Pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide

Bibliography

• Peyman G, Herbst R. Bacterial endophthalmitis. Treatment with intraocular injection of gentamicin and dexamethasone. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;91:416-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfold P, Gyory J, Hunyor A, Billson F. Exudative macular degeneration and intravitreal triamcinolone. A pilot study. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1995;23:293-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillies M, Simpson J, Luo W, A randomized clinical trial of a single dose of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year results. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:667-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter F, Simpson J, Gillies M. Intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema that persists after laser treatment: three month efficacy and safety results of a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2004;111:2044-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas J, Kreissig I, Söfker A, Degenring R. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:57-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Sutter F, Simpson J, Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1533-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macky T, Helmy D, El Shazly N. Retinal toxicity of triamcinolone's vehicle (benzyl alcohol): an electrophysiologic and electron microscopic study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:817-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kai W, Yanrong J, Xiaoxin L. Vehicle of triamcinolone acetonide is associated with retinal toxicity and transient increase of lens density. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:1152-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Moreno J, Montero J, Bayon A, Retinal toxicity of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide at high doses in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 2007;84:342-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang Y, Leibu R, Shoham N, Evaluation of intravitreal kenalog toxicity in humans. Ophthalmology 2007;114:724-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doggrell S. Triamcinolone: new and old indications. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001;2:1177-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Bao S, Lai D, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide inhibits breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier through differential regulation of VEGF-A and its receptors in early diabetic rat retinas. Diabetes 2008;57:1026-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman J, Lutz D, Castro M. Corticosteroids inhibit VEGF-induced vascular leakage in a rabbit model of blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier breakdown. Exp Eye Res 2005;80:249-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Berkowitz B, Sato Y, Treatment with intravitreal steroid reduces blood-retinal barrier breakdown due to retinal photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1155-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto T, Miyazaki M, Hisatomi T, Triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy improves the surgical procedures and decreases the postoperative blood-ocular barrier breakdown. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002;240:423-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragballe K. Topical corticosteroids: mechanisms of action. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1989;151:7-10; discussion 47-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamura H, Miyamoto K, Kiryu J, Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:1440-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfold PL, Wen L, Madigan MC, Modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression by human choroidal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:3125-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler D, Rozakis G, de Juan EJ, Machemer R. The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on a refined experimental model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;99:686-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciulla T, Criswell M, Danis R, Hill T. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide inhibits choroidal neovascularization in a laser-treated rat model. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:399-404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer PM, Bakri SJ, Singh RJ, Intraocular concentration and pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single intravitreal injection. Ophthalmology 2003;110:681-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason JR, Somaiya M, Singh R. Intravitreal concentration and clearance of triamcinolone acetonide in nonvitrectomized human eyes. Retina 2004;24:900-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis B, Chang E, Haik B. Particle size and drug interactions of injectable corticosteroids used in ophthalmic practice. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1884-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audren F, Tod M, Massin P, Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effect of triamcinolone acetonide on central macular thickness in patients with diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:3435-41. DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas J. Intraocular availability of triamcinolone acetonide after intravitreal injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:560-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenring RF, Jonas JB. Serum levels of triamcinolone acetonide after intravitreal injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:1142-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok H, Lau C, Maycock N, Outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone in uveitis. Ophthalmology 2005;112: 1916.e1911-1916.e1917
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallam A, Comer R, Chang J, Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic macular edema in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:200-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogewind B, Zijlstra C, Klevering B, Hoyng C. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of refractory macular edema in idiopathic intermediate or posterior uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2008;18:429-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry S, Ghosh S. Intravitreal and posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide in idiopathic bilateral uveitic macular oedema. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2007;35:713-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesel M, Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Comparison between intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide after phacoemulsification in patients with endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147:406-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer M, Ehrlich R, Snir M, Intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide for severe vitritis in patients with incomplete behcet's disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:666-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karacorlu M, Mudun B, Ozdemir H, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to behçet disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:289-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmaca L, Yalçindağ F, Ozdemir O. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in the management of cystoid macular edema in behçet's disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:451-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirimaharaj M, Robinson M, Zhu M, Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for immune recovery uveitis. Retina 2006;26:578-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison V, Kozak I, LaBree L, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of immune recovery uveitis macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007;114:334-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayreh S, Podhajsky P, Zimmerman B. Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:521-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayreh S, Zimmerman B, Kardon R. Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literature. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2002;80:355-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayreh SS. Ischemic optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009;28:34-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayreh S, Zimmerman B. Management of giant cell arteritis. Our 27-year clinical study: new light on old controversies. Ophthalmologica 2003;217:239-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas J, Spandau U, Harder B, Sauder G. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:749-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaderli B, Avci R, Yucel A, Intravitreal triamcinolone improves recovery of visual acuity in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2007;27:164-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmartin D, Dick A, Forrester J. Prospective surveillance of sympathetic ophthalmia in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:259-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmartin D, Dick A, Forrester J. Commentary: sympathetic ophthalmia risk following vitrectomy: should we counsel patients? Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:448-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas JB. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:367-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir H, Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in sympathetic ophthalmia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005;243:734-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan R, Seiff B, Lincoff H, Coleman D. Rapid recovery of sympathetic ophthalmia with treatment augmented by intravitreal steroids. Retina 2006;26:243-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horio N, Horiguchi M, Yamamoto N. Triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling during idiopathic macular hole surger. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:96-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tognetto D, Zenoni S, Sanguinett G, Staining of the internal limiting membrane with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Retina 2005;25:462-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewari A, Almony A, Shah GK. Macular hole closure with triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Retina 2008;28:1276-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyer D, Callanan D, Bochow T, Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of preservative-free triamcinolone (triesence [triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension] 40 mg/ml) for visualization during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 2009;29:38-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover D, Li T, Chong C. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes. Cochrane Libr 2008;1:CD005656
   Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Islam A, Zhu M, Efficacy and safety of multiple intravitreal triamcinolone injections for refractory diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91(10):1323-6
   Google Scholar
• Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1447-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles MC, Simpson JM, Gaston C, Five-year results of a randomized trial with open-label extension of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2009;116(11):2182-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck R, Edwards A, Aiello L, Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:245-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas J, Degenring R, Kreissig I, Exudative age-related macular degeneration treated by intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. A prospective comparative nonrandomized study. Eye 2005;19:163-70
   Google Scholar
• Jonas J, Spandau U, Kamppeter B, Harder B. Follow-up after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Eye 2007;21:387-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhary V, Mao A, Hooper P, Sheidow T. Triamcinolone acetonide as adjunctive treatment to verteporfin in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a prospective randomized trial. Ophthalmology 2007;114:2193-99
   Google Scholar
• Augustin A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Verteporfin therapy combined with intravitreal triamcinolone in all types of choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006;113:14-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group, T. C. V. O. S. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1425-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg P, Martidis A, Rogers A, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:247-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Zaheer I, Karia N. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular oedema owing to retinal vein occlusion. Eye 2008;22:60-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Wu W, Lin C. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for patients with macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion in Taiwan. Eye 2009;23:849-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewaily D, Greenberg P. Intravitreal steroids versus observation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;1:CD007324
   Google Scholar
• Chen S, Lochhead J, Patel C, Frith P. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for ischaemic macular oedema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:154-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yepremyan M, Wertz F, Tivnan T, Early treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:30-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cakir M, Dogan M, Bayraktar Z, Efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in eyes with or without grid laser photocoagulation. Retina 2008;28:465-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkiris A, Evereklioglu C, Erkiliç K, Ilhan O. The efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005;15:96-101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright P, Wilkinson C, Balyeat H, Angiographic cystoid macular edema after posterior chamber lens implantation. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:740-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark WJ, Maumenee A, Fagadau W, Cystoid macular edema in pseudophakia. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28(Suppl):442-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benhamou N, Massin P, Haouchine B, Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory pseudophakic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;135:246-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway M, Canakis C, Livir-Rallatos C, Peyman G. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for refractory chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:27-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscia F, Furino C, Dammacco R, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: functional and anatomic results. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005;15:89-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsandrea C, Moschos M, Brouzas D, Intraocular triamcinolone acetonide for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography study. Retina 2007;27:159-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karacorlu M, Ozdemir H, Karacorlu S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2003;81:648-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonas J, Kreissig I, Degenring R. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for pseudophakic cystoid macular edem. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:384-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorolli L, Morara M, Meduri A, Treatment of cystoid macular edema in retinitis pigmentosa with intravitreal triamcinolone. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:759-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir H, Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of cystoid macular oedema in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005;83:248-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez J. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for bilateral acquired parafoveal telangiectasis. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1658-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alldredge C, Garretson B. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis. Retina 2003;23:113-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithen L, Spaide R. Photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone for a subretinal neovascularization in bilateral idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:884-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarin R, Teoh S, Lim T. Resolution of severe macular oedema in adult coat's syndrome with high-dose intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Eye 2006;20:163-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonas J, Kamppeter B. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for persisting cystoid macular edema after penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2006;25:240-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Branley M. Use of intravitreal triamcinolone in the management of birdshot retinochoroidopathy associated with cystoid macular oedema: a case study over a three-year period. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2005;33:442-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klais C, Spaide R. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection in ocular ischemic syndrome. Retina 2004;24:459-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrade R, Muccioli C, Farah M, Intravitreal triamcinolone in the treatment of serous retinal detachment in vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:572-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karacorlu M, Arf Karacorlu S, Ozdemir H. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol 2006;16:481-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter F, Gillies M. Intravitreal triamcinolone for radiation-induced macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1491-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields C, Demirci H, Marr B, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for acute radiation papillopathy. Retina 2006;26:537-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Kuzniarz M, Craig J, Intravitreal triamcinolone-induced elevated intraocular pressure is associated with the development of posterior subcapsular cataract. Ophthalmology 2005;112:139-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Simpson J, Billson F, Safety of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: results from a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:336-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozerdem U, Levi L, Cheng L, Systemic toxicity of topical and periocular corticosteroid therapy in an 11-year-old male with posterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:240-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillebrand-Haverkort M, Prummel M, ten Veen J. Ritonavir-induced Cushing's syndrome in a patient treated with nasal fluticasone. AIDS 1999;13(13):1803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pessanha TM, Campos JM, Barros AC, Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome in a adolescent with AIDSs on ritonavir and inhaled fluticasone. Case report and literature review. AIDS 2007;21:529-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yombi J, Maiter D, Belkhir L, Iatrogenic cushing's syndrome and secondary adrenal insufficiency after a single intra-articular administration of triamcinolone acetonide in HIV-infected patients treated with ritonavir. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:S79-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saidel M, Berreen J, Margolis T. Cytomegalovirus retinitis after intravitreous triamcinolone in an immunocompetent patient. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:1141-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delyfer M, Rougier M, Hubschman J, Cytomegalovirus retinitis following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: report of two cases. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007;85:681-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park Y, Byeon S. Cytomegalovirus retinitis after intravitreous triamcinolone injection in a patient with central retinal vein occlusion. Korean J Ophthalmol 2008;22:143-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillies M, Simpson J, Luo W, A randomized clinical trial of a single dose of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year results. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:667-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter F, Gillies M. Pseudo-endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:972-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott I, Flynn H. Reducing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections. Retina 2007;27:10-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavsar A, Ip M, Glassman A. The risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone injection in the DRCRnet and SCORE clinical trials. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:454-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC). Triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog™, Triesence™, Trivaris™): recommendations and sample consent form. Version 6/25/06. Available from: http://www.omic.com/resources/risk_man/recommenddocs/Triamcinolone%20Acetonide%20Recommendations062508.rtf. [Last accessed 18 August 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, Dexamethasone DDS Phase II Study Group. Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:309-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip MS, Edwards AR, Beck RW, Bressler NM. Author reply. Ophthalmology 2009;116:596-7
   Google Scholar
• Gillies M. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2009;116:595
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciulla T, Walker J, Fong D, Criswell W. Corticosteroids in posterior segment disease: an update on new delivery systems and new indications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004;15:211-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1796-806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wijngaarden P, Coster D, Williams K. Inhibitors of ocular neovascularization: promises and potential problems. JAMA 2005;293:1509-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Wong T. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2007;356:748-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimura M, Nakazawa T, Yasuda K, Comparative therapy evaluation of intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide on persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:854-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam DS, Chan CK, Mohamed S, Intravitreal triamcinolone plus sequential grid laser versus triamcinolone or laser alone for treating diabetic macular edema: six-month outcomes. Ophthalmology 2007;114:2162-7, e2161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersey J, Broadway D. Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: a review of the literature. Eye 2007;20:407-16
   Google Scholar
• Jones RR, Rhee D. Corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a brief review and update of the literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006;17:163-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wordinger R, Clark A. Effects of glucocorticoids on the trabecular meshwork: towards a better understanding of glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999;18:629-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaeth G, Rodrigues M, Weinreb S. Steroid-induced glaucoma: A. Persistent elevation of intraocular pressure B. Histopathological aspects. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977;75:353-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto Y, Johnson D. Dexamethasone decreases phagocytosis by human trabecular meshwork cells in situ. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:1902-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Ognibene C, Clark A, Yorio T. Dexamethasone inhibition of trabecular meshwork cell phagocytosis and its modulation by glucocorticoid receptor beta. Exp Eye Res 2007;84:275-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Fan B, Yam G, The cytotoxic and stress responses of human trabecular meshwork cells treated with triamcinolone acetonide. Mol Vis 2008;22:105-13
   Google Scholar
• Tamm E. Myocilin and glaucoma: facts and ideas. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002;21:395-428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James E. The etiology of steroid cataract. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007;23:403-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling A, Augusteyn R. What causes steroid cataracts? A review of steroid-induced posterior subcapsular cataracts. Clin Exp Optom 2002;85:61-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James ER, Robertson L, Ehlert E, Presence of a transcriptionally active glucocorticoid receptor alpha in lens epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:5269-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshaghian J, Streeten B. Human posterior subcapsular cataract. An ultrastructural study of the posteriorly migrating cells. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:134-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greiner J, Chylack LJ. Posterior subcapsular cataracts: histopathologic study of steroid-associated cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:135-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Streeten B, Eshaghian J. Human posterior subcapsular cataract. A gross and flat preparation study. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1653-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyu J, Kim J, Chung S, Alteration of cadherin in dexamethasone-induced cataract organ-cultured rat lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:2034-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucala R, Gallati M, Manabe S, Glucocorticoid-lens protein adducts in experimentally induced steroid cataracts. Exp Eye Res 1985;40:853-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucala R, Manabe S, Urban R, Cerami A. Nonenzymatic modification of lens crystallins by prednisolone induces sulfhydryl oxidation and aggregate formation: in vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Eye Res 1985;41:353-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar