Dyslipidaemia in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis, priorities, pharmacotherapies

Bibliography

• Eckel RH, Alberti KG, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic sydrome. Lancet 2010;375:181-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2595-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes 2003;52:1210-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco OH, Massaro JM, Civil J, Trajectories of entering the metabolic syndrome: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2009;120:1943-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DC, Barrett PH, Watts GF. Lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiological and interventional studies employing stable isotopy and modelling methods. Clin Sci 2004;107:233-49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Barrett PH, Watts GF. Recent studies of lipoprotein kinetics in the metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006;17:28-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HN, Zhang YL, Hernandez-Ono A. Metabolic syndrome: focus on dyslipidemia. Obesity 2006;14:41S-49S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000;106:453-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008;29:777-822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:364-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Diabetes Federation: the IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Available from: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/MetS_def_update2006.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HAW, Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom prospective diabetes study. BMJ 1998;316:823-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2004;109:42-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana JS, Visser ME, Arsenault BJ, Metabolic dyslipidemia and risk of future coronary heart disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Int J Cardiol 2009; In press
   Google Scholar
• The FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1829-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo M, Pernice V, Frasheri A, Small, dense low-density lipoproteins are predictors of cardio- and cerebro-vascular events in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2009;70:870-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble DL, Rizzo M, Chait A, Enhanced oxidative susceptibility and reduced antioxidant content of metabolic precursors of small, dense low-density lipoproteins. Am J Med 2001;110:103-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazi I, Tsimihodimos V, Filippatos T, Concentration and relative distribution of low-density lipoprotein subfractions in patients with metabolic syndrome defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Metabolism 2006;55:885-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo M, Berneis K. Small, dense low-density-lipoproteins and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:4-20
   Google Scholar
• Julius U, Dittrich M, Pietzsch J. Factors influencing the formation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles in dependence on the presence of the metabolic syndrome and on the degree of glucose intolerance. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1798-804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard CJ. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and the generation of small, dense low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Soc Trans 2003;31:1066-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HN, Illingworth DR. Postprandial dyslipiemia: an atherogenic disorder common in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2001;88(Suppl):9H-15H
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpe F, de Faire U, Mercuri M, Magnitude of alimentary lipemia is related to intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in middle-aged men. Atherosclersosis 1998;141:307-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boquist S, Ruotolo G, Tang R, Alimentary lipemia, postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and common carotid intima-media thickness in healthy, middle-aged men. Circulation 1999;100:723-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsch JR, Miesenbock G, Hopferwieser T, Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:1336-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Chambless LE, Metabolic and lifestyle determinants of postprandial lipemia differ from those of fasting triglycerides. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:275-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn JS. Postprandial lipemia. Emerging evidence for atherogenicity of remnant lipoproteins. Can J Cardiol 1998;14:18-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botham KM. Oxidation of chylomicron remnants and vascular dysfunction. Atheroscler Suppl 2008;9:57-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packard CJ. The role of stable isotopes in the investigation of plasma lipoprotein metabolism. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9:755-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson BW. Use of stable isotopically labeled tracers for studies of metabolic kinetics: an overview. Metabolism 1997;46:322-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett PHR, Chan DC, Watts GF. Design and analysis of lipoprotein tracer kinetics studies in humans. J Lipid Res 2006;47:1607-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome. Part I. Methodological aspects of stable isotope kinetics studies. Clin Sci 2004;107:221-32
   Google Scholar
• Barrett PHR. Kinetics of triglyceride rich lipoproteins: chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1998;141:S35-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg HN. Lipoprotein physiology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998;27:503-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR, Assmann G. High density lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis. Role of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:13-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Substrate delivery as a determinant of hepatic apoB secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1993;13:629-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson GR, Naoumova R, Watts GF. Role of cholesterol in regulating apolipoprotien B secretion by the liver. J Lipid Res 1996;37:439-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riches FM, Watts GF, Naoumova RP, Hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 studied with a stable isotope technique in men with visceral obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:414-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Redgrave TG, Apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in visceral obesity: associations with plasma apolipoprotein C-III concentration. Metabolism 2002;29:1041-6
   Google Scholar
• Ng TWK, Watts GF, Farvid MS, Adipocytokines and VLDL metabolism: independent regulatory effects of adiponectin, insulin resistance, and fat compartments on VLDL apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics? Diabetes 2005;54:795-802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg HN, Huang LS. The insulin resistance syndrome: impact on lipoprotein metabolism and atherothrombosis. J Cardiovasc Risk 2000;7:325-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 2003;46:733-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adiels M, Boren J, Caslake MJ, Overproduction of VLDL1 driven by hyperglycemia is a dominant feature of diabetic dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1697-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Boren J. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1225-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Rashid S, Lewis GF. HDL metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic states: an overview. Clin Chim Acta 1999;286:145-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verges B. New insight into the pathophysiology of lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2005;31:429-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust RA, Albers JJ. Regulated vectorial secretion of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (LTP-I) by the CaCo-2 model of human enterocyte epithelium. J Biol Chem 1988;263:8786-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lagrost L, Florentin E, Guyard-Dangremont V, Evidence for nonesterified fatty acids as modulators of neutral lipid transfers in normolipidemic human plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1388-96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamarche B, Uffelman KD, Carpentier A, Triglyceride enrichment of HDL enhances in vivo metabolic clearance of HDL apo A-I in healthy men. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1191-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton EA, Eisenberg S, Breslow JL. Human HDL cholesterol levels are determined by apoA-I fractional catabolic rate, which correlates inversely with estimates of HDL particle size. Effects of gender, hepatic and lipoprotein lipases, triglyceride and insulin levels, and body fat distribution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1994;14:707-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knauer TE, Woods JA, Lamb RG, Fallon HJ. Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activities after induction of diabetes and administration of insulin or glucagon. J Lipid Res 1982;23:631-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunfield C, Feingold KR. Regulation of lipid metabolism by cytokines during host defence. Nutrition 1996;12:S24-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cai L, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, van der Westhuyzen DR. Serum amyloid A is a ligand for scavenger receptor class B type I and inhibits high density lipoprotein binding and selective lipid uptake. J Biol Chem 2005;280:2954-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts GF, Barrett PH, Ji J, Differential regulation of lipoprotein kinetics by atorvastatin and fenofibrate in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2003;52:803-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pont F, Duvillard L, Florentin E, High-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I kinetics in obese insulin resistant patients. An in vivo stable isotope study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1151-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duvillard L, Pont F, Florentin E, Metabolic abnormalities of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in non-insulin-dependent diabetes: a stable isotope kinetic study. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30:685-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DC, Barrett PH, Ooi EM, Very-low density lipoprotein metabolism and plasma adiponectin as predictors of high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I kinetics in obese and non-obesemMen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:989-97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzone T, Foster D, Chait A. In vivo stimulation of low-density lipoprotein degradation by insulin. Diabetes 1984;33:333-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patsch JR, Karlin JB, Scott LW, Inverse relationship between blood levels of high density lipoprotein subfraction 2 and magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:1449-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper AD. Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants. J Lipid Res 1997;38:2173-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamo JC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Postprandial dyslipidemia in men with visceral obesity: an effect of reduced LDL receptor expression? Am J Physiol 2001;81:E626-32
   Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Yost TJ. Weight reduction increases adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase responsiveness in obese women. J Clin Invest 1987;80:992-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi J, Tashiro J, Murano S, Lipoprotein lipase mass and activity in post-heparin plasma from subjects with intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation. Clin Endocrinol 1998;48:515-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Markers of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnant metabolism in visceral obesity. Clin Chem 2002;48:278-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekki N, Christofilis MA, Charbonnier M, Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on postprandial lipemia and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in adult women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:184-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duez H, Pavlic M, Lewis GF. Mechanism of intestinal lipoprotein overproduction in insulin resistant humans. Atheroscler Suppl 2008;9:33-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care 2008;31:811-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal LF, Wauters MA, De Leeuw IH. The beneficial effects of modest weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21(Suppl 1):S5-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta- analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;56:320-8
   Google Scholar
• Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomilehto J. Reducing coronary heart disease associated with type 2 diabetes: lifestyle intervention and treatment of dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;61:S27-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Larsen TM, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? Lancet 2004;364:897-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer EJ, Gleason JA, Dansinger ML, The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins, weight loss, and heart disease risk reduction. Curr Atherosclerosis Rep 2005;7:421-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riches FM, Watts GF, Hua J, Reduction in visceral adipose tissue is associated with improvement in apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2854-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Ng TW, Effect of weight loss on markers of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 2008;38:743-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AP, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Effect of weight loss on postprandial lipemia and low-density lipoprotein receptor binding in overweight men. Metabolism 2003;52:136-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purnell JQ, Kahn SE, Albers JJ, Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:977-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PT, Krauss RM, Wood PD, Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men. Metabolism 1986;35:45-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng TWK, Watts GF, Barrett PHR, Effect of weight loss on LDL and HDL kinetics in the metabolic syndrome: associations with changes in plasma retinol-binding protein-4 and adiponectin levels. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2945-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Physical activity and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:299-307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsekouras YE, Magkos F, Prentzas KI, A single bout of whole-body resistance exercise augments basal VLDL-triacylglycerol removal from plasma in healthy untrained men. Clin Sci 2009;116:147-56
   Google Scholar
• Magkos F, Wright DC, Patterson BW, Lipid metabolism response to a single, prolonged bout of endurance exercise in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:355-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam S, Stolinski M, Pentecost C, The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:688-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolinski M, Alam S, Jackson NC, Effect of 6-month supervised exercise on low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B kinetics in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008;57:608-14
   Google Scholar
• Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky TS, Davidson MH. Reducing the residual risk of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy with combination therapy. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:27B-35B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH, Toth PP. Comparative effects of lipid-lowering therapies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004;47:73-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandor A, Ara RM, Tumur I, Ezetimibe monotherapy for cholesterol lowering in 2,722 people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Intern Med 2009;265:568-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJP, Stroes ESG. Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:185-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:S1645-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HN. Efficacy and mechanisms of action of statins in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:383-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein EA, Lane M, Laskarzewski P. Comparsion of statins in hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:B66-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS. Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:89-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirtori CR, Calabresi L, Pisciotta L, Effect of statins on LDL particle size in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia: a comparison between atorvastatin and pravastatin. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005;15:47-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaw A, Packard CJ, Murray EF, Effects of simvastatin on apoB metabolism and LDL subfraction distribution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1993;13:170-89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caslake MJ, Stewart G, Day SP, Phenotype-dependent and -independent actions of rosuvastatin on atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions in hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 2003;171:245-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:2513-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): a multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, ; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG, Pocock SJ. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 2006;29:1478-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi EMM, Barrett PH, Chan DC, Dose-dependent effect of rosuvastatin on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2008;197:139-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi EMM, Watts GF, Nestel PJ, Dose-dependent regulation of high-density lipoprotein metabolism with rosuvastatin in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:430-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Ooi EMM, Atorvastatin and fenofibrate have comparable effects on VLDL–apolipoprotein C-III kinetics in men with the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1831-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PHR, Effect of atorvastatin on chylomicron remnant metabolism in visceral obesity: a study employing a new stable isotope breath test. J Lipid Res 2002;43:706-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PHR, Regulatory effects of HMGCoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B100 kinetics with insulin resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidaemia. Diabetes 2002;51:2377-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verges B, Florentin E, Baillot-Rudoni S, Effects of 20 mg rosuvastatin on VLDL1-, VLDL2-, IDL- and LDL-apoB kinetics in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:1382-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joy TR, Hegele RA. Narrative review: statin-related myopathy. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:858-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays HE, Dujovne CA. Drug interactions of lipid-altering drugs. Drug Saf 1998;19:355-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010;375:735-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Lipid-lowering agents and new onset diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11:1-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Gan SK, Effect of ezetimibe on hepatic fat, inflammatory markers and apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese subjects on a weight loss diet. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1134-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay AJ, Lamarche B, Cohn JS, Effect of ezetimibe on the in vivo kinetics of apoB-48 and apoB-100 in men With primary hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:1101-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RB, Guyton JR, Mazzone T. Ezetimibe/simvastatin vs atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia: the VYTAL Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1579-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JG, Ballantyne CM, Grundy SM, Lipid-altering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and the metabolic syndrome (from the VYMET study). Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1694-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Sibbring GC, Ballantyne CM, Meta-analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effect of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2009-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossebo AB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1343-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2113-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleg JL, Mete M, Howard BV. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:2198-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney A, Ceballos G, Asbun J, The VYtorin on Carotid intima-media thickness and overall arterial rigidity (VYCTOR) study. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49:838-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berneis K, Rizzo M, Berthold HK. Ezetimibe alone or in combination with simvastatin increases small dense low-density lipoproteins in healthy men: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2010; In press
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay AJ, Lamarche B, Hogue JC, Couture P. Effect of ezetimibe and simvastatin on apolipoprotein B metabolism in males with mixed hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 2009;50:1463-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation 1998;98:2088-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Ooi EMM, Regulatory effects of fenofibrate and atorvastatin on lipoprotein A-I and lipoprotein A-I:A-II kinetics in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2111-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV, Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1198-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AE, Bertone G, Comparison of fluvastatin + fenofibrate combination therapy and fluvastatin monotherapy in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Ther 2004;26:599-607
   Google Scholar
• Durrington PN, Tuomilehto J, Hamann A, Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;64:137-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Vega GL, Tomassini JE, Correlation of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with apolipoprotein B during simvastatin + fenofibrate therapy in patients with combined hyperlipidemia (a subanalysis of the SAFARI trial). Am J Cardiol 2009;104:548-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• May HT, Anderson JL, Pearson RR, Comparison of effects of simvastatin alone versus fenofibrate alone versus simvastatin plus fenofibrate on lipoprotein subparticle profiles in diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia (from the Diabetes and Combined Lipid Therapy Regimen study). Am J Cardiol 2008;101:486-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MJ. How does nicotinic acid modify the lipid profile? Eur Heart J Suppl 2006;8:F54-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal LF, Peiffer F, Ballaux D. Reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: the potential contribution of nicotinic acid. Br J Diab Vasc Dis 2005;5:344-50
   Google Scholar
• Ganji SH, Tavintharan S, Zhu D, Niacin noncompetitively inhibits DGAT2 but not DGAT1 activity in HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res 2004;45:1835-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Korenblat KM, Effect of fenofibrate and niacin on intrahepatic triglyceride content, very low-density lipoproteins kinetics, and insulin action in obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; In press
   Google Scholar
• Lamon-Fava S, Diffenderfer MR, Barrett PHR, Extended-release niacin alters the metabolism of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apoB-containing lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1672-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Hoorn JWA, de Haan W, Berbee JFP, Niacin increases HDL by reducing hepatic expression and plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:2016-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson L, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 1988;223:405-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Coronory Drug Project Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975;231:360-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Fifteen-year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:1245-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;284:1263-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME, Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1568-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Davidson MH, McKenney J, Comparison of the safety and efficacy of a combination tablet of niacin extended release and simvastatin vs simvastatin monotherapy in patients with increased non-HDL cholesterol (from the SEACOAST I study). Am J Cardiol 2008;101:1428-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenney JM, Jones PH, Bays HE, Comparative effects on lipid levels of combination therapy with a statin and extended-release niacin or ezetimibe versus a statin alone (the COMPELL study). Atherosclerosis 2007;192:432-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2 – a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation 2004;110:3512-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niacin Plus Simvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00120289. [Accessed 26 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Treatment of High Density Lipoprotein to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events. Available from: http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN29503772. [Accessed 26 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Yiu KH, Heung BM, Tse HF. A new paradigm for managing dyslipidemia with combination therapy: laropiprant + niacin + simvastatin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:437-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RB, Jacobson TA. Effects of niacin on glucose control in patients with dyslipidemia. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:470-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price PT, Nelson CM, Clarke SD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:3-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouguerram K, Maugeais C, Gardette J, Effect of n-3 fatty acids on metabolism of apoB100-containing lipoprotein in type 2 diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr 2006;96:100-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DC, Watts GF, Nguyen MN, Barrett PHR. Factorial study of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation and atorvastatin on the kinetics of HDL apolipoproteins A-I and apoA-II in men with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:37-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:429-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Mackness MI, An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart 2001;85:544-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) Investigators. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2007;29:1354-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppitt SD, Howe CA, Lithander FE, Effects of moderate-dose Omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2009;40:3485-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooten S, Biggerstaff KD, Ben-Ezra V. Responses of LDL and HDL particle size and distribution to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol 2009;107:794-800
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorensen NS, Marckmann P, Hoy CE, Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density- lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:235-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007;369:1090-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelin B, Einarsson K, Hellstrom K, Leijd B. Effects of cholestyramine and chenodeoxycholic acid on the metabolism of endogenoud triglyceride in hyperlipoproteinemia. J Lipid Res 1978;19:1017-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bates TR, Connaughton VM, Watts GF. Non-adherence to statin therapy: a major challenge for preventive cardiology. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:2973-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar