Add-on therapies to metformin for type 2 diabetes

Bibliography

• International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas. 4th edition. 2009. Available from: http://www.ide.org [Last accessed 18 July 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Perley MJ, Kipnis DM. Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1967;46:1954-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farilla L, Bulotta A, Hirshberg B, Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibits cell apoptosis and improves glucose responsiveness of freshly isolated human islets. Endocrinology 2003;144:5149-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2003;46:3-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, ; American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:193-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM, Multicenter Metformin Study Group. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995;333:541-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodarzi MO, Bryer-Ash M. Metformin revisited: re-evaluation of its properties and role in the pharmacopoeia of modern antidiabetic agents. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005;7:654-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKPDS; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes [UKPDS 34]. Lancet 1998;352:854-65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR.; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies [UKPDS 49]. JAMA 1999;281:2005-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols GA, Alexander CM, Girman CJ, Treatment escalation and rise in HbA1c following successful initial metformin therapy. Diabetes Care 2006;29:504-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook MN, Girman CJ, Stein PP, Alexander CM. Initial monotherapy with either metformin or sulphonylureas often fails to achieve or maintain current glycaemic goals in patients with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care. Diabet Med 2009;24:350-8
   Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA. Banting lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2009;58:773-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Zinman B, Lachin JM, Rosiglitazone-associated fractures in type 2 diabetes: an analysis from A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT). Diabetes Care 2008;31:845-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, ; ADOPT Study Group. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2427-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKPDS; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes [UKPDS 33]. Lancet 1998;352:837-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans JM, Ogston SA, Emslie-Smith A, Morris AD. Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin. Diabetologia 2006;49:930-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoudi FA, Wang Y, Inzucchi SE, Metformin and thiazolidinedione use in medicare patients with heart failure. JAMA 2003;290:81-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004;27:256-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:84-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann A, Garcia-Puig J, Paul G, Comparison of fixed-dose rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy with sulphonylurea plus metformin in overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008;116:6-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel B, Schernthaner G, Brunetti P, Long-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on pioglitazone therapy to failing monotherapy compared with addition of gliclazide or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005;48:1093-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristic S, Collober-Maugeais C, Cressier F, Nateglinide or gliclazide in combination with metformin for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on maximum doses of metformin alone: 1-year trial results. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007;9:506-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Fonseca V, Zinman B, Fifty-two-week efficacy and safety of vildagliptin vs. glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11:157-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhorn D, Rendell M, Rosenzweig J, ; Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2000;22:1395-409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli G, Dotta F, Rochotte E, Cohen SE. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs. pioglitazone when added to metformin: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:82-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott R, Loeys T, Davies MJ, Engel SS. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:959-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halimi S, Le Berre MA, Grange V. Efficacy and safety of acarbose add-on therapy in the treatment of overweight patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000;50:49-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips P, Karrasch J, Scott R, Acarbose improves glycemic control in overweight type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently treated with metformin. Diabetes Care 2003;26:269-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses R. Repaglinide in combination therapy with metformin in type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107(Suppl 4):S136-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin P, Klaff L, McGill J, Efficacy and safety of combination therapy: repaglinide plus metformin versus nateglinide plus metformin. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2063-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Hissa MN, Garber AJ, The efficacy and safety of saxagliptin when added to metformin therapy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes with metformin alone. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1649-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2638-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz I, Chen Y, Wu M, Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:537-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C, Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Diabetes Care 2007;30:890-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1092-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:436-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Ratner R, Kapitza C, Treatment with the human once-weekly GLP-1 analogue taspoglutide in combination with metformin improves glycemic control and lowers body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin alone: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1237-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Stockmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986;29:46-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre N, Holdsworth CD, Turner DS. Intestinal factors in the control of insulin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1965;25:1317-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare KJ, Vilsboll T, Asmar M, The glucagonostatic and insulinotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 contribute equally to its glucose-lowering action. Diabetes 2010;59:1765-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirra J, Sturm K, Leicht P, Exendin(9-39)amide is an antagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-26)amide in humans. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1421-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi M, Vahl TP, D'Alessio DA. Regulation of islet hormone release and gastric emptying by endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 after glucose ingestion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4909-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff SL, Berkowitz K, Scheiner B, Glucose metabolism and regulation: beyond insulin and glucagon. Diabetes Spec 2004;17:183-90
   Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Gromada J. Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;287:E199-206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronier B, Dejgaard A, Andersen T, Madsbad S. Absence of incretin effect in obese type 2 and diminished effect in lean type 2 and obese subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1985;1:(Suppl 1):S586
   Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2006;368:1696-705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller JH, McCartney P, Jarrett RJ, Hyperglycaemia and coronary heart disease: the Whitehall study. J Chronic Dis 1979;32:721-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elrick H, Stimmler L, Hlad CJ Jr, Arai Y. Plasma insulin response to oral and intravenous glucose administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964;24:1076-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangji AS, Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, A systematic review and meta-analysis of hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events: a comparison of glyburide with other secretagogues and with insulin. Diabetes Care 2007;30:389-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam JH, Sanz N, Salamon E, Nolte MS. Selective unresponsiveness of pancreatic beta-cells to acute sulfonylurea stimulation during sulfonylurea therapy in NIDDM. Diabetes 1986;35:1314-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belsey J, Krishnarajah G. Glycaemic control and adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin + sulphonylurea: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10(Suppl 1):1-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook MN, Girman CJ, Stein PP, Glycemic control continues to deteriorate after sulfonylureas are added to metformin among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:995-1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:386-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao AD, Kuhadiya N, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA. Is the combination of sulfonylureas and metformin associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality?: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1672-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Ortiz JM, Tranque P, Vaquero CF, Glitazones differentially regulate primary astrocyte and glioma cell survival. Involvement of reactive oxygen species and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Biol Chem 2004;279:8976-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes – an interim analysis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:28-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeg MA, Buse JB, Goldberg RB, Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone have different effects on serum lipoprotein particle concentrations and sizes in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2458-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qayyum R, Adomaityte J. A meta-analysis of the effect of thiazolidinediones on blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006;8:19-28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2457-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2009;373:2125-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1279-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ, Tan MH, Betteridge DJ, ; on behalf of the PROactive investigators. Long-term glycaemic effects of pioglitazone compared with placebo as add-on treatment to metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy in PROactive [PROactive 18]. Diabet Med 2009;26:1242-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. FDA significantly restricts access to the diabetes drug Avandia. 23 September 2010. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/UCM226975.htm [Last accessed 20 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim. 23 September 2010. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/09/news_detail_001119.jsp&murl= menus/news_and_events/news_and_events.jsp&mid= WC0b01ac058004d5c1&jsenabled=true [Last accessed 20 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Prandin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Welchol [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., 2006
   Google Scholar
• Bays HE, Goldberg RB, Truitt KE, Jones MR. Colesevelam hydrochloride therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: glucose and lipid effects. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1975-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Heart Association. Cardiovascular disease statistics. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4478 [Last accessed 25 June 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diagnosed diabetes – United States, 1988 – 1994 and 1999 – 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:1066-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world – a growing challenge. N Engl J Med 2007;356:213-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Fat fuels the flame: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and arterial inflammation. Circ Res 2007;100:299-301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drucker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2929-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byetta (exenatide) [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co., 2003
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen LB, Nielsen PF, Huusfeldt PO, Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration. J Med Chem 2000;43:1664-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet 2009;374:39-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Sesti G, Schmidt WE, ; Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD)-6 Study Group. Switching to once-daily liraglutide from twice-daily exenatide further improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using oral agents. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1300-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregenholt S, Moldrup A, Blume N, The long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, liraglutide, inhibits beta-cell apoptosis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;330:577-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedulin BR, Nikoulina SE, Smith PA, Exenatide (exendin-4) improves insulin sensitivity and (beta)-cell mass in insulin-resistant obese fa/fa Zucker rats independent of glycemia and body weight. Endocrinology 2005;146:2069-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolin B, Larsen MO, Gotfredsen CF, The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases beta-cell mass in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E745-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsboll T, Brock B, Perrild H, Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, improves pancreatic B-cell function and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion during hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2008;25:152-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Shaw J, Brandle M, Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med 2009;26:268-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet 2009;373:473-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Diabetes Care 2009;32:1224-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O, Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2009;52:2046-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunck MC, Diamant M, Corner A, One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared with insulin glargine, in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32:762-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2628-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1083-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutzky J, Garber A, Falahati A, Meta-analysis demonstrates that liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, significantly reduces lipids and other markers of cardiovascular risk in T2D. Presented at the 45th Congress of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), 29 September – 2 October 2009, Vienna, Austria
   Google Scholar
• Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL, Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:275-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Maffioli P, Salvadeo SAT, Exenatide versus glibenclamide in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12:233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courreges J-P, Vilsboll T, Zdravkovic M, Beneficial effects of once-daily liraglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008;25:1129-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Dear AE, Knudsen LB, A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue attenuates induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and vascular adhesion molecules. J Endocrinol 2009;201:59-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Flint A, Doran S, Effects of the once-daily human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide on appetite and energy intake in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:S355
   Google Scholar
• Flint A, Kapitza C, Hindsberger C, Zdravkovic M. The once-daily human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide improves both absolute and baseline postprandial glucose levels. Diabetologia 2008;51:S354
   Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones D, Sesti G, Garber A, A meta-anlysis of weight loss incurred by liraglutide patients with type 2 diabetes with and without gastrointestinal side effects [abstract 835]. Presented at the 45th Congress of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), 29 September – 2 October 2009, Vienna, Austria; 2010
   Google Scholar
• FDA. FDA information for healthcare professionals: reports of altered kidney function in patients using exenatide (marketed as Byetta). Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/Postmarket DrugSafetyInformationfor PatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcare Professionals/ucm188656.htm [Last accessed 25 June 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Malm-Erjefalt M, Bjornsdottir I, Vanggaard J, Metabolism and excretion of the once daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy male subjects and in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2010;38:1944-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen V, Hindsberger C, Robson R, Zdravkovic M. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:898-905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel R, Braun D, Patterson R, Bloomgren G. Increased risk of acute pancreatitis observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Pancreas 2008;37:487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore DD, Seeger JD, Arnold CK. Use of a claims-based active drug safety surveillance system to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide or sitagliptin compared to metformin or glyburide. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:1019-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victoza [prescribing information]. Princeton, New Jersey: Novo Nordisk Inc., 2010
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen LB, Madsen LW, Andersen S, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid c-cells causing calcitonin release and c-cell proliferation. Endocrinology 2010;151:1473-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Online communication from Jeffrey R. Garber, President of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Available from: http://www.aace.com/alert/liraglutide03152010.php [Last accessed 25 June 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Yasuda N, Inoue T, Nagakura T, Metfomrin causes reduction of food intake and body weight gain and improvement of glucose tolerance in combination with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in Zucker fa/fa rates. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 2004;310:614-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahren B. Novel combination treatment of type 2 diabetes: DPP-4 inhibition + metformin. Vasc Healthc Risk Manag 2008;4:383-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindsay JR, Duffy NA, McKillop AM, Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity by oral metformin in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2005;22:654-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahren B. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: clinical data and clinical implications. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1344-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pospisilik JA, Martin J, Doty T, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor treatment stimulates beta-cell survival and islet neogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 2003;52:741-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2632-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahren B, Pacini G, Tura A, Improved meal-related insulin processing contributes to the enhancement of b-cell function by the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2007;39:826-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA. Unraveling the science of incretin biology. Am J Med 2009;122:s3-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, ; Sitagliptin Study 024 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007;9:194-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, ; Sitagliptin Study 035 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007;9:733-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams-Herman D, Engel SS, Round E, Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in clinical studies: a pooled analysis of data from 10,246 patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord 2010;10:7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligueros-Saylan M, Foley JE, Schweizer A, An assessment of adverse effects of vildagliptin versus comparators on the liver, the pancrease, the immune system, the skin, and in patients with impaired renal function from a large pooled database of Phase II and III clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:495-509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januvia [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc., 2007
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Information for healthcare professionals – acute pancreatitis and sitagliptin (marketed as Januvia and Janumet). Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ PostmarketDrugSafety InformationforPatientsandProviders/ DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcare Professionals/ucm183764.htm [Last accessed 25 June 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Onglyza [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Blonde L, Road maps to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Endocr Pract 2007;13:260-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidon JA, Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Consensus Panel on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract 2009;15:540-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 2009;339:b4731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett AH, Burger J, Johns D, Tolerability and efficacy of exenatide and titrated insulin glargine in adult patients with type 3 diabetes previously uncontrolled with metformin or a sulfonylurea: a multinational, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover noninferiority trial. Clin Ther 2007;29:2333-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D, A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia 2007;50:259-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergenstal RM, Wysham C, MacConell L, ; DURATION-2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of exenatide once-weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376:431-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnolds S, Dellweg S, Clair J, Further improvements in postprandial glucose control with addition of exenatide or sitagliptin to combination therapy with insulin glargine and metformin: a proof-of-concept study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1509-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley RE, Nauck MA, Bailey T, ; for the 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 Study Group. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet 2010;375:1447-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssenko V, Lupi R, Marchetti P, Mechanisms by which common variants in the TCF7L2 gene increase risk of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2007;117:2155-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar