2,891
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Current knowledge and challenges of antimalarial drugs for treatment and prevention in pregnancy

, &
Pages 1277-1293 | Published online: 21 Apr 2010

Bibliography

  • WHO. World malaria report 2008. World Health Organization; 2008. WHO/HTM/GMP/2008.1
  • Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matuso PA, A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 2004;363:1017-24
  • WHO. A strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the African region. World Health Organization, Geneva 2004, 2004: AFR/MAL
  • Lindsay S, Ansell J, Selman C, Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Lancet 2000;355:1972
  • Ansell J, Hamilton KA, Pinder M, Short-range attractiveness of pregnant women to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002;96:113-116
  • Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:93-104
  • Menendez C, D'Alessandro U, ter Kuile FO. Reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy by preventive strategies. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:126-35
  • Schwarz NG, Adegnika AA, Breitling LP, Placental malaria increases malaria risk in the first 30 months of life. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1017-25
  • van Geertruyden JP, Thomas F, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U. The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;71:35-40
  • Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;64:28-35
  • Le Hesran JY, Fievet N, Thioulouse J, Development of cellular immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens from birth to 36 months of age in Cameroon. Acta Trop 2006;98:261-9
  • Brabin BJ. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 1983;61:1005-16
  • Shulman CE Dorman EK, Bulmer JN. Malaria as a cause of severe anaemia in pregnancy. Lancet 2002;360:494
  • Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Snow RW, The effects of malaria chemoprophylaxis given by traditional birth attendantes on the course and outcome of pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989;83:589-94
  • Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR, The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1740-5
  • Granja AC, Machungo F, Gomes A, Malaria-related maternal mortality in urban Mozambique. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998;92:257-63
  • Menendez C, Bardaji A, Sigauque B, A randomized placebo-controlled trial of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women in the context of insecticide treated nets delivered through the antenatal clinic. PLoS One 2008;3:e1934
  • Greenwood D. The quinine connection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;30:417-27
  • Payne D. Did medicated salt hasten the spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum? Parasitol Today 1988;4:112-5
  • Myint HY, Ashley EA, Day NP, Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007;101:858-66
  • Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 2002;359:2188-94
  • WHO. WHO guidelines for the treatment of malaria; 2006. WHO/HTM/MAL/2006.1108
  • Nosten F, Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Malaria in pregnancy and the endemicity spectrum: what can we learn? Trends Parasitol 2004;20:425-32
  • Guyatt HL, Snow RW. The epidemiology and burden of Plasmodium falciparum-related anemia among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;64:36-44
  • Bardaji A, Sigauque B, Bruni L, Clinical malaria in African pregnant women. Malar J 2008;7:27
  • Maitra N, Joshi M, Hazra M. Maternal manifestations of malaria in pregnancy: a review. Indian J Matern Child Health 1993;4:98-101
  • Kalia S, Dutz JP. New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:160-74
  • Khatoon L, Baliraine FN, Bonizzoni M, Prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from a malaria-endemic area of Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:525-8
  • Lee SW, Lee M, Lee DD, Biological resistance of hydroxychloroquine for Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:600-604
  • Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1959-66
  • Alkadi HO. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Chemotherapy 2007;53:385-91
  • Phillips-Howard PA Wood D. The safety of anti-malarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Saf 1996;14:131-45
  • Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Slutsker L, Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;55:50-6
  • Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Antimalarial agents in pregnancy. Lancet 2002;359:524-5
  • Akintonwa A, Gbajumo SA, Mabadeje AF. Placental and milk transfer of chloroquine in humans. Ther Drug Monit 1988;10:147-9
  • Chukwuani MC, Bolaji OO, Onyeji CO, Evidence for increased metabolism of chloroquine during the early third trimester of human pregnancy. Trop Med Int Health 2004;9:601-5
  • Lee SJ, McGready R, Fernandez C, Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:987-92
  • Dipiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. Appleton & Lange, Stanford-Connecticut, USA; 1997
  • Hatton CS, Peto TE, Bunch C, Frequency of severe neutropenia associated with amodiaquine prophylaxis against malaria. Lancet 1986;1:411-14
  • Taylor WR, White NJ. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf 2004;27:25-61
  • Thomas F, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U. Can amodiaquine be used safely during pregnancy? Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:235-9
  • White NJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985;10:187-215
  • Ward SA, Sevene EJ, Hastings IM, Antimalarial drugs and pregnancy: safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacovigilance. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:136-44
  • Tagbor HK, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B. The safety of amodiaquine use in pregnant women. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007;6:631-5
  • Ashley EA, Krudsood S, Phaiphun L, Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1773-82
  • Schlitzer M. Antimalarial drugs – what is in use and what is in the pipeline. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008;341:149-63
  • Adam I, Idris HM, Elbashir MI. Quinine for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnant Sudanese women in the first trimester. East Mediterr Health J 2004;10:560-5
  • McGready R, Brockman A, Cho T, Randomized comparison of mefloquine-artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94:689-93
  • Bounyasong S. Randomized trial of artesunate and mefloquine in comparison with quinine sulfate to treat P. falciparum malaria pregnant women. J Med Assoc Thai 2001;84:1289-99
  • Bateman DN, Dyson EH. Quinine toxicity. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 1986;5:215-33
  • Kochar DK, Kumawat BL, Kochar SK, Sanwal V. Hypoglycemia after oral quinine administration. J Assoc Physicians India 1995;43:654, 657
  • Rogerson SJ, Menendez C. Treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: opportunities and challenges. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006;4:687-702
  • White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, Quinine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in cerebral and uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Med 1982;73:564-72
  • Nosten F, McGready R, d'Alessandro U, Antimalarial drugs in pregnancy: a review. Curr Drug Saf 2006;1:1-15
  • Babalola CP, Bolaji OO, Ogunbona FA, Pharmacokinetics of quinine in African patients with acute falciparum malaria. Pharm World Sci 1998;20:118-22
  • Sowunmi A. Disposition of oral quinine in African patients suffering from acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. East Afr Med J 1996;73:519-23
  • Supanaranond W, Davis TM, Pukrittayakamee S, Disposition of oral quinine in acute falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40:49-52
  • Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Quinine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in pregnant and lactating women with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986;21:677-83
  • Abdelrahim, II, Adam I, Elghazali G, Pharmacokinetics of quinine and its metabolites in pregnant Sudanese women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007;32:15-19
  • Carrara VI, Zwang J, Ashley EA, Changes in the treatment responses to artesunate-mefloquine on the northwestern border of Thailand during 13 years of continuous deployment. PLoS One 2009;4:e4551
  • Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet 2000;356:297-302
  • Orton LC, Omari AA. Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD004912
  • Adam I, Ali DA, Alwaseila A, Mefloquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria during pregnancy in Eastern Sudan. Saudi Med J 2004;25:1400-2
  • Weinke T, Trautmann M, Held T, Neuropsychiatric side effects after the use of mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991;45:86-91
  • Udry E, Bailly F, Dusmet M, Pulmonary toxicity with mefloquine. Eur Respir J 2001;18:890-2
  • Katsenos S, Psathakis K, Nikolopoulou MI, Mefloquine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1767-71
  • Inoue T, Tanaka E, Sakuramoto M, Case of drug-induced pneumonia possibly due to mefloquine (antimalarial drug). Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2005;43:103-7
  • White NJ. Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:549-58
  • Fonteyne W, Bauwens A, Jordaens L. Atrial flutter with 1:1 conduction after administration of the antimalarial drug mefloquine. Clin Cardiol 1996;19:967-8
  • Vanhauwere B, Maradit H, Kerr L. Post-marketing surveillance of prophylactic mefloquine (Lariam) use in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;58:17-21
  • Newman RD, Parise ME, Slutsker L, Safety, efficacy and determinants of effectiveness of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy: implications for prevention programmes in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2003;8:488-506
  • Nosten F, Vincenti M, Simpson J, The effects of mefloquine treatment in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:808-15
  • Phillips-Howard PA, Steffen R, Kerr L, Safety of mefloquine and other antimalarial agents in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Travel Med 1998;5:121-6
  • Omari AA, Preston C, Garner P. Artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD003125
  • van Vugt M, Ezzet F, Nosten F, No evidence of cardiotoxicity during antimalarial treatment with artemether-lumefantrine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61:964-7
  • Falade C, Manyando C. Safety profile of Coartem: the evidence base. Malar J 2009;8(Suppl 1):S6
  • Tarning J, McGready R, Lindegardh N, Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in pregnant women treated with artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3837-46
  • McGready R, Tan SO, Ashley EA, A randomised controlled trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum treatment in pregnancy. PLoS Med 2008;5:e253
  • McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:1021-31
  • Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P, Pongvilairat G, Auparakkitanon S, Gametocytocidal activity of pyronaridine and DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Parasitol Int 2000;48:275-80
  • Ramharter M, Kurth F, Schreier AC, Fixed-dose pyronaridine-artesunate combination for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in pediatric patients in Gabon. J Infect Dis 2008;198:911-919
  • Steffen R, Somaini B. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Switzerland. Lancet 1986;1:610
  • Alloueche A, Bailey W, Barton S, Comparison of chlorproguanil-dapsone with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young African children: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:1843-8
  • White NJ. The treatment of malaria. N Engl J Med 1996;335:800-6
  • Parise ME, Ayisi JG, Nahlen BL, Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;59:813-22
  • Karbwang J, Harinasuta T. Overview: clinical pharmacology of antimalarials. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992;23(Suppl 4):95-109
  • Nyunt MM, Adam I, Kayentao K, Pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;87(2):226-34
  • Green MD, van Eijk AM, van Ter Kuile FO, Pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in Western Kenya. J Infect Dis 2007;196:1403-8
  • Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E. Malaria chemoprophylaxis: strategies for risk groups. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:466-72
  • Wangboonskul J, White NJ, Nosten F, Single dose pharmacokinetics of proguanil and its metabolites in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;44:247-51
  • Meshnick SR. Artemisinin: mechanisms of action, resistance and toxicity. Int J Parasitol 2002;32:1655-60
  • White TE, Bushdid PB, Ritter S, Artesunate-induced depletion of embryonic erythroblasts precedes embryolethality and teratogenicity in vivo. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2006;77:413-29
  • Clark RL KM, Makori N, Nakata Y, Artesunate: embryolethal effects in cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:54
  • McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:367-71
  • Goodman CD, Su V, McFadden GI. The effects of anti-bacterials on the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007;152:181-91
  • Lell B, Kremsner PG. Clindamycin as an antimalarial drug: review of clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2315-20
  • McGready R, Cho T, Samuel, Randomized comparison of quinine-clindamycin versus artesunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:651-6
  • Noedl H, Krudsood S, Chalermratana K, Azithromycin combination therapy with artesunate or quinine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults: a randomized, phase 2 clinical trial in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1264-71
  • Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Buathong N, Effective treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with azithromycin-quinine combinations: a randomized, dose-ranging study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74:401-6
  • Kalilani L MI, Chaponda M, Rogerson SJ, A randomized controlled pilot trial of azithromycin or artesunate added to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as treatment for malaria in pregnant women. PLoS One 2007;2:e1166
  • Chico RM, Pittrof R, Greenwood B, Azithromycin-chloroquine and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Malar J 2008;7:255
  • Van Vranken M. Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases: an update. Am Fam Physician 2007;76:1827-32
  • Kremsner PG, Krishna S. Antimalarial combinations. Lancet 2004;364:285-94
  • WHO. Antimalarial drug combination therapy: report of a WHO Technical Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2001. WHO/CDS/RBM/2001.35
  • Mutabingwa TK, Muze K, Ord R, Randomized trial of artesunate+amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine+amodiaquine, chlorproguanal-dapsone and SP. for malaria in pregnancy in Tanzania. PLoS One 2009;4:e5138
  • Fanello CI, Karema C, Avellino P, High risk of severe anaemia after chlorproguanil-dapsone+artesunate antimalarial treatment in patients with G6PD (A-) deficiency. PLoS One 2008;3:e4031
  • Miller AK, Bandyopadhyay N, Wootton DG, Pharmacokinetics of chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate and their major metabolites in patients during treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:977-87
  • Osei-Akoto A, Orton L, Owusu-Ofori SP. Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD004529
  • McGready R AE, Moo E, Cho T, A randomized comparison of artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil versus quinine in treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2005;192:846-53
  • McIntosh HM GB. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as a treatment for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998;92:265-70
  • Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Pinder M, The safety of the combination artesunate and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine given during pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:424-8
  • Tran TH, Dolecek C, Pham PM, Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnam: randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2004;363:18-22
  • Thanh NX, Trung TN, Phong NC, Open label randomized comparison of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artesunate-amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in central Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14:504-11
  • Rijken MJ, McGready R, Boel ME, Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine rescue treatment of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy: a preliminary report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;78:543-5
  • Sagara I, Diallo A, Kone M, A randomized trial of artesunate-mefloquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79:655-61
  • Nagelschmitz J, Voith B, Wensing G, First assessment in humans of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and ex vivo pharmacodynamic antimalarial activity of the new artemisinin derivative artemisone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3085-91
  • Casagrande M, Basilico N, Parapini S, Novel amodiaquine congeners as potent antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2008;16:6813-23
  • Solomon VR, Haq W, Smilkstein M, Synthesis and antimalarial activity of novel side chain modified antimalarial agents derived from 4-aminoquinoline. Med Chem 2008;4:446-56
  • Stocks PA, Raynes KJ, Bray PG, Novel short chain chloroquine analogues retain activity against chloroquine resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2002;45:4975-83
  • Ruangweerayut R, Looareesuwan S, Hutchinson D, Assessment of the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of two combination regimens of fosmidomycin-clindamycin in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Malar J 2008;7:225
  • CDC. Centers for Disease Control Recommendations for the prevention of malaria among travellers. MMWR 1990;39:1-10
  • Greenwood B. The use of antimalarial drugs to prevent malaria in the population of malaria endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70:1-7
  • Garner P, Gülmezoglu AM. Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000169
  • Brentlinger PE, Dgedge M, Correia MA, Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in central Mozambique. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:873-9
  • Mockenhaupt FP, Bedu-Addo G, Eggelte TA, Rapid increase in the prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance among Plasmodium falciparum isolated from pregnant women in Ghana. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1545-9
  • Harrington WE, Mutabingwa TK, Muehlenbachs A, Competitive facilitation of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in pregnant women who receive preventive treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:9027-32
  • Clerk CA, Bruce J, Affipunguh PK, A randomized, controlled trial of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, or the combination in pregnant women in Ghana. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1202-11
  • Briand V, Bottero J, Noel H, Intermittent treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in Benin: a randomized, open-label equivalence trial comparing sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with mefloquine. J Infect Dis 2009;200:991-1001
  • WHO. Assessment of the safety of artemisinin compounds in pregnancy. Report of two joint informal consultations convened in 2006 by TDR and the Global Malaria Programme of WHO for research and training in tropical diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2006
  • Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005;366:717-25
  • Tagbor H, Bruce J, Browne E, Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of amodiaquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine used alone or in combination for malaria treatment in pregnancy: a randomised trial. Lancet 2006;368:1349-56
  • UNAIDS. WHO. AIDS epidemic update; 2007. UNAIDS/07.27E/JC1322E 2007
  • Mount AM, Mwapasa V, Elliott SR, Impairment of humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy by HIV infection. Lancet 2004;363:1860-7
  • Verhoeff FH, Brabin BJ, Hart CA, Increased prevalence of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women and its implications for malaria control. Trop Med Int Health 1999;4:5-12
  • ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;71:41-54
  • Filler SJ, Kazembe P, Thigpen M, Randomized trial of 2-dose versus monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Malawi. J Infect Dis 2006;194:286-93
  • Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Bloland PB, Impairment of a pregnant woman's acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;55:42-9
  • Idemyor V. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: the collision of two Titans. HIV Clin Trials 2007;8:246-53
  • van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya. AIDS 2003;17:595-603
  • Skinner-Adams TS, McCarthy JS, Gardiner DL, HIV and malaria co-infection: interactions and consequences of chemotherapy. Trends Parasitol 2008;24:264-71
  • WHO. Guidelines on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among children, adolescents and adults: recommendations for a public health approach; 2006

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.