Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 10, 2009 - Issue 10
Submit an article Journal homepage
221
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Treatment options for epileptic myoclonus and epilepsy syndromes associated with myoclonus

Danielle M Andrade Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
, MD,
Clement Hamani Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
, MD PhD &
Berge A Minassian Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Room 6536B, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8 [email protected]
, MD
Pages 1549-1560 | Published online: 15 Jun 2009

Bibliography

  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep starts (hypnic jerks). In: Sateia M, editor, The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005. p. 208-210
  • Fahn S CM, Van Woert MH. Definition and classification of myoclonus. In: Fahn S, editor, Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1986. p. 1-5
  • Shibasaki H, Hallett M. Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus. Muscle Nerve 2005;31:157-74
  • Koskiniemi M, Donner M, Majuri H, et al. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy. A clinical and histopathological study. Acta Neurol Scand 1974;50:307-32
  • Genton PD, Charlot C. Treatment of epilepsies with myoclonia. In: DF Shorvon S, Fish D, Thomas D, editors, The Treatment of Epilepsy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. p. 247-57
  • Iivanainen M, Himberg JJ. Valproate and clonazepam in the treatment of severe progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 1982;39:236-8
  • Henry TR, Leppik IE, Gumnit RJ, et al. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy treated with zonisamide. Neurology 1988;38:928-31
  • Kyllerman M, Ben-Menachem E. Zonisamide for progressive myoclonus epilepsy: long-term observations in seven patients. Epilepsy Res 1998;29:109-14
  • Vossler DG, Conry JA, Murphy JV. Zonisamide for the treatment of myoclonic seizures in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: an open-label study. Epileptic Disord 2008;10:31-4
  • Genton P, Guerrini R, Remy C. Piracetam in the treatment of cortical myoclonus. Pharmacopsychiatry 1999;32(Suppl 1):49-53
  • Kinrions P, Ibrahim N, Murphy K, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam in a patient with Unverricht-Lundborg progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology 2003;60:1394-5
  • Magaudda A, Gelisse P, Genton P. Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam in 13 patients with Unverricht-Lundborg disease: clinical observations. Epilepsia 2004;45:678-81
  • Hurd RW, Wilder BJ, Helveston WR, et al. Treatment of four siblings with progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type with N-acetylcysteine. Neurology 1996;47:1264-8
  • Edwards MJ, Hargreaves IP, Heales SJ, et al. N-acetylcysteine and Unverricht-Lundborg disease: variable response and possible side effects. Neurology 2002;59:1447-9
  • Genton P, Gelisse P, Crespel A. Lack of efficacy and potential aggravation of myoclonus with lamotrigine in Unverricht-Lundborg disease. Epilepsia 2006;47:2083-5
  • Uldall P, Buchholt JM. Clinical experiences with topiramate in children with intractable epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1999;3:105-11
  • Eldridge R, Iivanainen M, Stern R, et al. ‘Baltic‘ myoclonus epilepsy: hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoin. Lancet 1983;2:838-42
  • Andrade DM, Turnbull J, Minassian BA. Lafora disease, seizures and sugars. Acta Myol 2007;26:83-6
  • Franceschetti S, Gambardella A, Canafoglia L, et al. Clinical and genetic findings in 26 Italian patients with Lafora disease. Epilepsia 2006;47:640-3
  • Singh S, et al. Mutations in the NHLRC1 gene are the common cause for Lafora disease in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2005;50:347-52
  • Heycop TV. Lafora disease, a form of progressive myoclonus epilesy. In: BG Vinken PJ, editor, The Epilepsies. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 15. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974. p. 382-422
  • Minassian BA. Lafora's disease: towards a clinical, pathologic, and molecular synthesis. Pediatr Neurol 2001;25:21-9
  • Yoshimura I, Kaneko S, Yoshimura N, et al. Long-term observations of two siblings with Lafora disease treated with zonisamide. Epilepsy Res 2001;46:283-7
  • Aykutlu E, Baykan B, Gurses C, et al. Add-on therapy with topiramate in progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2005;6:260-3
  • Cardinali S, Canafoglia L, Bertoli S, et al. A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in patients with Lafora body disease. Epilepsy Res 2006;69:129-34
  • Aberg LE, Backman M, Kirveskari E, et al. Epilepsy and antiepileptic drug therapy in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Epilepsia 2000;41:1296-302
  • Aberg L, Heiskala H, Vanhanen SL, et al. Lamotrigine therapy in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL). Neuropediatrics 1997;28:77-9
  • Dravet CB, Bureau M, Guerrini R, et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants. In: BM Roger J, Dravet C, Dreifuss FE, Perret A, Wolf P, editors, Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. London: Libbey, 1992. p. 75-88
  • Wallace SJ. Myoclonus and epilepsy in childhood: a review of treatment with valproate, ethosuximide, lamotrigine and zonisamide. Epilepsy Res 1998;29:147-54
  • Guerrini R, et al. Lamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:508-12
  • Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, et al. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study group. Lancet 2000;356:1638-42
  • Thanh TN, Chiron C, Dellatolas G, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of stiripentaol in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (Dravet's syndrome). Arch Pediatr 2002;9:1120-7
  • Striano P, Coppola A, Pezzella M, et al. An open-label trial of levetiracetam in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. Neurology 2007;69:250-4
  • Labate A, Colosimo E, Gambardella A, et al. Levetiracetam in patients with generalised epilepsy and myoclonic seizures: an open label study. Seizure 2006;15:214-18
  • Tanabe T, Awaya Y, Matsuishi T, et al. Management of and prophylaxis against status epilepticus in children with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI; Dravet syndrome) – a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan. Brain Dev 2008;30:629-35
  • Coppola G, Capovilla G, Montagnini A, et al. Topiramate as add-on drug in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: an Italian multicenter open trial. Epilepsy Res 2002;49:45-8
  • Nieto-Barrera M, Candau R, Nieto-Jimenez M, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Seizure 2000;9:590-4
  • Saito Y, Oguni H, Awaya Y, et al. Phenytoin-induced choreoathetosis in patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Neuropediatrics 2001;32:231-5
  • Jeavons PM, Clark JE. Sodium valproate in treatment of epilepsy. Br Med J 1974;2:584-6
  • Clancy RR. Valproate: an update – the challenge of modern pediatric seizure management. Curr Probl Pediatr 1990;20:161-233
  • Wheless JW, Constantinou JE. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 1997;17:203-11
  • Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993;328:29-33
  • Siegel H, Kelley K, Stertz B, et al. The efficacy of felbamate as add-on therapy to valproic acid in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Res 1999;34:91-7
  • Yeung S, Ferrie CD, Murdoch-Eaton DG, et al. Topiramate for drug-resistant epilepsies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2000;4:31-3
  • Eriksson AS, Nergardh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia 1998;39:495-501
  • Hancock E, Cross H. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD003277
  • Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1807-12
  • Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology 1999;52:1882-7
  • French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2004;62:1261-73
  • Guerrini R, et al. Myoclonic status epilepticus following high-dosage lamotrigine therapy. Brain Dev 1999;21:420-4
  • Weber S, Beran RG. A pilot study of compassionate use of Levetiracetam in patients with generalised epilepsy. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11:728-31
  • De Los Reyes EC, Sharp GB, Williams JP, et al. Levetiracetam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2004;30:254-6
  • Chamberlain MC. Nitrazepam for refractory infantile spasms and the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. J Child Neurol 1996;11:31-4
  • You SJ, Kang HC, Kim HD, et al. Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev 2008;30:287-90
  • Hakimian S, Cheng-Hakimian A, Anderson GD, et al. Rufinamide: a new anti-epileptic medication. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8:1931-40
  • Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, et al. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology 2008;70:1950-8
  • Dulac O, Chiron C, Luna D, et al. Vigabatrin in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol 1991;(Suppl 2):30-7
  • Vossler DG. Exacerbation of seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome by gabapentin. Neurology 1996;46:852-3
  • Dulac O, N'Guyen T. The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 1993;34(Suppl 7):7-17
  • Sorenson JM, Wheless JW, Baumgartner JE, et al. Corpus callosotomy for medically intractable seizures. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;27:260-7
  • Guerrini R, De Lorey TM, Bonanni P, et al. Cortical myoclonus in Angelman syndrome. Ann Neurol 1996;40:39-48
  • Stecker MM, Myers SM. Reserpine responsive myoclonus and hyperpyrexia in a patient with Angelman syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;105:183-7
  • Espay AJ, Andrade DM, Wennberg RA, et al. Atypical absences and recurrent absence status in an adult with Angelman syndrome due to the UBE3A mutation. Epileptic Disord 2005;7:227-30
  • Laan LA, den Boer AT, Hennekam RC, et al. Angelman syndrome in adulthood. Am J Med Genet 1996;66:356-60
  • Sugiura C, Ogura K, Ueno M, et al. High-dose ethosuximide for epilepsy in Angelman syndrome: implication of GABA(A) receptor subunit. Neurology 2001;57:1518-19
  • Dion MH, Novotny EJ, Jr., Carmant L, et al. Lamotrigine therapy of epilepsy with Angelman's syndrome. Epilepsia 2007;48:593-6
  • Franz DN, Glauser TA, Tudor C, et al. Topiramate therapy of epilepsy associated with Angelman's syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:1185-8
  • Oguni H, Tanaka T, Hayashi K, et al. Treatment and long-term prognosis of myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of early childhood. Neuropediatrics 2002;33:122-32
  • Doose H. Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl 1992;6:163-8
  • Neubauer BA, Hahn A, Doose H, et al. Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of early childhood – definition, course, nosography, and genetics. Adv Neurol 2005;95:147-55
  • Kilaru S, Bergqvist AG. Current treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy: clinical experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Epilepsia 2007;48:1703-7
  • Auvin S, Pandit F, De Bellecize J, et al. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants: electroclinical features and long-term follow-up of 34 patients. Epilepsia 2006;47:387-93
  • Mangano S, Fontana A, Cusumano L. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: neuropsychological and behavioural outcome. Brain Dev 2005;27:218-23
  • Cuvellier JC, Lamblin MD, Cuisset JM, et al. Benign reflex myoclonic epilepsy in infants. Arch Pediatr 1997;4:755-8
  • Todt H, Muller D. The therapy of benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants. Epilepsy Res Suppl 1992;6:137-9
  • Capovilla G, Beccaria F, Gambardella A, et al. Photosensitive benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Epilepsia 2007;48:96-100
  • Bech P, Pedersen K, Simonsen N, et al. A multidimensional study of personality traits ad modum Sjobring. Acta Neurol Scand 1976;54:348-58
  • Penry JK, Dean JC, Riela AR. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term response to therapy. Epilepsia 1989;30(Suppl 4):19-23; discussion 24-7
  • Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: expert opinion, 2005. J Child Neurol 2005;20(Suppl 1):1-56; quiz 59-60
  • Morris GL, Hammer AE, Kustra RP, et al. Lamotrigine for patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy following prior treatment with valproate: results of an open-label study. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5:509-12
  • Buchanan N. The use of lamotrigine in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure 1996;5149-51
  • Gericke CA, Picard F, de Saint-Martin A, et al. Efficacy of lamotrigine in idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes: a video-EEG-controlled, open study. Epileptic Disord 1999;1:159-65
  • Levisohn PM, Holland KD. Topiramate or valproate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a randomized open-label comparison. Epilepsy Behav 2007;10:547-52
  • Noachtar S, Andermann E, Meyvisch P, et al. Levetiracetam for the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with myoclonic seizures. Neurology 2008;70:607-16
  • Di Bonaventura C, Fattouch J, Mari F, et al. Clinical experience with levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy according to different syndrome subtypes. Epileptic Disord 2005;7:231-5
  • Krauss GL, Betts T, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Levetiracetam treatment of idiopathic generalised epilepsy. Seizure 2003;12:617-20
  • Betts T, Yarrow H, Greenhill L, et al. Clinical experience of marketed Levetiracetam in an epilepsy clinic-a one year follow up study. Seizure 2003;12:136-40
  • Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Coppola G, et al. Levetiracetam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term efficacy in newly diagnosed adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008;50:29-32
  • Welty TE, Martin JE, Faught E, et al. Comparison of outcomes in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy treated with lamotrigine, topiramate, zonisamide, or levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2002;43(Suppl 7): Abstract F.03
  • Kothare SV, Valencia I, Khurana DS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 2004;6:267-70
  • O'Rourke D, Flynn C, White M, et al. Potential efficacy of zonisamide in refractory juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: retrospective evidence from an Irish compassionate-use case series. Iran Med J 2007;100:431-3
  • Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Domizio S, et al. Levetiracetam in absence epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008;50:850-3
  • Rocamora R, Wagner K, Schulze-Bonhage A. Levetiracetam reduces frequency and duration of epileptic activity in patients with refractory primary generalized epilepsy. Seizure 2006;15:428-33
  • Wheless JW. Use of topiramate in childhood generalized seizure disorders. J Child Neurol 2000;15(Suppl 1):7-13
  • Manonmani V, Wallace SJ. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:288-90
  • Jeavons PM, Clark JE, Maheshwari MC. Treatment of generalized epilepsies of childhood and adolescence with sodium valproate (‘epilim’). Dev Med Child Neurol 1977;19:9-25
  • Genton PD, Dravet C. Treatment of epilepsies with myoclonia. In: SD Shorvon F, Fish D, Thomas D, editors, The Treatment of Epilepsy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. p. 247-57
  • Tassinari CAM, Rubboli RG, Passarelli D, et al. Eyelid myoclonia with absences. In: Duncan JP, CP, ed. Typical absences and related epileptic syndromes. London: Churchill Communications Europe; 1995. p. 187-93
  • Appleton RE, Panayiotopoulos CP, Acomb BA, et al. Eyelid myoclonia with typical absences: an epilepsy syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:1312-16
  • Striano P, et al. A pilot trial of levetiracetam in eyelid myoclonia with absences (Jeavons syndrome). Epilepsia 2008;49:425-30
  • Perucca E, Gram L, Avanzini G, et al. Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizures. Epilepsia 1998;39:5-17
  • Genton P. When antiepileptic drugs aggravate epilepsy. Brain Dev 2000;22:75-80
  • Snead OC 3rd, Hosey LC. Exacerbation of seizures in children by carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 1985;313:916-21
  • Viani F, Romeo A, Viri M, et al. Seizure and EEG patterns in Angelman's syndrome. J Child Neurol 1995;10:467-71
  • Nanba Y, Maegaki Y. Epileptic negative myoclonus induced by carbamazepine in a child with BECTS. Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Pediatr Neurol 1999;21:664-7
  • Genton P, Gelisse P, Thomas P, et al. Do carbamazepine and phenytoin aggravate juvenile myoclonic epilepsy? Neurology 2000;55:1106-9
  • Marciani MG, Maschio M, Spanedda F, et al. Development of myoclonus in patients with partial epilepsy during treatment with vigabatrin: an electroencephalographic study. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;91:1-5
  • Kuenzle C, Steinlin M, Wohlrab G, et al. Adverse effects of vigabatrin in Angelman syndrome. Epilepsia 1998;39:1213-15
  • Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Puertas I, de Toledo-Heras M. Drug-induced myoclonus: frequency, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs 2004;18:93-104
  • Ardesch JJ, Buschman HP, Wagener-Schimmel LJ, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for medically refractory epilepsy: a long-term follow-up study. Seizure 2007;16:579-85
  • Asadi-Pooya AA, Sharan A, Nei M, et al. Corpus callosotomy. Epilepsy Behav 2008;13:271-8
  • Ben-Menachem E. Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002;1:477-82
  • Buoni S, Mariottini A, Pieri S, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and young adults. Brain Dev 2004;26:158-63
  • Chavel SM, Westerveld M, Spencer S. Long-term outcome of vagus nerve stimulation for refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:302-9
  • Cukiert A, Burattini JA, Mariani PP, et al. Extended, one-stage callosal section for treatment of refractory secondarily generalized epilepsy in patients with Lennox-Gastaut and Lennox-like syndromes. Epilepsia 2006;47:371-4
  • DeGiorgio CM, Schachter SC, Handforth A, et al. Prospective long-term study of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures. Epilepsia 2000;41:1195-200
  • Frost M, Gates J, Helmers SL, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 2001;42:1148-52
  • Helmers SL, Wheless JW, Frost M, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy: retrospective study. J Child Neurol 2001;16:843-8
  • Holmes MD, Silbergeld DL, Drouhard D, et al. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on adults with pharmacoresistant generalized epilepsy syndromes. Seizure 2004;13:340-5
  • Jenssen S, Sperling MR, Tracy JI, et al. Corpus callosotomy in refractory idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Seizure 2006;15:621-9
  • Mapstone TB. Vagus nerve stimulation: current concepts. Neurosurg Focus 2008;25:E9
  • Milby AH, Halpern CH, Baltuch GH. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy and depression. Neurotherapeutics 2008;5:75-85
  • Nei M, O'Connor M, Liporace J, et al. Refractory generalized seizures: response to corpus callosotomy and vagal nerve stimulation. Epilepsia 2006;47:115-22
  • Sunaga S, Shimizu H, Sugano H. Long-term follow-up of seizure outcomes after corpus callosotomy. Seizure 2008;18:124-8
  • Wheless JW, Sankar R. Treatment strategies for myoclonic seizures and epilepsy syndromes with myoclonic seizures. Epilepsia 2003;44 (Suppl 11):27-37
  • You SJ, Kang HC, Ko TS, et al. Comparison of corpus callosotomy and vagus nerve stimulation in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Brain Dev 2008;30:195-9
  • Amar AP, DeGiorgio CM, Tarver WB, et al. Long-term multicenter experience with vagus nerve stimulation for intractable partial seizures: results of the XE5 trial. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1999;73:104-8
  • Smith B, Shatz R, Elisevich K, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type. Epilepsia 2000;41:1046-8
  • Chabardes S, Kahane P, Minotti L, et al. Deep brain stimulation in epilepsy with particular reference to the subthalamic nucleus. Epileptic Disord 2002;4 (Suppl 3):83-93
  • Vesper J, Steinhoff B, Rona S, et al. Chronic high-frequency deep brain stimulation of the STN/SNr for progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007;48:1984-9
  • Velasco F, Velasco M, Velasco AL, et al. Effect of chronic electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nuclei on various intractable seizure patterns: I. Clinical seizures and paroxysmal EEG activity. Epilepsia 1993;34:1052-64
  • Cif L, Valente EM, Hemm S, et al. Deep brain stimulation in myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord 2004;19:724-7
  • Foncke EM, Bour LJ, Speelman JD, et al Local field potentials and oscillatory activity of the internal globus pallidus in myoclonus-dystonia. Mov Disord 2007;22:369-76
  • Liu X, Griffin IC, Parkin SG, et al. Involvement of the medial pallidum in focal myoclonic dystonia: a clinical and neurophysiological case study. Mov Disord 2002;17:346-53
  • Magarinos-Ascone CM, Regidor I, Martinez-Castrillo JC, et al. Pallidal stimulation relieves myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:989-91
  • Kossoff EH, Rowley H, Sinha SR, et al. A prospective study of the modified Atkins diet for intractable epilepsy in adults. Epilepsia 2008;49:316-19
  • Mady MA, Kossoff EH, McGregor AL, et al. The ketogenic diet: adolescents can do it, too. Epilepsia 2003;44:847-51
  • Henderson CB, Filloux FM, Alder SC, et al. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet as a treatment option for epilepsy: meta-analysis. J Child Neurol 2006;21:193-8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.