDHOFF LT: Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. An interim analysis of the results of a US multicenter open label extension study. Eur. Neuropsy-chopharmacol (1998) 8(0:67–75.
- PHYSICIAN'S DESK REFERENCE: Pfizer. Aricept. (1999):2364–2367.
- SRAMEK JJ, CUTLER NR: Recent developments in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging (1999) 14(5)359–373.
- ASTHANA S, GREIG NH, HEGEDUS L et al.: Clinical pharmacokinetics of physostigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1995) 58 (3) 299–309.
- THAL LI SCHWARTZ G, SANO M et al.: A multicenter double-blind study of controlled-release physostig-mine for the treatment of symptoms secondary to Alzheimer's disease. Physostigmine Study Group. Neurology (1996) 47(6):1389–1395.
- •Current opinion of physostigmine therapy.
- MOLLER H-J, HAMPEL H, HEGERL U, SCHMITT W, WALTER K Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy and tolerability of a physostigmine patch in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Pharmacopsychiatty (1999) 32(3):99–106.
- CUTLER NR, POLINSKY RJ, SRAMEK JJ et al.: Dose-dependant CSF acetylcholinesterase inhibition by SDZ ENA 713 in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. (1998) 97(4):244–250.
- ROSLER M, ANAND R, CICIN-SAIN A et al.: Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International randomized controlled trial. BMJ (1999) 318(7184):633–638.
- •Study of rivastigmine.
- CUTLER NR, ANAND R, HARTMAN RD, MESSINA JC, JHEE SS: Antiemetic therapy for Alzheimer's patients receiving the cholinesterase inhibitor SDZ ENA 713. Am. Soc. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 63(2):188.
- COREY-BLOOM J, ANAND R, VEACH J: ENA 713 B352 Study Group. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychopharmacol (1988) 1(2):55–65.
- SNAPE MF, MISRA A, MURRAY TK et al: A comparative study in rats of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors tacrine, donepezil and NXX-066. Neuropharmacology (1999) 38(1):181–193.
- SRAMEK JJ, HOURANI J, JHEE SS, CUTLER NR: NXX-066 in patients with Alzheimer's disease, a bridging study. Life Sci. (1999) 64(14):1215–1221.
- IMBIMBO BP, MARTELLI P, TROETEL WM, LUCCHELLI F, LUCCA U, THAL LI Efficacy and safety of eptastigmine for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1999) 52(4):700–708.
- IMBIMBO BP, VERDELLI G, MARTELLI P, MARCHESINI D: Two-year treatment of Alzheimer's disease with eptastigmine. The Eptastigmine Study Group. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1999) 10(2):139–147.
- •Recent study concerning eptastigmine efficacy.
- CANAL N, IMBIMBO BP: Relationship between pharma-codynamic activity and cognitive effects of eptastig-mine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eptastigmine Study Group. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1996) 60(2)218–228.
- RINGMAN JM, CUMMINGS JL: Metrifonate. update on a new antidementia agent. J. Clin. Psychiatry. (1999) 60(11)776–782
- •Review of metrifonate.
- CUMMINGS JL, CYRUS PA, BIEBER F et al: Metrifonate treatment of the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50(5):1222–1230.
- MORRIS JC, CYRUS PA, ORAZEM J et al.: Metrifonate benefits cognitive, behavioral and global function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50(5):1222–1230.
- Bayers metrifonate suspended trial following muscle weakness. SCRIP (1998) 2374:19.
- Shires galantamine on track for approval. SCRIP (1998) 2354:24.
- More good news on Shires galantamine. SCRIP (1998) 2356:21.
- BORES GM, HUGER FP, PETKO W et al.:Pharmacologicalevaluation of novel Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors related to galanthamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 277(2)728–738.
- TANG XC, KINDEL GH, KOZIKOWSKI AP, HANIN I: Comparison of the effects of natural and synthetic huperzine-A on rat brain cholinergic function in vitro and in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1994) 44(3):147–155.
- CHENG DH, TANG XC: Comparative studies of huperzine A, E2020 and tacrine on behavior and cholinesterase activities. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav. (1998) 60(2)377–386.
- WANG T, TANG XC: Reversal of scopolamine-induceddeficits in radial maze performance by huperzine A. comparison with E2020 and tacrine. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1998) 349(2–3):137–142.
- LALLEMENT G, VEYRET J, MASQUELIEZ C, AUBRIOT S,BURCKHART MF, BAUBICHON D: Efficacy of huperzine in preventing soma-induced seizures, neuropa-thological changes and lethality. Fund. Clin. Pharmacol (1997) 11 (5):387–394.
- XU SS, GAO ZX, WENG Z et al.: Efficacy of Tablethuperzine-A on memory, cognition and behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao (1995) 16(5)391–395.
- •Review of huperzine-A.
- MASH DC, FLYNN DD, POTTER LT: Loss of M2 muscar-inic receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and experimental cholinergic denervation. Science (1985) 228:1115–1117.
- Forests M1 agonist for AD fails. SCRIP (1998) 2364:16.
- THAL LJ, FORREST M, LOFT H, MENGEL H: Lu 25-109, amuscarinic agonist, fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (2000) 54:421–426.
- RAFFAELE KC, BERARDI A, MORRIS PP et al.: Effects ofacute infusion of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline on verbal memory and visuo-spatial function in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (1 9 9 1) 15 (5):643–648.
- BODICK NC, OFFEN WW, LEVEY AL et al.: Effects ofxanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol (1997) 54:465–473.
- SRAMEK JJ, CUTLER NR, HURLEY DJ, SEIFERT RD: Theutility of salivary amylase as an evaluation of M3 muscarinic agonist activity in Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neuro-PsychopharmacoL Biol. Psychiat. (1995) 19:85–91.
- WHITEHOUSE PJ, MARTINO AM, ANTUONO PG et al.:Nicotinic acetylcholine binding sites in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. (1986) 371:146–151.
- LLOYD GK, MENZAGHI F, BONTEMPI B et al.: The potential of subtype-selective neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as therapeutic agents. Life Sci. (1998) 62(17-18):1601–1606.
- •Review of potential efficacy of nicotinic agonists for AD.
- PRENDERGAST MA, TERRY AV, JR., JACKSON RJ et al: Improvement in accuracy of delayed recall in aged and non-aged, mature monkeys after intramuscular or transdermal administration of the CNS nicotinic receptor agonist, ABT-418. Psychopharmacology (Ben) (1997) 130(3)276–284.
- OTT A, SLOOTER AJ, HOFMAN A et al.:Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study. The Rotterdam study. Lancet (1998) 351(9119):1840–1843.
- HILLIER V, SALIB E: A case-controlled study of smoking and Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (1997) 12(3)295–300.
- BRENNER DE, KUKULL WA, VAN BELLE G et al.. Relationship between cigarette smoking and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based case-controlled study. Neurology (1993) 43(2):293–300.
- PARKS RW, BECKER RE, RIPPEY RF et al.: Increased regional cerebral glucose metabolism and semantic memory performance in Alzheimer's disease. A pilot double blind transdermal nicotinic positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychol. Rev. (1996) 6(2)61–79.
- Clinical Investigator News. May (1998) 6(5):23.
- MCEWEN BS, ALVES SE, BULLOCH K, WEILAND NG: Ovarian steroids and the brain. Implications for cognition and aging. Neurology (1997) 48.S8–515.
- WOOLLEY CS: Electrophysiological and cellular effects of estrogen on neuronal function. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. (1999) 13(1):1–20.
- ••Recent overview of oestrogen replacement therapy.
- OHKURA T, ISSE K, AKAZAWA K et al.: Evaluation of estrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Endocr. J. (1994) 41(4):361–371.
- JOSEFSSON E, TARKOWSKI A, CARLSTEN H: Anti-inflammatory properties of estrogen. In vivo suppression of leukocyte production in bone marrow and redistribution of peripheral blood neutrophils. Cell Immunol (1992) 142(1):67–78.
- BEHL C, SKUTELLA T, LEZOUALCH F et al: Neuroprotec-tion against oxidative stress by estrogens. Structure-activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol (1997) 51:535–541.
- XU H, GOURAS GK, GREENFIELD JP et al.: Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides. Nature Med. (1998) 4 (4):447–451.
- SLOOTER AJ, BRONZOVA J, WITTEMAN JC, VAN BROECK-HOVEN C, HOFMAN A, VAN DUIJN CM: Estrogen use and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. A population-based study. J. Neurol Psychiatry (1999) 67(6):779–781.
- KAWAS C, RESNICK S, MORRISON A et al.. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology (1998) 48:1517–1521.
- BRENNER DE, KUKULL WA, STERGACHIS A et al.: Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. A population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1 9 9 4) 149(3):262–267.
- MULNARD RA; COTMAN CW; KAWAS C et al.: Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. A randomized control trial. JAMA (2000) 283(8)1007–1015.
- ROZENBERG S, VASQUEZ JB, VANDROMME J et al.: Educating patients about the benefits and drawbacks of hormone replacement therapy. Drugs Aging (1998) 13 (1):33–41.
- BRYANT HU, DERE WH: Selective estrogen receptor modulators. An alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 21 7 (1):45–52.
- MITLAK BH, COHEN FJ: In search of optimal long-term female hormone replacement. The potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Horm. Res. (1997) 48(4):155–163.
- DE LEO ME, BORRELLO S, PASSANTINO M et al.: Oxidative stress and overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. (1998) 250(3):173–176.
- BEHL C: Vitamin E and other anti-oxidants in neuroprotection. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. (1999) 69 (3):213–219.
- HIRARI K, HAYAKO H, KATO K, MIYAMOTO M: Idebenone protects against oxidative stress mediated neuronal cell death by coupling with the mitochon-drial electron transport system. Soc. Neurosci. (1996) 22:200.
- WEYER G, BABEJ-DOLLE RM, HADLER D et al.: A controlled study of two doses of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychobiology (1997) 36(2):73–82.
- GUTZMAN H, HADLER D: Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. update on a 2-year double-blind multicentre study. J. Neural. Transm. (1998) 54 (Suppl.):301–310.
- LE BARS PL, KATZ MM, BERMAN N, ITIL TM, FREEDMAN AM, SCHATZBERG AF: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA (1997) 278:1327–1332.
- •Review of Ginkgo biloba.
- ROSENBLATT M, MINDEL J: Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba extract [letter]. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:1108.
- VIRAMI MA, BISELLI R, SPADONI A et al.. Protective actions of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity evoked by mitochondrial uncoupling or inhibitors. Pharmacol. Res. (1995) 32:383–389.
- SPAGNOLI A, LUCCA U, MENASCE G et al: Long-term acetyl-t-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1991) 41:1726–1732.
- SANO M, BELL K, COTE L et al.: Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1992) 49:1137–1141.
- THAL LJ, CARTA A, CLARKE WR et al.: A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-t-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1996) 47:705–711.
- EVANS DA, MORRIS MC: Is a randomized trial of anti-oxidants in the primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease warranted? Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1996) 10(Suppl.):45–49.
- AISEN PS: Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Gerontology (1997) 43(1-2):143–149.
- NETLAND EE, NEWTON JL, MAJOCHA RE et al.: Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk for Alzheimer's disease? The Rotterdam Study. Neurology (1995) 45(8):1441–1445.
- FLYNN BL, THEESEN KA: Pharmacologic management of Alzheimer's disease part III. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - emerging protective evidence? Ann. Pharmacother. (1999) 33(7-0840–849.
- BEARD CM, WARING SC, O'BRIEN PC, KURLAND LT, KOKMEN E: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer's disease. A case-controlled study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1980 through 1984. Mayo. Clin. Proc. (1998) 73(10:951–955.
- STEWART WF, KAWAS C, CORRADA M, METTER EJ: Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology (1997) 43:143–149.
- ROGERS J, KIRBY LC, HEMPELMAN SR et al.:Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1993) 43:1609–1611.
- •Evaluation of an NSAID for AD therapy.
- VANE J: Towards a better aspirin [news, comment]. Nature (1994) 367:215–216.
- SEIBERT K, ZHANG Y, LEAHY K et al.: Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1994) 91:12013–12017.
- •COX-2 inhibitor overview.
- MASFERRER JL, ZWEIFEL BS, MANNING PT et al.: Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 in vivo is anti-inflammatory and non-ulcerogenic. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1994) 91:3228–3232.
- WHITE HL, STINE DK: Monoamine oxidases A and B as components of a membrane complex. J. Neurochem. (1982) 38(5):1429–1436.
- SAURA J ANDRES N ANDRADE C et al.: Biphasic and region-specific MAO-B response to aging in normal human brain. Neurobiol. Aging (1997) 18(5)497–507.
- GARDNER DM, SHULMAN KI, WALKER SE, TAILOR SA: The making of a user friendly MAOI diet. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1996) 57(3):99–104.
- KNOLL J: Rational for deprenyl (selegiline) medication in Parkinson's disease and in prevention of age-related nigral changes. BioMed. Pharmacother. (1995) 49(4):187–195.
- FREEDMAN M, REWILAK D, XERRI T et al.: L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive and behavioral effects. Neurology (1998) 50(3):660–668.
- •MAO-B inhibitor efficacy in AD therapy.
- MARIN DB, BIERER LM, LAWLOR BA et al.: L-deprenyl and physostigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res. (1995) 58(3):181–189.
- FILIP V, KOLIBAS E: Selegiline in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A long-term randomized placebo-controlled trial. Czech and Slovak Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Study Group. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. (1999) 24(3):234–243.
- •Selegiline evaluation.
- HENRIOT S, KUHN C, KETTLER R, DA PRADA M: Lazabe-mide (Ro 19–6327), a reversible and highly sensitive MAO-B inhibitor. Preclinical and clinical findings. J. Neural Transm. (1994) 41 (Suppl.):321–325.
- •Lazabemide evaluation.
- KOLIATSOS VE, APPLEGATE MD, KNUSEL B et al.: Recombinant human nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 on intact and injured basal forebrain magnocellular neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. (1994) 343(2):247–262.
- NITTA A, OGIHARA Y, ONISHI J et al.: Oral administra-tion of propentofylline, a stimulator of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, recovers cholinergic neuronal dysfunction induced by the infusion of anti-NGF antibody into the rat septum. Behav. Brain Res. (1997) 83 (1-2):201–204.
- KITTNER B, ROSSNER M, ROTHER M: Clinical trials in dementia with propentofylline. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1997) 826:307–316.
- Aventis Drops Propentofylline, Files Ketek. SCRIP Daily News Alert (2000):10201.
- LUCCA E, ANGERETTI N, FORLONI G: Influence of cell culture conditions on the protective effect of anti-oxidants against beta-amyloid toxicity. Studies with lazaroids. Brain Res. (1997) 764(1-2):293–298.
- TOMIYAMA T, KANEKO H, KATAOKA KI, ASANO S, ENDO N: Rifampicin inhibits the toxicity of pre-aggregated amyloid peptides by binding to peptide fibrils and preventing amyloid-cell interaction. Biochem. J. (1997) 322(Pt 3):859–865.
- CASWELL MD, MOK SS, HENRY A et al.: The amyloid beta-protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease is degraded extracellularly by a Kunitz protease inhibitor domain-sensitive trypsin-like serine protease in cultures of chick sympathetic neurons. Eur.J. Biochem. (1999) 266(2):509–551.
- Neurochem's Alzheimer's therapy gets $7.9 million boost. SCRIP (2000) 2494:9.
- DITZLER K: Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome. a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arznetmittle Forschung (1991) 41(89):773–780.
- RABEY JM, NISSIPEANU P, KORCYZN AD: Efficacy of memantine. an NMDA receptor antagonist in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Park Dis. Dement. Sect. (1992) 4:277–282.
- HONG G, CHEN DC, KLEIN PS et al.: Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3../. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272(40):25326–25332.
- GEERTS H, NUYDENS R, DE JONG M et al: Sabeluzole stabilized the neuronal cytoskeleton. Neurobiol Aging (1996) 17(4):573–581.
- LUCCA E, ANGERETTI N, FORLONI G: Influence of cell culture conditions on the protective effect of antioxi-dants against beta-amyloid toxicity. studies with lazaroids. Brain Res. (1997) 764 (1-2):293–298.
- SCHMID-ELSAESSER R, ZAUSINGER S, HUNGERHUBER E et al.: Superior neuroprotective efficacy of a novel antioxidant (U1010330 with improved blood-brain barrier permeability in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke (1997) 28(102018-2024.
- CUTLER NR SRAMEK JJ: Muscarinic Mi-receptor agonists. potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs (1995) 3 (6) :467–481.
- CUTLER NR, SRAMEK JJ: The target population in Phase I clinical trials of cholinergic compounds in Alzheimer's disease, the role of the 'bridging study'. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1995) 9(3):139–145.
- ••Role of bridging studies in pharmaceutical development.
- SRAMEK JJ, SEDMAN AJ, REECE PA et al.: Safety and tolerability trial of CI-979 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. (1995) 57(5):503–510.
- SRAMEK JJ, HOURANI J, JHEE SS et al: IsIXX-066 in patients with Alzheimer's disease, a bridging study. Life Sci. (1999) 64(14):1215–1221.
- SRAMEK JJ, HURLEY DJ, WARDLE TS et al.: The safety and tolerance of xanomeline tartrate in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1995) 35 (8):800–806.
- CUTLER NR, SRAMEK JJ, KILBORN R: The bridging concept. Optimizing dose for Phase II/III in Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration (1996) 5(0511–514.
- CUTLER NR, SRAMEK JJ: Optimizing drug development for the next generation of Alzheimer's disease compounds: Alzheimer's Rep. (1998) 1 (5):1–6.
- •Overview of techniques to improve drug development.