Treatment options for AIDS patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Bibliography

• Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, et al. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1971;1(7712):1257-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh JB, Greenbaum D, Marshall AH, Rubinstein LJ. Cerebral demyelination associated with disorders of the reticuloendothelial system. Lancet 1959;2(7102):524-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrom KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP Jr. Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease. Brain 1958;81(1):93-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selik RM, Karon JM, Ward JW. Effect of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality from opportunistic infections in the United States in 1993. J Infect Dis 1997;176(3):632-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RC, Janssen RS, Buehler JW, et al. Epidemiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the United States: analysis of national mortality and AIDS surveillance data. Neurology 1991;41(11):1733-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Chauhan A, Galey D, Nath A. Epidemiological evidence and molecular basis of interactions between HIV and JC virus. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):329-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007;7(6):461-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer-Gould A, Atlas SW, Green AJ, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 2005;353(4):375-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(4):369-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Houff S. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: lessons from AIDS and natalizumab. Neurol Res 2006;28(3):299-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MT. AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: current management strategies. CNS Drugs 2005;19(8):671-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San-Andres FJ, Rubio R, Castilla J, et al. Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(9):1177-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacktor N, Lyles RH, Skolasky R, et al. HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990-1998. Neurology 2001;56(2):257-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori A, Ammassari A, Giancola ML, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the CART era. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):323-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Arminio Monforte A, Cinque P, Mocroft A, et al. Changing incidence of central nervous system diseases in the EuroSIDA cohort. Ann Neurol 2004;55(3):320-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori A, Cingolani A, Lorenzini P, et al. Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA). J Neurovirol 2003;9(Suppl 1):47-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabar S, Lanoy E, Allavena C, et al. Causes of the first AIDS-defining illness and subsequent survival before and after the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2008;9(4):246-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A and the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Clinical endpoints for randomized clinical trials: all AIDS-defining conditions are not created equal [abstract 80]. 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Los Angeles, CA February 25 – 28; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Major EO, Amemiya K, Tornatore CS, et al. Pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992;5(1):49-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Clin 2008;26(3):833-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy revisited: Has the disease outgrown its name? Ann Neurol 2006;60(2):162-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents – June 18, 2008. Recommendations of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (HIVMA/IDSA). Available from: http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov
   Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Miller CS, Mootoor Y, et al. JC virus detection in bodily fluids: clues to transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(1):e9-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeter LM. JC BK, and other polyomaviruses; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. p. 1856-63
   Google Scholar
• Gallia GL, Houff SA, Major EO, Khalili K. Review: JC virus infection of lymphocytes–revisited. J Infect Dis 1997;176(6):1603-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elphick GF, Querbes W, Jordan JA, et al. The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 2004;306(5700):1380-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eash S, Tavares R, Stopa EG, et al. Differential distribution of the JC virus receptor-type sialic acid in normal human tissues. Am J Pathol 2004;164(2):419-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koralnik IJ, Boden D, Mai VX, et al. JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999;52(2):253-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornatore C, Berger JR, Houff SA, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1992;31(4):454-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois V, Lafon ME, Ragnaud JM, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA in the peripheral blood leukocytes of HIV-infected patients. Aids 1996;10(4):353-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois V, Dutronc H, Lafon ME, et al. Latency and reactivation of JC virus in peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(9):2288-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaco MC, Atwood WJ, Gravell M, et al. JC virus infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells, primary B lymphocytes, and tonsillar stromal cells: implications for viral latency. J Virol 1996;70(10):7004-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwood WJ, Amemiya K, Traub R, et al. Interaction of the human polyomavirus, JCV, with human B-lymphocytes. Virology 1992;190(2):716-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koralnik IJ, Schmitz JE, Lifton MA, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral blood cell subpopulations of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 1999;5(4):430-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houff SA, Major EO, Katz DA, et al. Involvement of JC virus-infected mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and spleen in the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1988;318(5):301-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major EO, Amemiya K, Elder G, Houff SA. Glial cells of the human developing brain and B cells of the immune system share a common DNA binding factor for recognition of the regulatory sequences of the human polyomavirus, JCV. J Neurosci Res 1990;27(4):461-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzi A, De Santis R, Ciappi S, et al. Human polyomaviruses DNA detection in peripheral blood leukocytes from immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. J Neurovirol 1996;2(6):411-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei G, Liu CK, Atwood WJ. JC virus binds to primary human glial cells, tonsillar stromal cells, and B-lymphocytes, but not to T lymphocytes. J Neurovirol 2000;6(2):127-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CK, Wei G, Atwood WJ. Infection of glial cells by the human polyomavirus JC is mediated by an N-linked glycoprotein containing terminal alpha(2-6)-linked sialic acids. J Virol 1998;72(6):4643-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabath BF, Major EO. Traffic of JC virus from sites of initial infection to the brain: the path to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2002;186(Suppl 2):S180-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: explaining the high incidence and disproportionate frequency of the illness relative to other immunosuppressive conditions. J Neurovirol 2003;9(Suppl 1):38-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338(13):853-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, et al. The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States. J Infect Dis 2006;194(1):11-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, et al. Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 2003;362(9377):22-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot B, Aromin I, Gold R, et al. 2.5 year remission of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with combined antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1997;349(9055):850
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domingo P, Guardiola JM, Iranzo A, Margall N. Remission of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy after antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1997;349(9064):1554-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baqi M, Kucharczyk W, Walmsley SL. Regression of progressive multifocal encephalopathy with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 1997;11(12):1526-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht H, Hoffmann C, Degen O, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy significantly improves the prognosis of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Aids 1998;12(10):1149-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M, et al. CART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999;52(3):623-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miralles P, Berenguer J, Garcia de Viedma D, et al. Treatment of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 1998;12(18):2467-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassie JM, Gasnault J, Bentata M, et al. Survival improvement of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of protease inhibitors. Clinical Epidemiology Group. French Hospital Database on HIV. Aids 1999;13(14):1881-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford DB. Challenges for clinical trials on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):350-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrei G, Snoeck R, Vandeputte M, De Clercq E. Activities of various compounds against murine and primate polyomaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41(3):587-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou J, Major EO. The efficacy of nucleoside analogs against JC virus multiplication in a persistently infected human fetal brain cell line. J Neurovirol 1998;4(4):451-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blick G, Whiteside M, Griegor P, et al. Successful resolution of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after combination therapy with cidofovir and cytosine arabinoside. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26(1):191-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno S, Miralles P, Diaz MD, et al. Cytarabine therapy for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23(5):1066-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori A, De Luca A, Ammassari A, et al. Failure of cytarabine and increased JC virus-DNA burden in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AIDS-related progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Aids 1994;8(7):1022-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portegies P, Algra PR, Hollak CE, et al. Response to cytarabine in progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in AIDS. Lancet 1991;337(8742):680-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall CD, Dafni U, Simpson D, et al. Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team. N Engl J Med 1998;338(19):1345-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy RM, Major E, Ali MJ, et al. Convection-enhanced intraparenchymal delivery (CEID) of cytosine arabinoside (AraC) for the treatment of HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):382-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taoufik Y, Gasnault J, Karaterki A, et al. Prognostic value of JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 1998;178(6):1816-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla AM, Castagna A, Novati R, et al. Remission of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after cidofovir therapy. J Neurol 1999;246(8):723-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portilla J, Boix V, Roman F, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with cidofovir in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy. J Infect 2000;41(2):182-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razonable RR, Aksamit AJ, Wright AJ, Wilson JW. Cidofovir treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76(11):1171-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann T, Stingele K, Hartmann M, et al. Successful treatment of aids related PML with CART and cidofovir. Eur J Med Res 2001;6(5):190-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Fantoni M, Tartaglione T, Antinori A. Response to cidofovir after failure of antiretroviral therapy alone in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999;52(4):891-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meylan PR, Vuadens P, Maeder P, et al. Monitoring the response of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy to CART and cidofovir by PCR for JC virus DNA in the CSF. Eur Neurol 1999;41(3):172-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A, et al. Potent anti-retroviral therapy with or without cidofovir for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: extended follow-up of an observational study. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):364-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A, et al. Cidofovir added to CART improves virological and clinical outcome in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Aids 2000;14(14):F117-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Pierotti C, Vigano MG, et al. The good and evil of CART in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):358-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenguer J, Miralles P, Arrizabalaga J, et al. Clinical course and prognostic factors of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(8):1047-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasnault J, Kousignian P, Kahraman M, et al. Cidofovir in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a monocenter observational study with clinical and JC virus load monitoring. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):375-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer C, Evers S, Nolting T, et al. Cidofovir in combination with CART and survival in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurol 2008;255(4):526-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra CM, Rajicic N, Barker DE, et al. A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. Aids 2002;16(13):1791-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Ammassari A, Pezzotti P, et al. Cidofovir in addition to antiretroviral treatment is not effective for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a multicohort analysis. Aids 2008;22(14):1759-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SS, Skolasky RL, Dal Pan GJ, et al. Survival prolongation in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with alpha-interferon: an observational study. J Neurovirol 1998;4(3):324-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind MD, Skolasky RI, Royal WS, McArthur JC. The relative contributions of CART and alpha-interferon for therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):353-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath A, Venkataramana A, Reich DS, et al. Progression of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy despite treatment with beta-interferon. Neurology 2006;66(1):149-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr DA, Chang CF, Gordon J, et al. Inhibition of human neurotropic virus (JCV) DNA replication in glial cells by camptothecin. Virology 1993;196(2):612-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal W 3rd, Dupont B, McGuire D, et al. Topotecan in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2003;9(3):411-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altschuler EL, Kast RE. The atypical antipsychotic agents ziprasidone [correction of zisprasidone], risperdone and olanzapine as treatment for and prophylaxis against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Med Hypotheses 2005;65(3):585-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santagata S, Kinney HC. Mechanism of JCV entry into oligodendrocytes. Science 2005;309(5733):381-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dworkin MS, Wan PC, Hanson DL, Jones JL. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: improved survival of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the protease inhibitor era. J Infect Dis 1999;180(3):621-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasnault J, Taoufik Y, Goujard C, et al. Prolonged survival without neurological improvement in patients with AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on potent combined antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 1999;5(4):421-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T, Weber F, Petry H, Luke W. Immune response in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an overview. J Neurovirol 2001;7(4):311-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Bossolasco S, Brambilla AM, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution on development and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: study of 43 cases with review of the literature. J Neurovirol 2003;9(Suppl 1):73-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyen C, Hoffmann C, Schmeisser N, et al. Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: survival and risk factors of death. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;37(2):1263-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcó V, Olmo M, Del Saz SV, et al. Influence of HAART on the clinical course of HIV-1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results of an observational multicenter study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;49(1):26-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelburne SA 3rd, Hamill RJ, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002;81(3):213-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miralles P, Berenguer J, Lacruz C, et al. Inflammatory reactions in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2001;15(14):1900-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Pasquier RA, Koralnik IJ. Inflammatory reaction in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: harmful or beneficial? J Neurovirol 2003;9(Suppl 1):25-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo J, Collazos J, Martinez E. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 1998;12(13):1720-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Koralnik IJ, Clifford DB. The evolving face of human immunodeficiency virus-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: defining a consensus terminology. J Neurovirol 2003;9(Suppl 1):88-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar A, Rubocki RJ, Horvath JA, et al. Fatal immune restoration disease in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: impact of antiretroviral therapy-associated immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(10):1250-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Levy RM, Flomenhoft D, Dobbs M. Predictive factors for prolonged survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1998;44(3):341-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotecha N, George MJ, Smith TW, et al. Enhancing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an indicator of improved immune status? Am J Med 1998;105(6):541-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez JV, Mazziotti JV, Efron ED, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with PML in AIDS: a treatable disorder. Neurology 2006;67(9):1692-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo HH, Rezai AR, Knopp EA, et al. Contrast-enhancing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: radiological and pathological correlations: case report. Neurosurgery 1996;39(5):1031-4; discussion 4-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collazos J, Mayo J, Martinez E, Blanco MS. Contrast-enhancing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as an immune reconstitution event in AIDS patients. Aids 1999;13(11):1426-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Pall L, Lanska D, Whiteman M. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with HIV infection. J Neurovirol 1998;4(1):59-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T, Turner RW, Frye S, et al. Specific diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1994;169(5):1138-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Luca A, Cingolani A, Linzalone A, et al. Improved detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34(5):1343-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire D, Barhite S, Hollander H, Miles M. JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: predictive value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1995;37(3):395-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Vago L, Dahl H, et al. Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in HIV-infected patients. Aids 1996;10(9):951-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossolasco S, Calori G, Moretti F, et al. Prognostic significance of JC virus DNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40(5):738-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudici B, Vaz B, Bossolasco S, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: effects on cerebrospinal fluid markers of JC virus replication and immune response. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(1):95-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiannoutsos CT, Major EO, Curfman B, et al. Relation of JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid to survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with biopsy-proven progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1999;45(6):816-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taoufik Y, Delfraissy JF, Gasnault J. Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not improve survival of patients with high JC virus load in the cerebrospinal fluid at progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosis. Aids 2000;14(6):758-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A, et al. The effect of potent antiretroviral therapy and JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid on clinical outcome of patients with AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2000;182(4):1077-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia De Viedma D, Diaz Infantes M, Miralles P, et al. JC virus load in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of the correlation between the viral burden in cerebrospinal fluid, patient survival, and the volume of neurological lesions. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(12):1568-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar