Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 10, 2009 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
413
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis

Savio C Reddymasu University of Kansas Medical Center, Division of Gastrointestinal Motility, Department of Medicine, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, KS-66160-7350, USA +1 91 3 588 4051; +1 913 588 3995 E-mail:[email protected]
, MD &
Richard W McCallum University of Kansas Medical Center, Division of Gastrointestinal Motility, Department of Medicine, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, KS-66160-7350, USA +1 91 3 588 4051; +1 913 588 3995 E-mail:[email protected]
, MD
Pages 469-484 | Published online: 04 Feb 2009

Bibliography

  • Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2004;127(5):1592-622
  • Park MI, Camilleri M. Gastroparesis: clinical update. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101(5):1129-39
  • Kendall BJ, Mccallum RW. Gastroparesis and the current use of prokinetic drugs. Gastroenterologist 1993;1(2):107-14
  • Soykan I, Sivri B, Sarosiek I, et al. Demography, clinical characteristics, psychological and abuse profiles, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43(11):2398-404
  • Abell TL, Bernstein RK, Cutts T, et al. Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18(4):263-83
  • Wang YR, Fisher RS, Parkman HP. Gastroparesis-related hospitalizations in the United States: trends, characteristics, and outcomes, 1995-2004. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103(2):313-22
  • Petrakis IE, Vrachassotakis N, Sciacca V, et al. Hyperglycaemia attenuates erythromycin-induced acceleration of solid-phase gastric emptying in idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34(4):396-403
  • Kong MF, Horowitz M, Jones KL, et al. Natural history of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes Care 1999;22(3):503-7
  • Abell T, McCallum R, Hocking M, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation for medically refractory gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2003;125(2):421-8
  • Tonini M, Cipollina L, Poluzzi E, et al. Review article: clinical implications of enteric and central D2 receptor blockade by antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(4):379-90
  • Cellek S, John AK, Thangiah R, et al. 5-HT4 receptor agonists enhance both cholinergic and nitrergic activities in human isolated colon circular muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18(9):853-61
  • McCallum RW, Ricci DA, Rakatansky H, et al. A multicenter placebo-controlled clinical trial of oral metoclopramide in diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes Care 1983;6(5):463-7
  • Ricci DA, Saltzman MB, Meyer C, et al. Effect of metoclopramide in diabetic gastroparesis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985;7(1):25-32
  • Snape WJ, Jr., Battle WM, Schwartz SS, et al. Metoclopramide to treat gastroparesis due to diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1982;96(4):444-6
  • Perkel MS, Moore C, Hersh T, et al. Metoclopramide therapy in patients with delayed gastric emptying: a randomized, double-blind study. Dig Dis Sci 1979;24(9):662-6
  • Perkel MS, Hersh T, Moore C, et al. Metoclopramide therapy in fifty-five patients with delayed gastric emptying. Am J Gastroenterol 1980;74(3):231-6
  • McCallum RW, Valenzuela G, Polepalle S, et al. Subcutaneous metoclopramide in the treatment of symptomatic gastroparesis: clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991;258(1):136-42
  • Bateman DN, Rawlins MD, Simpson JM. Extrapyramidal reactions with metoclopramide. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291(6500):930-2
  • Pollera CF, Cognetli F, Nardi M, et al. Sudden death after acute dystonic reaction to high-dose metoclopramide. Lancet 1984;2(8400):460-1
  • Reasbeck PG, Hossenbocus A. Death following dystonic reaction to oral metclopramide. Br J Clin Pract 1979;33(1):31-3
  • van der Padt A, van Schaik RH, Sonneveld P. Acute dystonic reaction to metoclopramide in patients carrying homozygous cytochrome P450 2D6 genetic polymorphisms. Neth J Med 2006;64(5):160-2
  • Guala A, Mittino D, Ghini T, et al. Are metoclopramide dystonias familial?. Pediatr Med Chir 1992;14(6):617-8
  • Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, et al. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med 1993;153(12):1469-75
  • Kaplan S, Staffa JA, Dal Pan GJ. Duration of therapy with metoclopramide: a prescription claims data study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16(8):878-81
  • Shaffer D, Butterfield M, Pamer C, et al. (2004). Tardive dyskinesia risks and metoclopramide use before and after U.S. market withdrawal of cisapride. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003;44(6):661-5
  • Albibi R, McCallum RW. Metoclopramide: pharmacology and clinical application. Ann Intern Med 1983;98(1):86-95
  • Pasricha PJ, Pehlivanov N, Sugumar A, et al. Drug Insight: from disturbed motility to disordered movement--a review of the clinical benefits and medicolegal risks of metoclopramide. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;3(3):138-48
  • Reddymasu SC, Soykan I, McCallum RW. Domperidone: review of pharmacology and clinical applications in gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(9):2036-45
  • Heer M, Muller-Duysing W, Benes I, et al. Diabetic gastroparesis: treatment with domperidone--a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Digestion 1983;27(4):214-7
  • Horowitz M, Harding PE, Chatterton BE, et al. Acute and chronic effects of domperidone on gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30(1):1-9
  • Koch KL, Stern RM, Stewart WR, et al. Gastric emptying and gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: effect of long-term domperidone treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84(9):1069-75
  • Patterson D, Abell T, Rothstein R, et al. A double-blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94(5):1230-4
  • Soykan I, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. The effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms, gastric emptying, and quality of life in patients with gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(6):976-80
  • Quinn N, Illas A, Lhermitte F, et al. Bromocriptine and domperidone in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurology 1981;31(6):662-7
  • Soykan I, Sarosiek I, Shifflett J, et al. Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1997;12(6):952-7
  • Stern WR. Summary of the 34th meeting of the Food and Drug Administration Gastrointestinal Drugs Advisory Committee. March 15 and 16, 1989 (omeprazole and domperidone). Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84(11):1351-5
  • McCallum RW. Clinical pharmacology forum: motility agents and the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Med Sci 1996;312(1):19-26
  • Spirt MJ, Chan W, Thieberg M, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by domperidone. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37(6):946-8
  • Sowers JR, Sharp B, McCallum RW. Effect of domperidone, an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors, on thyrotropin, prolactin, renin, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54(4):869-71
  • Basque JR, Noritake M, Mizogami H, et al. Efficacy of itopride hydrochloride on gastric emptying in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2005;128:A156 (abstract)
  • Stevens JE, Russo A, Maddox AF, et al. Effect of itopride on gastric emptying in longstanding diabetes mellitus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20(5):456-63
  • Holtmann G, Talley NJ, Liebregts T, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of itopride in functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 2006;354(8):832-40
  • Talley NJ, Tack J, Ptak T, et al. Itopride in functional dyspepsia: results of two phase III multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Gut 2008;57(6):740-6
  • Mansi C, Savarino V, Vigneri S, et al. Gastrokinetic effects of levosulpiride in dyspeptic patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90(11):1989-93
  • Melga P, Mansi C, Ciuchi E, et al. Chronic administration of levosulpiride and glycemic control in IDDM patients with gastroparesis. Diabetes Care 1997;20(1):55-8
  • Brogden RN, Carmine AA, Heel RC, et al. Domperidone. A review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. Drugs 1982;24(5):360-400
  • Depoortere I. Motilin and motilin receptors: characterization and functional significance. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2001;63(6):511-29
  • Farrugia G, Macielag MJ, Peeters TL, et al. Motilin and OHM-11526 activate a calcium current in human and canine jejunal circular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1997;273(2 Pt 1):G404-12
  • Catnach SM, Fairclough PD. Erythromycin and the gut. Gut 1992;33(3):397-401
  • Parkman HP, Pagano AP, Vozzelli MA, et al. Gastrokinetic effects of erythromycin: myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms of action in rabbit stomach. Am J Physiol 1995;269(3 Pt 1):G418-26
  • Peeters TL, Depoortere I. Motilin receptor: a model for development of prokinetics. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39(12 Suppl):76S-8S
  • Kendall BJ, Chakravarti A, Kendall E, et al. The effect of intravenous erythromycin on solid meal gastric emptying in patients with chronic symptomatic post-vagotomy-antrectomy gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997;11(2):381-5
  • Maganti K, Onyemere K, Jones MP. Oral erythromycin and symptomatic relief of gastroparesis: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(2):259-63
  • Richards RD, Davenport K, McCallum RW. The treatment of idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis with acute intravenous and chronic oral erythromycin. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88(2):203-7
  • Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, et al. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 2004;351(11):1089-96
  • Sutera L, Dominguez LJ, Belvedere M, et al. Azithromycin in an older woman with diabetic gastroparesis. Am J Ther 2008;15(1):85-8
  • Bortolotti M, Gentilini L, Morselli C, et al. Gastroparesis refractory to prokinetics: neuromuscolar unresponsiveness or faulty bioavailability of the drug? Dig Dis Sci 2005;50(5):882-4
  • Bortolotti M, Mari C, Brunelli F, et al. Effect of intravenous clarithromycin on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility of patients with functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44(12):2439-42
  • Bortolotti M, Brunelli F, Sarti P, et al. Effects of oral clarithromycin and amoxycillin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility of patients with functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12(10):1021-5
  • Peeters TL. GM-611 (Chugai Pharmaceutical). Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001;2(4):555-7
  • Ozaki K, Yogo K, Sudo H, et al. Effects of mitemcinal (GM-611), an acid-resistant nonpeptide motilin receptor agonist, on the gastrointestinal contractile activity in conscious dogs. Pharmacology 2007;79(4):223-35
  • McCallum RW, Cynshi O. Efficacy of mitemcinal, a motilin agonist, on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with symptoms suggesting diabetic gastropathy: a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(1):107-16
  • McCallum RW, Cynshi O. Clinical trial: effect of mitemcinal (a motilin agonist) on gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis - a randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(8):1121-30
  • Fraser RJ, Horowitz M, Maddox AF, et al. Postprandial antropyloroduodenal motility and gastric emptying in gastroparesis--effects of cisapride. Gut 1994;35(2):172-8
  • Fraser R, et al. Dual effects of cisapride on gastric emptying and antropyloroduodenal motility. Am J Physiol 1993;264(2 Pt 1):G195-201
  • Camilleri M, Malagelada JR, Abell TL, et al. Effect of six weeks of treatment with cisapride in gastroparesis and intestinal pseudoobstruction. Gastroenterology 1989;96(3):704-12
  • Richards RD, Valenzuela GA, Davenport KG, et al. Objective and subjective results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using cisapride to treat gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38(5):811-6
  • Abell TL, Camilleri M, DiMagno EP, et al. Long-term efficacy of oral cisapride in symptomatic upper gut dysmotility. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36(5):616-20
  • Kendall BJ, Kendall ET, Soykan I, et al. Cisapride in the long-term treatment of chronic gastroparesis: a 2-year open-label study. J Int Med Res 1997;25(4):182-9
  • Jian R, Ducrot F, Ruskone A, et al. Symptomatic, radionuclide and therapeutic assessment of chronic idiopathic dyspepsia. A double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of cisapride. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34(5):657-64
  • Smalley W, Shatin D, Wysowski DK, et al. Contraindicated use of cisapride: impact of food and drug administration regulatory action. JAMA 2000;284(23):3036-9
  • Wysowski DK, Corken A, Gallo-Torres H, et al. Postmarketing reports of QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia in association with cisapride and Food and Drug Administration regulatory actions. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(6):1698-703
  • Bran S, Murray WA, Hirsch IB, et al. Long QT syndrome during high-dose cisapride. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(7):765-8
  • Rampe D, Roy ML, Dennis A, et al. A mechanism for the proarrhythmic effects of cisapride (Propulsid): high affinity blockade of the human cardiac potassium channel HERG. FEBS Lett 1997;417(1):28-32
  • Morganroth J, Ruegg PC, Dunger-Baldauf C, et al. Tegaserod, a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 receptor partial agonist, is devoid of electrocardiographic effects. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(9):2321-7
  • Degen L, et al. Effect of tegaserod on gut transit in male and female subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17(6):821-6
  • Degen L, Petrig C, Studer D, et al. Tegaserod, a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, accelerates gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in healthy male subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(11):1745-51
  • Tougas G, Chen Y, Luo D, et al. Tegaserod improves gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis and dyspeptic symptoms. Gastroenterology 2003;124:A54 (abstract)
  • Chau AT, Rudolph SJ, Soltis RD. Escalated dosing of tegaserod for the treatment of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:S481. [Abstract 1242]
  • Thompson CA. Novartis suspends tegaserod sales at FDA's request. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64(10):1020
  • DiBaise JK. Tegaserod-associated ischemic colitis. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(4):620-5
  • Kanaizumi T, Nakano H, Matsui Y, et al. Prokinetic effect of AS-4370 on gastric emptying in healthy adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41(4):335-7
  • Asakawa H, Hayashi I, Fukui T, et al. Effect of mosapride on glycemic control and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with gastropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;61(3):175-82
  • Potet F, Bouyssou T, Escande D,et al. Gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs have different affinity for the human cardiac human ether-a-gogo K(+) channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;299(3):1007-12
  • Mackie AD, Ferrington C, Cowan S, et al. The effects of renzapride, a novel prokinetic agent, in diabetic gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1991;5(2):135-42
  • Nakajima T, Nawata H, Ito Y. Z-338, a newly synthetized carboxyamide derivative, stimulates gastric motility through enhancing the excitatory neurotransmission. J Smooth Muscle Res 2000;36(2):69-81
  • Lehmann A. Z-338. Zeria/Yamanouchi. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2004;5(7):760-5
  • Seto K, Sasaki T, Katsunuma K, et al. Acotiamide hydrochloride (Z-338), a novel prokinetic agent, restores delayed gastric emptying and feeding inhibition induced by restraint stress in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20(9):1051-9
  • Kei M, Michio H, Daisuke S, et al. Dose-Dependent Therapeutic Efficacy of Acotiamide (Z-338) in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: 100 Mg tid Is An Optimal Dosage. DDW 2008. Abstract 1027
  • Bortolotti M, Cucchiara S, Sarti P, et al. Comparison between the effects of neostigmine and ranitidine on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility of patients with gastroparesis. Digestion 1995;56(2):96-9
  • Lucey MA, Patil V, Girling K, et al. Does neostigmine increase gastric emptying in the critically ill?–results of a pilot study. Crit Care Resusc 2003;5(1):14-9
  • Dornonville de la Cour C, Lindstrom E, Norlen P, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells. Regul Pept 2004;120(1-3):23-32
  • Trudel L, Tomasetto C, Rio MC, et al. Ghrelin/motilin-related peptide is a potent prokinetic to reverse gastric postoperative ileus in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282(6):G948-52
  • Kitazawa T, De Smet B, Verbeke K, et al. Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro. Gut 2005;54(8):1078-84
  • Fujino K, Inui A, Asakawa A, et al. Ghrelin induces fasted motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in conscious fed rats. J Physiol 2003;550(Pt 1):227-40
  • Masuda Y, Tanaka T, Inomata N, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;276(3):905-8
  • Dass NB, Munonyara M, Bassil AK, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue receptors in rat and human gastrointestinal tract and the effects of ghrelin. Neuroscience 2003;120(2):443-53
  • Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans. Gut 2006;55(3):327-33
  • Levin F, Edholm T, Schmidt PT, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(9):3296-302
  • Murray CD, Martin NM, Patterson M, et al. Ghrelin enhances gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: a double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut 2005;54(12):1693-8
  • Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. Influence of ghrelin on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms in idiopathic gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22(9):847-53
  • Borovicka J, Kreiss C, Asal K, et al. Role of cholecystokinin as a regulator of solid and liquid gastric emptying in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271(3 Pt 1):G448-53
  • Mclaughlin J, Grazia Luca M, Jones MN, et al. Fatty acid chain length determines cholecystokinin secretion and effect on human gastric motility. Gastroenterology 1999;116(1):46-53
  • Grider JR, Makhlouf GM. Distinct receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin on muscle cells of stomach and gallbladder. Am J Physiol 1990;259(2 Pt 1):G184-90
  • Schwizer W, Borovicka J, Kunz P, et al. Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide. Gut 1997;41(4):500-4
  • Feinle C, D'Amato M, Read NW. Cholecystokinin-A receptors modulate gastric sensory and motor responses to gastric distension and duodenal lipid. Gastroenterology 1996;110(5):1379-85
  • Scarpignato C, Kisfalvi I, D'Amato M, et al. Effect of dexloxiglumide and spiroglumide, two new CCK-receptor antagonists, on gastric emptying and secretion in the rat: evaluation of their receptor selectivity in vivo. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996;10(3):411-9
  • Wood JD, Galligan JJ. Function of opioids in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004;16 (Suppl 2):17-28
  • Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA, et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. N Engl J Med 2008;358(22):2332-43
  • Rosa-e-Silva L, Troncon LE, Oliveira RB, et al. Treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with oral clonidine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9(2):179-83
  • Huilgol V, Evans J, Hellman RS, et al. Acute effect of clonidine on gastric emptying in patients with diabetic gastropathy and controls. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(5):945-50
  • Parkman HP, Trate DM, Knight LC, et al. Cholinergic effects on human gastric motility. Gut 1999;45(3):346-54
  • McCallum RW, Fink SM, Lerner E, et al. Effects of metoclopramide and bethanechol on delayed gastric emptying present in gastroesophageal reflux patients. Gastroenterology 1983;84(6):1573-7
  • Malagelada JR, Rees WD, Mazzotta LJ, et al. Gastric motor abnormalities in diabetic and postvagotomy gastroparesis: effect of metoclopramide and bethanechol. Gastroenterology 1980;78(2):286-93
  • Parkman HP, Pagano AP, Ryan JP, Pagano AP, Ryan JP. Ranitidine and nizatidine stimulate antral smooth muscle contractility via excitatory cholinergic mechanisms. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43(3):497-505
  • Ueki S, Seiki M, Yoneta T, et al. Gastroprokinetic activity of nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, and its possible mechanism of action in dogs and rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;264(1):152-7
  • Simpson PJ, Ooi C, Chong J, et al. Does the Use of Nizatidine, as a Pro-kinetic Agent, Improve Gastric Emptying in Patients Post-oesophagectomy? J Gastrointest Surg 2008
  • Koskenpato J, Punkkinen JM, Kairemo K, et al. Nizatidine and gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53(2):352-7
  • McCallum R, Zarling E, Goetsch CA et al. Nizatidine controlled release has gastric prokinetic effects in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gastroenterology 2004;126(Suppl 2):A-335
  • Boeckxstaens GE. Reflux inhibitors: a new approach for GERD? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008
  • Omari TI, Benninga MA, Sansom L, et al. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006;149(4):468-74
  • Lysy J, Israeli E, Strauss-Liviatan N, et al. Relationships between hypoglycaemia and gastric emptying abnormalities in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18(6):433-40
  • Landzinski J, Kiser TH, Fish DN, et al. Gastric motility function in critically ill patients tolerant vs intolerant to gastric nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008;32(1):45-50
  • Quigley EM, Hasler WL, Parkman HP. AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology 2001;120(1):263-86
  • Lossos IS, Mevorach D, Oren R. Thiethylperazine treatment of gastroparesis diabeticorum. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26(7-8):1016
  • Netzer P, Gaia C, Lourens ST, et al. Does intravenous ondansetron affect gastric emptying of a solid meal, gastric electrical activity or blood hormone levels in healthy volunteers? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(1):119-27
  • Nielsen OH, Hvid-Jacobsen K, Lund P, et al. Gastric emptying and subjective symptoms of nausea: lack of effects of a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonist ondansetron on gastric emptying in patients with gastric stasis syndrome. Digestion 1990;46(2):89-96
  • Kothari SN, Boyd WC, Bottcher ML, et al. Antiemetic efficacy of prophylactic dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) vs ondansetron (Zofran): a randomized, prospective trial inpatients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2000;14(10):926-9
  • Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, et al. Dimenhydrinate for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46(3):238-44
  • Muth ER, Jokerst M, Stern RM, et al. Effects of dimenhydrinate on gastric tachyarrhythmia and symptoms of vection-induced motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 1995;66(11):1041-5
  • Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, et al. Effects of motion sickness and antimotion sickness drugs on gastric function. J Clin Pharmacol 1994;34(6):635-43
  • Navari RM. Aprepitant: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004;4(5):715-24
  • Madsen JL, Fuglsang S. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant on gastrointestinal motor function in healthy humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27(7):609-15
  • Slatkin NE. Cannabinoids in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: beyond prevention of acute emesis. J Support Oncol 2007;5(5 Suppl 3):1-9
  • Davis M, Maida V, Daeninck P, et al. The emerging role of cannabinoid neuromodulators in symptom management. Support Care Cancer 2007;15(1):63-71
  • McCallum RW, Soykan I, Sridhar KR, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol delays the gastric emptying of solid food in humans: a double-blind, randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13(1):77-80
  • Allen JH, de Moore GM, Heddle R, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse. Gut 2004;53(11):1566-70
  • Sawhney MS, Prakash C, Lustman PJ, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic vomiting in diabetic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52(2):418-24
  • Namin F, Patel J, Lin Z, et al. Clinical, psychiatric and manometric profile of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults and response to tricyclic therapy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19(3):196-202
  • Camarini R, Benedito MA. Chronic imipramine treatment-induced changes in acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) activity in discrete rat brain regions. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997;30(8):955-60
  • Huangfu D, Goodwin WB, Guyenet PG. Sympatholytic effect of tricyclic antidepressants: site and mechanism of action in anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol 1995;268(6 Pt 2):R1429-41
  • Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, et al. Mirtazapine for severe gastroparesis unresponsive to conventional prokinetic treatment. Psychosomatics 2006;47(5):440-2
  • White PF, Tang J, Song D, et al. Transdermal scopolamine: an alternative to ondansetron and droperidol for the prevention of postoperative and postdischarge emetic symptoms. Anesth Analg 2007;104(1):92-6
  • Hurwitz A, Robinson RG, Herrin WF, et al. Oral anticholinergics and gastric emptying. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31(2):168-74
  • Chepyala P, Olden KW. Nausea and vomiting. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2008;11(2):135-44
  • McKeage K, Simpson D, Wagstaff AJ. Intravenous droperidol: a review of its use in the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Drugs 2006;66(16):2123-47
  • Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ, Kalloo AN, et al. Pain: the overlooked symptom in gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94(4):1029-33
  • Maurer AH, Krevsky B, Knight LC, et al. Opioid and opioid-like drug effects on whole-gut transit measured by scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1996;37(5):818-22
  • Hasler WL, Soudah HC, Dulai G, et al. Mediation of hyperglycemia-evoked gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias by endogenous prostaglandins. Gastroenterology 1995;108(3):727-36
  • Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Fulfaro F, et al. Switching from morphine to methadone to improve analgesia and tolerability in cancer patients: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(11):2898-904
  • Tawfik MO, Bryuzgin V, Kourteva G. Use of transdermal fentanyl without prior opioid stabilization in patients with cancer pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20(3):259-67
  • Van Oudenhove L, Kindt S, Vos R, et al. Influence of buspirone on gastric sensorimotor function in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20081;28(11-12):1326-33
  • Jackson KC, 2nd. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain. Pain Pract 2006;6(1):27-33
  • Camilleri M. Novel pharmacology: asimadoline, a kappa-opioid agonist, and visceral sensation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20(9):971-9
  • Cenac N, Altier C, Chapman K, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 has a major role in visceral hypersensitivity symptoms. Gastroenterology 2008;135(3):937-46
  • Winston J, Shenoy M, Medley D, et al. The vanilloid receptor initiates and maintains colonic hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colon irritation in rats. Gastroenterology 2007;132(2):615-27

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.