19
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Novel agents in the therapy of endotoxic shock

Pages 1363-1372 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • MAYEUX PR: Pathobiology of lipopolysaccharide. J.Tox. Env. Health (1997) 51:415–435.
  • OLSON N, HELLYER P, DODAM J: Mediators andvasculareffects in response to endotoxin. Br. Vet. J. (1995) 151:489–522.
  • OPAL S, YU R: Antiendotoxin strategies for the preven-tion and treatment of septic shock: new approaches and future directions. Drugs (1998) 55:497-508. A current review on anti-endotoxin strategies for septic shock.
  • HORN D, OPAL S, LOMASTRO E: Antibiotics, cytokines and endotoxin: a complex and evolving relationship in Gram-negative sepsis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (1996) 101:9–13.
  • RIETSCHEL E, KIRIKAE T, SCHADE F et al.: Bacterial endotoxin: molecular mechanisms of structure to activity and function. EASES J. (1994) 218:217–225.
  • KIRKEBOEN K, STRAND O: The role of nitric oxide in sepsis - an overview. Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. (1999) 43:275–288.
  • ••A well written current review of nitric oxide in septic shock.
  • AVONTUUR J, BRUINING H, INCE C: Sepsis and nitric oxide. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissues (XVII). Ince C (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1996):551–567.
  • WOLKOW P: Involvement and dual effects of nitric oxide in septic shock. Inflamm. Res. (1998) 47:152–166.
  • FELDMAN P, GRIFFITH O, STUEHR D: The surprising life of nitric oxide. C. & EN (1993) Dec 20:26–38.
  • •An easy to read, classic review of nitric oxide.
  • WHITTLE B: Nitric oxide in physiology and pathology. Histochem. J. (1995) 27:727–737.
  • HACK C, AARDEN L, THUS L: Role of cytokines in sepsis. Adv. Immunol. (1997) 66:101–195.
  • ••An in-depth, thorough review of cytokines in sepsis.
  • TRACEY K, BEUTLER B, LOWRY S et al.: Shock and tissue injury induced by human recombinant cachectin. Science (1986) 234:470–474.
  • NATANSON C, EICHENHOLZ P, DANNER R et al.: Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock. J. Exp. Med. (1989) 169:823–832.
  • REMICK D, KUNKEL R, LARRICK J, KUNKEL S: Acute invivo effects of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor. Lab. Invest. (1987) 56:583–590.
  • OKUSAWA S, GLEFLAND J, IKEJIMA T, CONNOLLY R,DINARELLO C: Interleukin 1 induces a shock-like state in rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. (1988) 81:1162–1172.
  • FISCHER E, MARANO M, BARBER A et al Comparison between effects of interleukin-la administration and sublethal endotoxemia in primates. Am. J. Physiol. (1991) 261:R442–R452.
  • VAN DER POLL T, VAN DEVENTER S: The role of interleukin 6 in endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. (1998) 397:365–377.
  • FISCHER C, AGOSTI J, OPAL S et al.: Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor: Fc fusion protein. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334:1697–1702.
  • GARLUND B, SJOLIN J, NILSSON A et al.: Plasma levels of cytokines in primary septic shock in humans: Correla-tion with disease severity./ Inf Dis. (1995) 172:292–301.
  • FRIELING J, VAN DEUREN M, WIJDENES J et al.: Circulating interleukin-6 receptor in patients with sepsis syndrome. J. Inf Dis. (1995) 171:469–472.
  • CARVALHO G, WAKABAYASHI G, SHIMAZU M et al.: Anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody reduces free radical production and improves hemodynamics and survival rate in endotoxic shock in rabbits. Surgery (1997) 122:60–68.
  • SPAPEN H, ZHANG H, VERHAEGHE V, ROGIERS P, CABRAL A, VINCENT J: Treatment with a platelet-activating factor antagonist has little protective effects during endotoxic shock in the dog. Shock (1997) 8:200–206.
  • LIAO C, KO F, WU T, TENG C: Bakkenolide G, a naturalPAF-receptor antagonist. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1997) 49:1248–1253.
  • GIRAL M, BALSA D, FERRANDO R, MERLOS M, GARCIA-RAFANELL J, FORN J: Effects of UR-12633, anew antago-nist of platelet-activating factor, in rodent models of endotoxic shock. Br.J.Pharmacol.(1996) 118:1223–1231.
  • KUIPERS B, VAN DER POLL T, LEVI M et al.: Platelet activating factor antagonist TCV-309 attenuates the induction of the cytokine network in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. J. Immunol. (1994) 152:2438–2446.
  • KOLTAI M, HOSFORD D, BRAQUET P: Role of PAF andcytokines in microvascular tissue injury. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (1992) 119:461–466.
  • WOLKOW P: Involvement and dual effects of nitric oxide in septic shock. Inflamm. Res. (1998) 47:152–166.
  • BONE R, BALK R, FEIN A et al.: A second large controlled clinical trial of ES, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 23:994–1006.
  • DUSTING G: Nitric oxide in cardiovascular disorders./ Vasc. Res. (1995) 32:143–161.
  • PORSTI I, PAAKKARI I: Nitric oxide-based possibilities for pharmacotherapy. Ann. Med. (1995) 27:407–420.
  • •A classic review.
  • THIEMERMANN C, RUETTEN H, WU C et al.: The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by endotoxin in the rat: Attenuation of liver dysfunction by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1995) 116:2845–2851.
  • PARRATT J: Nitric oxide in sepsis and endotoxemia. J.Antimicrob. Chemother. (1998) 41(Suppl. A):31–39.
  • LIAUDET L, ROSSELET A, SCHALLER M, MARKERT M, PERRET C, FEIHL F: Nonselective versus selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experi-mental endotoxic shock. J. Inf. Dis. (1998) 177:127–132.
  • PETROS A, BENNETT D, VALLANCE P: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet (1991) 338:1557–1558.
  • PETROS A, LAMB G, LEONE A eta/.: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in humans with septic shock. Cardiovasc. Res. (1994) 28:34–39.
  • GROVER R, ZACCARDELLI D, GOUGE G et al.: An open-label dose escalation study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-methyl-L-arginine hydrochlo-ride (546C88), in patients with septic shock. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 27:913–922.
  • GROVER R, LOPEZ A, LARENTE J et al.: Multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: Effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 27\(Suppl. 1):A33 (Abstract).
  • COBB J: Use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors to treat septic shock: The light has changed from yellow to red. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 27:855–856.
  • CAI M, SAKAMOTO A, OGAWA R: Inhibition of nitricoxide formation with L-canavanine attenuates endotoxin-induced vascular hyporeactivity in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 295:215–220.
  • FATEHI-HASSANABAD Z, BURNS H, AUGHEY E et al.:Effects ofl-canavanine, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, on endotoxin mediated shock in rats. Am. J. Physiol. (1996) 6:194–200.
  • KETTELER M, CETTO C, KIRDORF M et al.: Nitric oxide insepsis-syndrome: Potential treatment of septic shock by nitric oxide synthase antagonists. Kidney Int. (1998) 53:527–530.
  • VODOVOTZ Y, BOGDAN C, PAIK J, XIE Q, NATHAN C:Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor 13. J. Exp. Med. (1993) 178:605–613.
  • SANDERSON N, FACTON V, NAGY P et al.: Hepatic expression of mature transforming growth factor 81 in transgenic mice results in multiple tissue lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:2572–2576.
  • PERRELLA MA, HSIEH C, LEE W et al.: Arrest ofendotoxin-induced hypotension by transforming growth factor N.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:2054–2059.
  • NATHAN C: Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. EASES J. (1992) 6:3051–3064.
  • HATTORI Y, AKIMOTO K, NAKANISHI N, KASAI K: Glucocorticoid regulation of nitric oxide and tetrahy-drobiopterin in a rat model of endotoxic shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1997) 240:298–303.
  • BUNE A, BRAND M, HEALES S, SHERGILL J, CAMMACK R,COOK H: Inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis reduces in vivo nitric oxide production in experi-mental endotoxic shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 220:13–19.
  • FINK M: On haemoglobin, hemorrhage, hypotensionand nitric oxide. Crit. Care. Med. 26:991–992.
  • BONE H, WAURICK R, VANAKEN H et al.: Comparison of the haemodynarnic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition and nitric oxide scavenging in endotox-aemic sheep. Intensive Care Med. (1998) 24:48–54.
  • BONE H, SCHENARTS P, BOOKE M et al.: Oxalated pyridoxalated haemoglobin polyethylene conjugate normalizes the hyperdynamic circulation in septic sheep. Crit. Care. Med. (1997) 25:1010–1018.
  • HENEKA M, LOSCHMANN P, OSSWALD H: Polymerized haemoglobin restores cardiovascular and kidney function in endotoxin-induced shock in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:47–54.
  • OTTERBEIN L, CHIN B, OTTERBEIN S et al.: Mechanism of haemoglobin-induced protection against endotoxemia in rats: a ferritin-independent pathway. Am. J. Physiol. (1997) 272:L268–L275.
  • REAH G, BODENHAM A, MALLICK A et al.: Initial evalua-tion of diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin (DCLHhrm) as a vasopressor in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 25:1480–1488.
  • KILBOURN R, DEANGELO J, BONAVENTURA J: Clinical effects of cell-free haemoglobin, a scavenger of nitric oxide in septic shock. In: Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Vincent J (Ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1997):230–239.
  • MENEZES J, HIERHOLZER C, WATKINS S et al.: A novel nitric oxide scavenger decreases liver injury and improves survival after hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol. (1999) 277:G144–G151.
  • SAMLASKA C, WINFIELD E: Pentoxifylline. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1994) 30:603–621.
  • •Well written overview of pentoxifylline.
  • ZENI F, PAIN P, VINDIMIAN M eta/.: Effects of pentoxifyl-line on circulating cytokine concentrations and hemodynarnics in patients with septic shock: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit. Care Med. (1996) 24:207–214.
  • WU C, LIAO M, CHEN S, YEN M: Pentoxifylline improves circulatory failure and survival in murine models of endotoxaemia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 373:41–49.
  • LAUTERBACH R, ZEMBALA M: Pentoxifylline reduces plasma tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentration in premature infants with sepsis. Eur. J. Pediatr. (1996) 155:404–409.
  • TIGHE D, MOSS R, HYND J. et al.: Pretreatment withpentoxifylline improves the hemodynamic and histologic changes and decreases neutrophil adhesive-ness in a pig fecal peritonitis model. Crit. Care Med. (1990) 18:184–189.
  • HARADA H, ISHIZAKA A, YONEMARU M et al.: The effects of aminophylline and pentoxifylline on multiple organ damage after Escherichia coli sepsis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1989) 140:974–980.
  • ISHIZAKA A, WU Z, STEPHENS K et al.: Attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea pigs by pentoxifyl-line. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1988) 138:376–382.
  • ARRIETA O, ORTIZ-REYES A, REMBAO D, CALVILLO M, RIVERA E, SOTELO J: Protective effect of pentoxifylline plus thalidomide against septic shock in mice. Int. J. Exp. Path. (1999) 80:11–16.
  • OHTSUKA H, HIGUCHI T, MATSUZAWA H et al.: Inhibi-tory effect on LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor in calves treated with chlorpromazine or pentoxifylline. J. Vet. Med. Sci. (1997) 59:1075–1077.
  • QUEZADO Z, HOFFMAN W, BANKS S et al.: Increasing doses of pentoxifylline as a continuous infusion in canine septic shock. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. (1999) 288:107–113.
  • STAUBACH K, SCHRODER J, STUBER F, GEHRKE K, TRAUMANN E, ZABEL P: Effect of pentoxifylline in severe sepsis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch. Surg. (1998)133:94–100.
  • LAUTERBACH R, PAWLIK D, KOWALCZYK D, KSYCINSKIW, HELWICH E, ZEMBALA M: Effect of the irnmuno-modulating agent, pentoxifylline, in the treatment of sepsis in prematurely delivered infants: A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Crit. Care Med. (1999) 27:807–814.
  • SPAPEN H, ZHANG H, VINCENT J: Potential therapeutic value of lazaroids in endotoxemia and other forms of sepsis. Shock (1997) 8:321–327.
  • ALTAVILLA D, SQUADRITO F, CAMPO G et al.: The lazaroid, U-74389G, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, reverses vascular failure and protects against endotoydc shock. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 369:49–55.
  • ZHANG H, SPAPEN H, MANIKIS P et al.: Tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F) inhibits effects of endotoxin in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. (1995) 286:H1847–H1855.
  • LIU P, VONDERFECHT S, MCGUIRE G, FISHER M, FARHOOD A, JAESCHKE H: The 21- aminosteroid tirilazad mesylate protects against endotoydc shock and acute liver failure in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 271:438–445.
  • MCGUIRE G, LIU P, JAESCHKE H: Neutrophil-induced lung damage after hepatic ischemia and endotoxemia. Free Rad. Biol. Med. (1996) 20:189–197.
  • LIU P, MCGUIRE G, FISHER M, FARHOOD A, SMITH C, JAESCHKE H: Activation of Kupffer cells and neutro-phils for reactive oxygen formation is responsible for endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia. Shock (1995) 3:56–62.
  • SEMRAD S, ROSE M, ADAMS J: Effect of tirilazad mesylate(U74006F) on eicosanoid and tumor necrosis factor generation in healthy and endotoxemic neonatal calves. Circ. Shock (1993) 40:235–242.
  • ROSE M, SEMRAD S: Clinical efficacy of tirilazad mesylate for treatment of endotoxemia in neonatal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. (1992) 53:2305–2310.
  • ALTIVILLA D, SQUADRITO F, SERRANO M et al.: Inhibi-tion of tumour necrosis factor and reversal of endotoxin-induced shock by U-83836E, a 'second generation' lazaroid in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1998) 124:1293–1299.
  • HALL E, YONKERS P, MCCALL J: Attenuation of hemorrhagic shock by the glucocorticoid 21-antinosteroid U74006F. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1988) 147:299–303.
  • MEANS E: 21-aminosteroids ('lazaroids'). In: FreeRadicals in Diagnostic Medicine. Armstrong D (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1994):307–312.
  • •A well written general review of the lazaroids.
  • KASSELL N, HALEY E, APPERSON-HANSEN C, ALVES W:Randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A cooperative study in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. J. Neurosurg. (1996) 84:221–228.
  • NASRA WAY S: Sepsis research: We must change course.Crit. Care Med. (1999) 27:427–430.
  • •A good discussion of problems seen with septic shock research.
  • ZENI F: Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: A reassessment. Crit. Care Med. (1997) 25:1095–1100.
  • •A good discussion of problems seen with septic shock research.
  • BOOKE M, TRABER L, TRABER D: Development of effective therapies for sepsis. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 23:1305–1306.
  • KILBOURN R, SZABO C, TRABER D: Beneficial versus detrimental effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in circulatory shock: Lessons learned from experi-mental and clinical studies. Shock (1997) 7:235–246.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.