535
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Invasive community-associated MRSA infections: epidemiology and antimicrobial management

, PharmD MS & , PharmD
Pages 3009-3025 | Published online: 19 Oct 2010

Bibliography

  • Sabol KE, Echevarria KL, Lewis II JS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: new bug, old drugs. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1125-33
  • Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains? Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:787-94
  • Hammond SP, Baden LR. Clinical decisions. Management of skin and soft-tissue infection – polling results. N Engl J Med 2008;359:e20
  • Mascitti KB, Gerber JS, Zaoutis TE, Preferred treatment and prevention strategies for recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections: a survey of adult and pediatric providers. Am J Infect Control 2010;38:324-8
  • Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1436-44
  • Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1785-91
  • Purcell K, Fergie J. Epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a 14-year study at Driscoll Children's Hospital. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:980-5
  • Laupland KB, Ross T, Gregson DB. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: risk factors, outcomes, and the influence of methicillin resistance in Calgary, Canada, 2000-2006. J Infect Dis 2008;198:336-43
  • Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006;355:666-74
  • Deleo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2010;375:1557-68
  • Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004-2005. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1637-46
  • Moran GJ, Amii RN, Abrahamian FM, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:928-30
  • Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1445-53
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections – Minnesota and North Dakota. 1997-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:707-10
  • Kennedy AD, Otto M, Braughton KR, Epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: recent clonal expansion and diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:1327-32
  • Chambers HF, Deleo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7:629-41
  • Otter JA, French GL. Molecular epidemiology of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:227-39
  • Carleton HA, Diep BA, Charlebois ED, Community-adapted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MRSA. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1730-8
  • Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:275-86
  • Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 2003;290:2976-84
  • Okuma K, Iwakawa K, Turnidge JD, Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:4289-94
  • Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in outpatients, United States, 1999-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1925-30
  • Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290:2588-98
  • Li M, Diep BA, Villaruz AE, Evolution of virulence in epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:5883-8
  • Barton M, Hawkes M, Moore D. Guidelines for the prevention and management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a perspective for Canadian health care practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbial 2006;17:4C-24C
  • Gemmell CG, Edwards DI, Fraise AP, Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:589-608
  • Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2260-6
  • Wilcox MH, Tack KJ, Bouza E, Complicated skin and skin-structure infections and catheter-related bloodstream infections: noninferiority of linezolid in a phase 3 study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:203-12
  • Sakoulas G, Moellering Jr RC. Increasing antibiotic resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(Suppl 5):S360-7
  • Sader HS, Fey PD, Fish DN, Evaluation of vancomycin and daptomycin potency trends (MIC creep) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in nine U.S. medical centers from 2002 to 2006. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4127-32
  • Wunderink RG, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Linezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 2003;124:1789-97
  • Food and Drug Administration. Cubicin (daptomycin for injection) for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, including those with known or suspected infective endocarditis. FDA briefing document for Antiinfective Advisory Committee; 2006
  • Sakoulas G, Moellering Jr RC, Eliopoulos GM. Adaptation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the face of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(Suppl 1):S40-50
  • Mohr JF, Murray BE. Point: vancomycin is not obsolete for the treatment of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1536-42
  • Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC, Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66:82-98
  • Moise PA, Smyth DS, Robinson DA, Genotypic and phenotypic relationships among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from three multicentre bacteraemia studies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:873-6
  • Watanabe S, Ito T, Hiramatsu K. Susceptibilities of healthcare- and community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococci to the novel des-F(6)-quinolone DX-619. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:1384-7
  • Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:3251-5
  • Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Castanheira M, First report of cfr-mediated resistance to linezolid in human staphylococcal clinical isolates recovered in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2244-6
  • Pichereau S, Bohrmuller J, Marchillo K, In vivo pharmacodynamic investigation of six antibiotics against community-acquired MRSA in a soft tissue infection model. Poster A1-556/10 Presented at 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; San Francisco, CA; 2009
  • Yanagihara K, Kihara R, Araki N, Efficacy of linezolid against Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a mouse model of haematogenous pulmonary infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:477-81
  • Kollef MH, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Clinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid with vancomycin. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:388-94
  • Jang HC, Kim SH, Kim KH, Salvage treatment for persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: efficacy of linezolid with or without carbapenem. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:395-401
  • Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, Bakker S, In vitro activities of telithromycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with macrolide resistance due to ribosomal mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3169-71
  • Silverman JA, Perlmutter NG, Shapiro HM. Correlation of daptomycin bactericidal activity and membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2538-44
  • Finberg RW, Moellering RC, Tally FP, The importance of bactericidal drugs: future directions in infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1314-20
  • McKinnon PS, Krueger TS, Lamp KC, Determinants of clinical outcomes in patients treated with daptomycin for gram-positive infections. 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2006. p. K-782
  • Arbeit RD, Maki D, Tally FP, The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1673-81
  • Fowler Jr VG, Boucher HW, Corey GR, Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-65
  • Sauermann R, Rothenburger M, Graninger W, Daptomycin: a review 4 years after first approval. Pharmacology 2008;81:79-91
  • Tedesco KL, Rybak MJ. Daptomycin. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:41-57
  • Pfaller MA, Sader HS, Jones RN. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 19615 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci collected in North American hospitals (2002-2005). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:459-65
  • Jones T, Yeaman MR, Sakoulas G, Failures in clinical treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection with daptomycin are associated with alterations in surface charge, membrane phospholipid asymmetry, and drug binding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:269-78
  • Marty FM, Yeh WW, Wennersten CB, Emergence of a clinical daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate during treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and osteomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:595-7
  • Enoch DA, Bygott JM, Daly ML, Daptomycin. J Infect 2007;55:205-13
  • Kosowska-Shick K, Ross M, Labischinski H, Cell wall analysis of a series of related clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates with decreasing susceptibility towards vancomycin and daptomycin. 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2006. p. C1-6
  • Stryjewski ME, Graham DR, Wilson SE, Telavancin versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by gram-positive organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1683-93
  • Higgins DL, Chang R, Debabov DV, Telavancin, a multifunctional lipoglycopeptide, disrupts both cell wall synthesis and cell membrane integrity in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1127-34
  • Rubinstein E, Corey GR, Boucher HW, Telavancin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in severely ill and older patients: the ATTAIN studies. 29th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Critical Care 2009;13(Suppl 1): abstract P310
  • Mendes RE, Moet GJ, Janechek MJ, In vitro activity of telavancin against a contemporary worldwide collection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2704-6
  • Dumitrescu O, Boisset S, Badiou C, Effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1515-19
  • Coyle EA, Cha R, Rybak MJ. Influences of linezolid, penicillin, and clindamycin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin a release. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1752-5
  • Martinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason Jr EO, Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:593-8
  • Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K, Failure of clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1257-60
  • Fiebelkorn KR, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Practical disk diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4740-4
  • Lewis II JS, Jorgensen JH. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococci: should clinicians and microbiologists be concerned? Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:280-5
  • Frank AL, Marcinak JF, Mangat PD, Clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:530-4
  • Ruhe JJ, Monson T, Bradsher RW, Use of long-acting tetracyclines for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1429-34
  • Draghi DC, Tench S, Dowzicky MJ, Baseline in vitro activity of tigecycline among key bacterial pathogens exhibiting multidrug resistance. Chemotherapy 2008;54:91-100
  • Hoban DJ, Bouchillon SK, Johnson BM, In vitro activity of tigecycline against 6792 Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates from the global Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST Program, 2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;52:215-27
  • Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Nightingale CH, Minocycline versus vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:1515-18
  • Zakeri B, Wright GD. Chemical biology of tetracycline antibiotics. Biochem Cell Biol 2008;86:124-36
  • Bishburg E, Bishburg K. Minocycline – an old drug for a new century: emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:395-401
  • Tenover FC, McDougal LK, Goering RV, Characterization of a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus widely disseminated in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:108-18
  • Trzcinski K, Cooper BS, Hryniewicz W, Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:763-70
  • Schwartz BS, Graber CJ, Diep BA, Doxycycline, not minocycline, induces its own resistance in multidrug-resistant, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1483-4
  • Gorwitz RJ. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:925-6
  • Jones CH, Tuckman M, Howe AY, Diagnostic PCR analysis of the occurrence of methicillin and tetracycline resistance genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from phase 3 clinical trials of tigecycline for complicated skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:505-10
  • Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline (GAR-936) tested against 3498 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;24:567-71
  • Mendes RE, Sader HS, Deshpande L, Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from North American medical centers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;60:433-6
  • van Ogtrop ML, Andes D, Stamstad TJ, In vivo pharmacodynamic activities of two glycylcyclines (GAR-936 and WAY 152,288) against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:943-9
  • Ellis-Grosse EJ, Babinchak T, Dartois N, The efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections: results of 2 double-blind phase 3 comparison studies with vancomycin-aztreonam. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(Suppl 5):S341-53
  • McAleese F, Petersen P, Ruzin A, A novel MATE family efflux pump contributes to the reduced susceptibility of laboratory-derived Staphylococcus aureus mutants to tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1865-71
  • Rose WE, Rybak MJ. Tigecycline: first of a new class of antimicrobial agents. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1099-110
  • Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED, High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:311-20
  • Presterl E, Mueller-Uri P, Grisold A, Ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus susceptible to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:486-9
  • Weber SG, Gold HS, Hooper DC, Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1415-22
  • Jones ME, Boenink NM, Verhoef J, Multiple mutations conferring ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus demonstrate long-term stability in an antibiotic-free environment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:353-6
  • Jemni L, Hmouda H, Letaief A. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a report from Tunisia. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:202-3
  • Adra M, Lawrence KR. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for treatment of severe Staphylococcus aureus infections. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:338-41
  • Critchley IA, Draghi DC, Sahm DF, Activity of daptomycin against susceptible and multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens collected in the SECURE study (Europe) during 2000-2001. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:639-49
  • Critchley IA, Blosser-Middleton RS, Jones ME, Baseline study to determine in vitro activities of daptomycin against gram-positive pathogens isolated in the United States in 2000-2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1689-93
  • Stein A, Bataille JF, Drancourt M, Ambulatory treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus-infected orthopedic implants with high-dose oral co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:3086-91
  • Markowitz N, Quinn EL, Saravolatz LD. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:390-8
  • Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:265-9
  • Grim SA, Rapp RP, Martin CA, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as a viable treatment option for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:253-64
  • Elston DM. Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: management principles and selection of antibiotic therapy. Dermatol Clin 2007;25:157-64, vi
  • Proctor RA. Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:584-93
  • Nguyen HM, Graber CJ. Limitations of antibiotic options for invasive infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: is combination therapy the answer? J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65(1):24-36
  • DeLeo FR, Otto M. An antidote for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia? J Exp Med 2008;205:271-4
  • Stevens DL, Ma Y, Salmi DB, Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2007;195:202-11
  • Burlak C, Hammer CH, Robinson MA, Global analysis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exoproteins reveals molecules produced in vitro and during infection. Cell Microbiol 2007;9:1172-90
  • Lentino JR, Narita M, Yu VL. New antimicrobial agents as therapy for resistant gram-positive cocci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:3-15
  • Naber CK, Baddour LM, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Clinical consensus conference: survey on Gram-positive bloodstream infections with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(Suppl 4):S260-70
  • Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler Jr VG, Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:713-21
  • Zimmerli W, Widmer AF, Blatter M, Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. JAMA 1998;279:1537-41
  • Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005;111:e394-434
  • Saginur R, Stdenis M, Ferris W, Multiple combination bactericidal testing of staphylococcal biofilms from implant-associated infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:55-61
  • Yamaoka T. The bactericidal effects of anti-MRSA agents with rifampicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against intracellular phagocytized MRSA. J Infect Chemother 2007;13:141-6
  • Levine DP, Fromm BS, Reddy BR. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:674-80
  • Riedel DJ, Weekes E, Forrest GN. Addition of rifampin to standard therapy for treatment of native valve infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2463-7
  • Clumeck N, Marcelis L, Amiri-Lamraski MH, Treatment of severe staphylococcal infections with a rifampicin-minocycline association. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984;13(Suppl C):17-22
  • Iyer S, Jones DH. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection: a retrospective analysis of clinical presentation and treatment of a local outbreak. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:854-8
  • Davies TA, Page MG, Shang W, Binding of ceftobiprole and comparators to the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2621-4
  • Murthy B, Schmitt-Hoffmann A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ceftobiprole, an anti-MRSA cephalosporin with broad-spectrum activity. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:21-33
  • Nannini EC, Stryjewski ME, Corey GR. Ceftaroline for complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11:1197-206
  • Banerjee R, Gretes M, Basuino L, In vitro selection and characterization of ceftobiprole-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2089-96
  • Andes D, Craig WA. Pharmacodynamics of a new cephalosporin, PPI-0903 (TAK-599), active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in murine thigh and lung infection models: identification of an in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:1376-83
  • Jacqueline C, Caillon J, Le Mabecque V, In vivo efficacy of ceftaroline (PPI-0903), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, compared with linezolid and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit endocarditis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3397-400
  • Eckburg P, Friedland H, Lee J, Focus 1 and 2: randomized double-blinded multicenter phase 3 trials of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline (CPT) vs Ceftriaxone (CRO) in community acquired pneumonia (CAP). 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; San Francisco, CA; 12 – 15 September 2009
  • Livermore DM, Mushtaq S, Warner M, Activity of oxazolidinone TR-700 against linezolid-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci and enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:713-15
  • Cempra Announces Positive Results From Its Phase 2 Clinical Trial of TakstaTM (Sodium Fusidate) In Patients With Acutre Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (Absssi). Cemper Pharmaceuticals publication; 4 May 2010. Available from: http://www.cempra.com/news/press/archive/05042010.asp
  • Howden BP, Grayson ML. Dumb and dumber – the potential waste of a useful antistaphylococcal agent: emerging fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:394-400
  • Biedenbach DJ, Rhomberg PR, Mendes RE, Spectrum of activity, mutation rates, synergistic interactions, and the effects of pH and serum proteins for fusidic acid (CEM-102). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;66:301-7
  • Rupp ME, Holley Jr HP, Lutz J, Phase II, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a polyclonal anti-Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide immune globulin in treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4249-54
  • Benjamin DK, Schelonka R, White R, A blinded, randomized, multicenter study of an intravenous Staphylococcus aureus immune globulin. J Perinatol 2006;26:290-5
  • Reilley S, Wenzel E, Reynolds L, Open-label, dose escalation study of the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of tefibazumab in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:959-62
  • Weems Jr JJ, Steinberg JP, Filler S, Phase II, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing the safety and pharmacokinetics of tefibazumab to placebo for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2751-5
  • Logman JF, Stephens J, Heeg B, Comparative effectiveness of antibiotics for the treatment of MRSA complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26(7):1565-78

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.