Influenza pharmacotherapy: present situation, strategies and hopes

Bibliography

• Wright P, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Orthomyxoviruses. Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PA, Philadelphia; 2006
   Google Scholar
• Thayer AM. Flu Fighters. Chem Eng News 2009;87:15-26
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO), CSR, Disease Outbreak News. Available from: http://who.int/csr/don/2010_05_21/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Butler D. How severe will the flu outbreak be? Nature 2009;459:14-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study. BMJ 2009;339:b5213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glezen WP. Clinical practice. Prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2579-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel J, Bray M. Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza. Antiviral Res 2008;78:91-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraris O, Lina B. Mutations of neuraminidase implicated in neuraminidase inhibitors resistance. J Clin Virol 2008;41:13-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safrin S. Antiviral agents. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. In: Katzung BG, editor, McGrow-Hill, New York; 2007. p. 815
   Google Scholar
• Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus. N Engl J Med 2009;361:225-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright PF, Webster RG. Orthomyxoviruses. Fields virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, Philadelphia; 2001
   Google Scholar
• Swine influenza: how much of a global threat? Lancet 2009;373:1495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes R. A/H1N1 influenza: questions and answers. BMJ 2009;338:b1849
   Google Scholar
• Moloney A. Questions raised over response to influenza A outbreak. Lancet 2009;373:1591-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krug RM, Aramini JM. Emerging antiviral targets for influenza A virus. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30:269-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler D. Portrait of a year-old pandemic. Nature 2010;464:1112-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hama R. A/H1N1 flu. NSAIDs and flu. BMJ 2009;338:b2345
   Google Scholar
• Rothberg MB, Haessler SD, Brown RB. Complications of viral influenza. Am J Med 2008;121:258-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh EE, Peterson DR, Falsey AR. Human metapneumovirus infections in adults: another piece of the puzzle. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2489-96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis. Lancet 2006;368:2211-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boltz DA, Aldridge JR Jr, Webster RG, Drugs in development for influenza. Drugs 2010;70:1349-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscona A. Medical management of influenza infection. Annu Rev Med 2008;59:397-413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh HP, Hsu JT. Strategies of development of antiviral agents directed against influenza virus replication. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:3531-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:243-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson T, Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Antivirals for influenza in healthy adults: systematic review. Lancet 2006;367:303-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden F. Developing new antiviral agents for influenza treatment: what does the future hold? Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(Suppl 1):S3-13
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Who Interim Guidelines 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/ClinicalManagement07.pdf [Last accessed 15 August 2007]
   Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Cote KM, Douglas RG. Plaque inhibition assay for drug susceptibility testing of influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17:865-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing X, Ma C, Ohigashi Y, Functional studies indicate amantadine binds to the pore of the influenza A virus M2 proton-selective ion channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:10967-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell JR, Chou JJ. Structure and mechanism of the M2 proton channel of influenza A virus. Nature 2008;451:591-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady SD, Schmidt-Rohr K, Wang J, Structure of the amantadine binding site of influenza M2 proton channels in lipid bilayers. Nature 2010;463:689-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright RA, Shay DK, Shu B, Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the United States. JAMA 2006;295:891-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden FG. Antiviral resistance in influenza virus implications for management and pandemic response. N Engl J Med 2006;354:785-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata M, Tsuzuki M, Goto Y, High frequency of amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses in the 2005-2006 season and rapid detection of amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses by MAMA-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007;60:202-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jefferson T, Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD001169
   Google Scholar
• Monto AS. Antivirals and influenza: frequency of resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:S110-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielak RM, Schnell JR, Chou JJ. Mechanism of drug inhibition and drug resistance of influenza A M2 channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:7379-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belshe RB, Smith MH, Hall CB, Genetic basis of resistance to rimantadine emerging during treatment of influenza virus infection. J Virol 1988;62:1508-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyde VM, Xu X, Bright RA, Surveillance of resistance to adamantanes among influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) viruses isolated worldwide. J Infect Dis 2007;196:249-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung CL, Rayner JM, Smith GJ, Distribution of amantadine-resistant H5N1 avian influenza variants in Asia. J Infect Dis 2006;193:1626-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock DM, Zuccotti G. The evolution of influenza resistance and treatment. JAMA 2009;301:1066-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He G, Qiao J, Dong C, Amantadine-resistance among H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Northern China. Antiviral Res 2008;77:72-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57:1-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schunemann HJ, Hill SR, Kakad M, WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines for pharmacological management of sporadic human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:21-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EJ. Amantadine-induced psychosis in a young healthy patient. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz M, Patel M, Kazzi Z, Cardiotoxicity after massive amantadine overdose. J Med Toxicol 2008;4:173-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jefferson TO, Jones M, Doshi P, Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b5106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendel DB, Roberts NA. In-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1998;11:427-32
   Google Scholar
• Govorkova EA, Leneva IA, Goloubeva OG, Comparison of efficacies of RWJ-270201, zanamivir and oseltamivir against H5N1, H9N2 and other avian influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2723-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasingham S. The antiviral activity of oseltamivir carboxylate against a human H5N1 and an avian H5N1 virus. 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2004
   Google Scholar
• Kiso M, Kubo S, Ozawa M, Efficacy of the new neuraminidase inhibitor CS-8958 against H5N1 influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1000786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen HL, Hoffmann E, Taylor G, Importance of neuraminidase active-site residues to the neuraminidase inhibitor resistance of influenza viruses. J Virol 2006;80:8787-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita M, Ohno A, Tomozawa T, R-118958, a unique anti-influenza agent: a prodrug form of R-125489, a novel inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2003
   Google Scholar
• Yamashita M, Tomozawa T, Kakuta M, CS-8958 a prodrug of the new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489, shows long-acting anti-influenza virus activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:186-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b5106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford J. Oseltamivir in the management of influenza. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005;6:2493-500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters PH, Moscona A, Schulman KL, Study of the impact of oseltamivir on the risk for pneumonia and other outcomes of influenza, 2000-2005. Medscape J Med 2008;10:131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser L, Wat C, Mills T, Impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1667-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group. JAMA 2000;283:1016-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson KG, Aoki FY, Osterhaus AD, Efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in treatment of acute influenza: a randomised controlled trial. Neuraminidase Inhibitor Flu Treatment Investigator Group. Lancet 2000;355:1845-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyeki T. Antiviral treatment for patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). N Engl J Med 2009;361:e110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shun-Shin M, Thompson M, Heneghan C, Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;339:b3172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Barghoorn J, Bagdonas A, Clinical benefits with oseltamivir in treating influenza in adult populations: results of a pooled and subgroup analysis. Clin Drug Investig 2003;23:561-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N, Cockram CS, Chan PK, Antiviral treatment for patients hospitalized with severe influenza infection may affect clinical outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1323-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGeer A, Green KA, Plevneshi A, Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1568-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gums JG, Pelletier EM, Blumentals WA. Oseltamivir and influenza-related complications, hospitalization and healthcare expenditure in healthy adults and children. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9:151-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crusat M, de Jong MD. Neuraminidase inhibitors and their role in avian and pandemic influenza. Antivir Ther 2007;12:593-602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freemantle N, Calvert M. What can we learn from observational studies of oseltamivir to treat influenza in healthy adults? BMJ 2009;339:b5248
   Google Scholar
• McCullers JA, Bartmess KC. Role of neuraminidase in lethal synergism between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 2003;187:1000-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Osterhaus AD, Treanor JJ, Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:874-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch J, Corbett M, Stock C, Prescription of anti-influenza drugs for healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:537-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi P. Neuraminidase inhibitors–the story behind the Cochrane review. BMJ 2009;339:b5164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANZIC Influenza Investigators, Webb SA, Pettila V, Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New Zealand. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen JT, Hoopes JD, Smee DF, Triple combination of oseltamivir, amantadine, and ribavirin displays synergistic activity against multiple influenza virus strains in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4115-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiso M, Mitamura K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study. Lancet 2004;364:759-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ison MG, Gubareva LV, Atmar RL, Recovery of drug-resistant influenza virus from immunocompromised patients: a case series. J Infect Dis 2006;193:760-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monto AS, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Macken C, Detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2395-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2667-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscona A. Global transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza. N Engl J Med 2009;360:953-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharan NJ, Gubareva LV, Meyer JJ, Infections with oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) virus in the United States. JAMA 2009;301:1034-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooskens J, Jonges M, Claas EC, Morbidity and mortality associated with nosocomial transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) virus. JAMA 2009;301:1042-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza activity—United States and worldwide, 2007-08 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:692-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govorkova EA, Ilyushina NA, McClaren JL, Susceptibility of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir differs in vitro and in a mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3088-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Issues Interim Recommendations for the Use of Influenza Antiviral Medications in the Setting of Oseltamivir Resistance among Circulating Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses, Influenza Season, 2008-09. Available from: http://www2a.cdc.gov/HAN/ArchiveSys/ViewMsgV.asp?AlertNum=00279 [Last accessed 12 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Gulland A. First cases of spread of oseltamivir resistant swine flu between patients are reported in Wales. BMJ 2009;339:b4975
   Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama S, Sugaya N, Ito M, Emergence of influenza B viruses with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. JAMA 2007;297:1435-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackenby A, Hungnes O, Dudman SG, Emergence of resistance to oseltamivir among influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008;13: pii:8026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colman PM, Varghese GN, Laver WG. Structure of the catalytic and antigenic sites in influenza virus neuraminidase. Nature 1983;303:41-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubareva LV, Matrosovich MN, Brenner MK, Evidence for zanamivir resistance in an immunocompromised children infected with influenza B virus. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1257-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu TG, Deyde VM, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance among human influenza A and B viruses circulating worldwide from 2004 to 2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3284-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rameix-Welti MA, Enouf V, Cuvelier F, Enzymatic properties of the neuraminidase of seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses provide insights for the emergence of natural resistance to oseltamivir. PLoS Pathog 2008;4:e1000103
   Google Scholar
• Baz M, Abed Y, Nehme B, Activity of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor A-322278 against the oseltamivir-resistant H274Y (A/H1N1) influenza virus mutant in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:791-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauge SH, Dudman S, Borgen K, Oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses A (H1N1), Norway, 2007-08. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:155-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baz M, Abed Y, McDonald J, Characterization of multidrug-resistant influenza A/H3N2 viruses shed during 1 year by an immunocompromised child. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1555-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt AC, Holien JK, Barr IG. In vitro generation of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in A (H5N1) influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4433-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Vries E, van den Berg B, Schutten M. Fatal oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus infection. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1074-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Possible harms of oseltamivir ─ a call for urgent action. Lancet 2009;374:1312-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee VJ, Yap J, Cook AR, Oseltamivir ring prophylaxis for containment of 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreaks. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2166-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong M, Burrows J, Redgrave P. A/H1N1 pandemic. Oseltamivir's adverse events. BMJ 2009;339:b3249
   Google Scholar
• Toovey S, Rayner C, Prinssen E, Assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: a comprehensive review. Drug Saf 2008;31:1097-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumentals WA, Song X. The safety of oseltamivir in patients with influenza: analysis of healthcare claims data from six influenza seasons. MedGenMed 2007;9:23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilcox M, Zhu S. Oseltamivir therapy appears not to affect the incidence of neuropsychiatry adverse events in influenza patients, poster 114 [abstract]. 47th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother American Society for Microbiology; Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• He G, Massarella J, Ward P. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the prodrug oseltamivir and its active metabolite Ro 64-0802. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37:471-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enger C, Nordstrom BL, Thakrar B, Health outcomes among patients receiving oseltamivir. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:227-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulfiqar M, Doshi P, Brainard A, Oseltamivir inducing rhabdomyolysis in influenza A. I Invest Med 2000;48:272
   Google Scholar
• Best case needed to see oseltamivir value for flu in Canada. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes News 2002;349
   Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Gubareva LV, Monto AS, Inhaled zanamivir for the prevention of influenza in families. Zanamivir Family Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1282-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. The MIST (Management of Influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Trialists) Study Group. Lancet 1998;352:1877-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monto AS, Fleming DM, Henry D, Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Infect Dis 1999;180:254-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfee DP, Peng AW, Cass LM, Safety and efficacy of intravenous zanamivir in preventing experimental human influenza A virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1616-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington A, Bethell R. Recent developments in the antiviral therapy of influenza. Exp Opin Ther Patents 1995;5:793-803
   Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Rollins BS, Madren LK. Anti-influenza virus activity of the neuraminidase inhibitor 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2nen in cell culture and in human respiratory epithelium. Antivir Res 1994;25:123-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efthymiopoulos C, Barrington P, Patel J, Pharmacokinetics of the neuraminidase inhibitor 4-guanidinoNeu5Ac2en (GG167) following intravenous, intranasal and inhaled administration in men. 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1994
   Google Scholar
• Eagel BA. Zanamivir should be inhaled, not nebulised. BMJ 2010;340:c131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodvold K, Jones L, Ng-Cashin J, Zanamivir concentrations in epithelial lining fluid following intravenous and oral inhaled administration, 27 plus poster. Abstr. A-1411 47th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother USA; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Kidd IM, Down J, Nastouli E, H1N1 pneumonitis treated with intravenous zanamivir. Lancet 2009;374:1036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund B, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Zanamivir: a review of clinical safety. Drug Saf 1999;21:267-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauskopf JA, Cates SC, Griffin AD, Cost effectiveness of zanamivir for the treatment of influenza in a high risk population in Australia. Pharmacoeconomics 2000;17:611-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki FY, Fleming DM, Griffin AD, Impact of zanamivir treatment on productivity, health status and healthcare resource use in patients with influenza. Zanamivir Study Group Pharmacoeconomics 2000;17:187-95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jack A. Flu's unexpected bonus. BMJ 2009;339:b3811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald SJ, Cameron R, Demaine DA, Dimeric zanamivir conjugates with various linking groups are potent, long-lasting inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase including H5N1 avian influenza. J Med Chem 2005;48:2964-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh Y, Shinya K, Kiso M, In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature 2009;460:1021-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo S, Tomozawa T, Kakuta M, Laninamivir prodrug CS-8958, a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, shows superior anti-influenza virus activity after a single administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:1256-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama K, Takahashi M, Oitate M, CS-8958, a prodrug of the novel neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489, demonstrates a favorable long-retention profile in the mouse respiratory tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4845-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennecke J, Hirota T, Puchler K. R-118958, a unique anti-influenza agent: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy male volunteers, 258 plus poster. Abstr. F-1834 43rd Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother Japan; 2003
   Google Scholar
• Sugaya N, Ohashi Y. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate (CS-8958) versus oseltamivir as treatment for children with influenza virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2575-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M. Inhibitory effect of peramivir (S-021812), BCX-1812 against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Gubareva LV, Webster RG, Hayden FG. Comparison of the activities of zanamivir, oseltamivir, and RWJ-270201 against clinical isolates of influenza virus and neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3403-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantia S, Ananth S, Andrias K, In vitro activity of the neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 against influenza virus. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999
   Google Scholar
• Smee DF, Sidwell RW, Morrison AC, Characterization of an influenza A (H3N2) virus resistant to the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201. Antivir Res 2001;52:251-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida R. Therapeutic Effect of Peramivir (S-021812, BCX-1812) after Single Intravenous Treatment in Mice Infected with Influenza A and B Viruses [abstract]. V-1065 49th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother Japan; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Sidwell RW, Bailey KW, Bernis PA, Primary immune system effects of the orally administered cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 in influenza virus-infected mice. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1087
   Google Scholar
• Sidwell RW, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Inhibition of influenza disease in the immunocompromised host by delayed oral treatment with RWJ-270201. 14th International Conference on Antiviral Research Late Breaker USA; 2001
   Google Scholar
• Collins PJ, Harman LA, Kilpatrick JM, A placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose intravenous administration of peramivir to healthy elderly subject, 27 plus poster [abstract]. A-1409 47th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother USA; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Alexander WJ, Harman LA, Collis PJ, Nasal and pharyngeal concentrations of peramivir following intramuscular and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers, 27 plus poster [abstract]. A-1410 47th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother USA; 2007
   Google Scholar
• S-021812 Clinical study group, Kohno S, Yen MY, Cheong HJ, Hirotsu N. Late-breaker Abstract Single Intravenous peramivir vs oral oseltamivir to treat acute, uncomplicated influenza in the outpatient setting: a phase III randomized double blind trial [abstract]. V-537a 49th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 2009. Available from: htpp://www.icaacidsa.org.Japan
   Google Scholar
• Birnkrant D, Cox E. The Emergency Use Authorization of peramivir for treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2204-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhoff A, Lietman P. Losing the opportunity to study influenza drugs. JAMA 2010;303:878-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malakhov MP, Aschenbrenner LA, Smee DF, Sialidase fusion protein as a novel broad-spectrum inhibitor of influenza virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:1470-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triana-Baltzer GB, Gubareva LV, Klimov AL, Inhibition of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistance influenza virus by DAS181, a novel sialidase fusion protein. PLoS One 2009;4:e7838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou B, Zhong N, Guan Y. Treatment with convalescent plasma for influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1450-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke TC, Kilbane EM, Jackson JL, Meta-analysis: convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: a future H5N1 treatment? Ann Intern Med 2006;145:599-609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandbulte MR, Jimenez GS, Boon AC, Cross-reactive neuraminidase antibodies afford partial protection against H5N1 in mice and are present in unexposed humans. PLoS Med 2007;4:e59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Elsliger MA, Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope. Science 2009;24:246-51
   Google Scholar
• Sui J, Hwang WC, Perez S, Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009;16:265-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti G, Magliani W, Conti S, Therapeutic activity of an anti-idiotypic antibody-derived killer peptide against influenza A virus experimental infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:4331-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramisse F, Deramoudt FX, Szatanik M, Effective prophylaxis of influenza A virus pneumonia in mice by topical passive immunotherapy with polyvalent human immunoglobulins or F(ab')2 fragments. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111:583-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakabe S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Horimoto T, A cross-reactive neutralizing monoclonal antibody protects mice from H5N1 and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Antivir Res 2010;88:249-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Broadly protective monoclonal antibodies against H3 influenza viruses following sequential immunization with different hemagglutinins. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1796
   Google Scholar
• Song G, Yang S, Zhang W, Discovery of the first series of small molecule H5N1 entry inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009;52:7368-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe BR, Smee DF, Turpin JA, Potent anti-influenza activity of cyanovirin-N and interactions with viral hemagglutinin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2518-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyssen P, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Molecular strategies to inhibit the replication of RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 2008;78:9-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gowen B, Wong MH, Jung KH, Therapy of advanced arenaviral infection in hamster with T-705. Antiviral Res 2008;78:57
   Google Scholar
• Jung KH, Wong MH, Furuta Y, In vitro and in vivo activity of T-705 against arenavirus and bunyavirus infections. Antiviral Res 2007;74:44
   Google Scholar
• Smith CB, Charette RP, Fox JP, Lack of effect of oral ribavirin in naturally occurring influenza A virus (H1N1) infection. J Infect Dis 1980;141:548-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DS, Creticos CM, Jackson GG, Oral ribavirin treatment of influenza A and B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:1285-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight V, Gilbert BE. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987;1:441-57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez WJ, Hall CB, Welliver R, Efficacy and safety of aerosolized ribavirin in young children hospitalized with influenza: a double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 1994;125:129-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riner A, Chan-Tack KM, Murray JS. Original research: Intravenous ribavirin–review of the FDA's Emergency Investigational New Drug Database (1997-2008) and literature review. Postgrad Med 2009;121:139-46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan-Tack KM, Murray JS, Birnkrant DB. Use of ribavirin to treat influenza. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1713-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidwell RW, Bailey KW, Wong MH, In vitro and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of viramidine. Antiviral Res 2005;68:10-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gish R. Treating HCV with ribavirin analogues and ribavirin-like molecules. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:8-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obayashi E, Yoshida H, Kawai F, The structural basis for an essential subunit interaction in influenza virus RNA polymerase. Nature 2008;454:1127-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Zhou J, Bartlam M, Crystal structure of the polymerase PA(C)-PB1(N) complex from an avian influenza H5N1 virus. Nature 2008;454:1123-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Fukuda Y, In vitro and in vivo activities of anti-influenza virus compound T-705. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:977-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidwell RW, Barnard DL, Day CW, Efficacy of orally administered T-705 on lethal avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:845-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Shiraki K, T-705 (favipiravir) and related compounds: novel broad spectrum inhibitors of RNA viral infections. Antivir Res 2009;82:95-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujifilm. Notice of start of Phase III clinical trials of T-705 as a treatment for influenza infection in Japan. Available from: http://www.fujifilmholdings.com-en/pdf/investors/library/ff_announcement_2009.1029_001.pdf [Last accessed 18 December 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Julander J, Shafer K, Smee D, Efficacy of T-1106 or T-705, alone or in combination with ribavirin, in the treatment of hamsters infected with yellow fever virus. Antiviral Res 2008;78:34
   Google Scholar
• Karpenko I, Deev S, Kiselev O, Antiviral properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a novel azolo-1,2,4-triazine-derived inhibitor of influenza A and B virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2017-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao RY, Yang D, Lau LS, Identification of influenza A nucleoprotein as an antiviral target. Nat Biotechnol 2010;28:600-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara K, Kondoh Y, Ueda U, Discovery of novel antiviral agents direct against the influenza A virus nucleoprotein using photo-cross-linked chemical arrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;394:721-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugel D, Kochs G, Obojes K, Intranasal administration of alpha interferon reduces seasonal influenza A virus morbidity in ferrets. J Virol 2009;83:3843-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hoeven N, Belser JA, Szretter KJ, Pathogenesis of 1918 pandemic and H5N1 influenza virus infections in a guinea pig model: antiviral potential of exogenous alpha interferon to reduce virus shedding. J Virol 2009;83:2851-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ison MG, Mishin VP, Braciale TJ, Comparative activities of oseltamivir and A-322278 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models of influenza virus infection. J Infect Dis 2006;193:765-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossignol JF, La Frazia S, Chiappa L, Thiazolides, a new class of anti-influenza molecules targeting viral hemagglutinin at the post-translational level. J Biol Chem 2009;284:29798-808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambon MC. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:3-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• To KK, Hung IF, Li IV. Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:850-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garigliany MM, Habyarimana A, Lambrecht B. Influenza A strain dependent pathogenesis in fatal H1N1 and H5N1 subtype infevtions of mice. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:595-603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo PC, Tung ET, Chan KH. Cytokine profiles by the novel swuine origin influenza A H1N1 virus: implications for treatment strategies. J Infect Dis 2010;201:346-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng BJ, Chan KV, Lin YP, Delayed antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment still reduces mortality in mice infected by high inoculums of influenza A/H5N1 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:8091-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons C, Farrar J. Insights into inflammation and influenza. New Engl J Med 2008;359:1621-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aldridge JR Jr, Moseley CE, Boltz DA, TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:5306-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurokawa M, Watanabe W, Shimidzu T, Modulation of cytokine production by 7-hydroxycoumarin in vitro and its efficacy against influenza infection in mice. Antivir Res 2010;85:373-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarubaev VV, Garshinina AV, Kalinina NA, Antiviral activity of ingavirin in experimental lethal influenza due to influenza virus B in albino mice. Antibiot Khimioter 2010;55:8-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loginova Sla, Borisevic CH, Lykov MV, In vitro efficacy of ingavirin against the Mexican pandemic subtype H1N1 of influenza A virus, strains A/California/04/2009 and A/California/07/2009. Antibiot Khimioter 2009;54:15-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser L, Keene ON, Hammond JM, Impact of zanamivir on antibiotic use for respiratory events following acute influenza in adolescents and adults. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3234-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• English PM, Carroll K, Majeed A, A/H1N1 flu. Policy on antiviral drugs needs to be revised. BMJ 2009;339:b2728
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom BL, Sung I, Suter P, Risk of pneumonia and other complications of influenza-like illness in patients treated with oseltamivir. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:761-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. FluView: 2008-2009 Influenza Season Week ending. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ [Last accessed 31 January 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on antiviral recommendations for patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection and their close contacts. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm
   Google Scholar
• Coker R. Swine flu. BMJ 2009;338:b1791
   Google Scholar
• Uyeki TM. 2009 H1N1 virus transmission and outbreaks. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2221-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009;325:197-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster RG. 1918 Spanish influenza: the secrets remain elusive. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:1164-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hackett S, Hill L, Patel J, Clinical characteristics of pediatric H1N1 admissions in Birmingham, UK. Lancet 2009;374:605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister P, Reynolds F, Parslow R, Swine-origin influenza virus H1N1, seasonal influenza virus, and critical illness in children. Lancet 2009;374:605-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr CE, Schulman K, Iacuzio D, Effect of oseltamivir on the risk of pneumonia and use of health care services in children with clinically diagnosed influenza. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:523-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedra PA, Schulman KL, Blumentals WA. Effects of oseltamivir on influenza-related complications in children with chronic medical conditions. Pediatrics 2009;124:170-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U, Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:410-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMEA. Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medical Products for Humans Use. Available from: www.emea.europa.eu
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell SR. Tamiflu and neuropsychiatric disturbance in adolescents. BMJ 2007;334:1232-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuyuno I. Tami3flu side effects come under scrutiny. Nature 2007;446:358-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goshima N, Nakano T, Nagao M, A clinical study of abnormal behaviors in patients with influenza. Infect Immun Child 2006;18:371-6
   Google Scholar
• Okumura A, Kubota T, Kato T, Morishima T. Oseltamivir and delirious behavior in children with influenza. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorifuji T, Suzuki E, Tsuda T. Oseltamivir and abnormal behaviours: true or not? Epidemiology 2009;20:1-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hama R. Fatal neuropsychiatric adverse reactions to oseltamivir: case series and overview of casual relationships. Int J Risk Safety Med 2008;20:5-36
   Google Scholar
• Tsiodras S, Mooney JD, Hatzakis A. Role of combination antiviral therapy in pandemic influenza and stockpiling implications. BMJ 2007;334:293-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Effects of double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin on influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:2120-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamas Pharmaceuticals. Adamals Pharmaceuticals triple combination antiviral drug (TCAD) therapy is well tolerated in a pilot study of immunocompromised patients with influenza A. Available from: http://www.adamaspharma.com [Last accessed 28 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• O'Dowd A. Number of confirmed A/H1N1 flu cases doubles over one weekend. BMJ 2009;338:b1962
   Google Scholar
• Johnson G. A/H1N1 flu. HPA advice on antipyretics contradicts NICE guideline. BMJ 2009;339:b3050
   Google Scholar
• Mizuguchi M, Yamanouchi H, Ichiyama T, Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza and other viral infections. Acta Neurol Scand 2007;115:45-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman CI, Namias N, Doherty J, The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2005;6:369-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herxheimer A, Clarke M, Edwards R, A/H1N1 flu. Time for case-control studies of NSAIDs and oseltamivir. BMJ 2009;339:b3048
   Google Scholar
• Barlow G, Moss P. A/H1N1 flu as does policy on antibiotics. BMJ 2009;339:b2738
   Google Scholar
• Cowling BJ, Ng S, Longini IM Jr. A/H1N1 flu pandemic. Antiviral drugs: distinguish treatment from prophylaxis. BMJ 2009;339:b3620
   Google Scholar
• Halloran ME, Hayden FG, Yang Y, Antiviral effects on influenza viral transmission and pathogenicity: observations from household-based trials. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:212-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet 2009;374:451-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangtani P, Mak TK, Pfeifer D. Pandemic H1N1 infection in pregnant women in the USA. Lancet 2009;374:429-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godlee F, Clarke M. Why don't we have all the evidence on oseltamivir? BMJ 2009;339:b5351
   Google Scholar
• Watson R. WHO is accused of “crying wolf” over swine flu pandemic. BMJ 2010;340:c1904
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Recommended use of antivirals. Who Global Alert and Response. Available from: http://tiny.cc/WHOH1N1 [Last accessed 21 August 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Hawkes N. People would have died if government had been less “precautionary” during swine flu outbreak. BMJ 2010;341:c5950
   Google Scholar
• No Authors listed. After the pandemic. Nature 2010;446:903
   Google Scholar