An update expert opinion on management and research strategies in Parkinson's disease psychosis

Bibliography

• Gallagher DA, Lees AJ, Schrag A. What are the most important nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and are we missing them? Mov Disord 2010;25:2493-500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenelon G, Alves G. Epidemiology of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2010;289:12-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor SA, Feustel PJ, Friedman JH, Longitudinal outcome of Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis. Neurology 2003;60:1756-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Mortality and hallucinations in nursing home patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1995;45:669-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stella F, Banzato CE, Quagliato EM, Psychopathological features in patients with Parkinson's disease and related caregivers' burden. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009;24:1158-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay A, Grace RC, Dalrymple-Alford JC, A profile of neuropsychiatric problems and their relationship to quality of life for Parkinson's disease patients without dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008;14:37-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000;123:733-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham JM, Grunewald RA, Sagar HJ. Hallucinosis in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:434-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Ramos JR ortoll R, Paulson GW. Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1265-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papapetropoulos S, Mash DC. Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease. From description to etiology. J Neurol 2005;252:753-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: focused review and a new integrative model. Mov Disord 2005;20:130-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousi B, Frankel M. Olfactory and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004;10:253-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenelon G, Thobois S, Bonnet AM, Tactile hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2002;249:1699-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DW, Boffeli TJ. Simple schizophrenia: past, present and future. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1267-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Marsh L, Schrag A. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Movement Disorders 2009;24:2175-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JT. Fregoli syndrome associated with levodopa treatment. Mov Disord 2008;23:308-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravina B, Marder K, Fernandez HH, Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson's disease: report of an NINDS, NIMH work group. Mov Disord 2007;22:1061-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenelon G, Soulas T, Zenasni F, The changing face of Parkinson's disease-associated psychosis: a cross-sectional study based on the new NINDS-NIMH criteria. Mov Disord 2010;25:755-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskovitz C, Moses H 3rd, Klawans HL. Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:669-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL. Pharmacology of hallucinations induced by long-term drug therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:494-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Pappert EJ, Blasucci LM, Intravenous levodopa in hallucinating Parkinson's disease patients: high-dose challenge does not precipitate hallucinations. Neurology 1998;50:515-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DR, Lees AJ. Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a retrospective autopsy study. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:605-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller WC, Weiner WJ, Perlik S, Complications of chronic levodopa therapy: long-term efficacy of drug holiday. Neurology 1981;31:473-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Smet Y, Ruberg M, Serdaru M, Confusion, dementia and anticholinergics in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:1161-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard C, Piggott M, Johnson M, Delusions associated with elevated muscarinic binding in dementia with Lewy bodies. Ann Neurol 2000;48:868-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis PT, Perry EK. Cholinergic and other neurotransmitter mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2007;22(Suppl 17):S351-7
   Google Scholar
• Perry EK, Perry RH. Acetylcholine and hallucinations: disease-related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness. Brain Cogn 1995;28:240-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig RM, Jankel WR, Hedreen JC, The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1989;26:41-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin M, Rowan E, Edwards K, Cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparative analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:890-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:1899-907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2509-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkmayer W, Danielczyk W, Neumayer E, Nucleus ruber and L-dopa psychosis: biochemical post-mortem findings. J Neural Transm 1974;35:93-116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkmayer W, Birkmayer JD. Dopamine action and disorders of neurotransmitter balance. Gerontology 1987;33:168-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huot P, Johnston TH, Darr T, Increased 5-HT2A receptors in the temporal cortex of parkinsonian patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord 2010;25:1399-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballanger B, Strafella AP, van Eimeren T, Serotonin 2A receptors and visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2010;67:416-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnulf I, Bonnet AM, Damier P, Hallucinations, REM sleep and Parkinson's disease: a medical hypothesis. Neurology 2000;55:281-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comella CL, Tanner CM, Ristanovic RK. Polysomnographic sleep measures in Parkinson's disease patients with treatment-induced hallucinations. Ann Neurol 1993;34:710-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouvet M DF. Locus coeruleus et sommeil paradoxal. CR Soc Biol 1965;159:895-99
   Google Scholar
• Rabey JM, Vardi J, Askenazi JJ, L-tryptophan administration in L-dopa-induced hallucinations in elderly Parkinsonian patients. Gerontology 1977;23:438-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon V, Fox S, Butler TR, Antidepressants and psychosis in Parkinson disease: a case series. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:601-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meco G, Bernardi S. Antidepressant use in treatment of psychosis with comorbid depression in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:311-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Koller WC, Poewe W, Management of Parkinson's disease: an Evidence-Based review. Mov Disord 2002;17(Suppl 4):S1-166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, Movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011, in press
   Google Scholar
• Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006;66:996-1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group TPS. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:757-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgante L, Epifanio A, Spina E, Quetiapine versus clozapine: a preliminary report of comparative effects on dopaminergic psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2002;23(Suppl 2):S89-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group TFCPS. Clozapine in drug - induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. The Lancet 1999;353:2041-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor SA, Friedman JH, Lannon MC, Clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: results of the 12 week open label extension in the PSYCLOPS trial. Mov Disord 2001;16:135-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak P, Tison F, Rascol O, Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:689-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgante L EA, Spina E, Zappia M, Quetiapine and clozapine in parkinsonian patients with dopaminergic psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004;27:153-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine Versus clozapine for Parkinson's disease Psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2006;26:331-7
   Google Scholar
• Trifiro G, Verhamme KM, Ziere G, All-cause mortality associated with atypical and typical antipsychotics in demented outpatients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:538-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG, Tintner R, Voung KD, Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005;20:958-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabey JM, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind labeled study of 3 months' duration. Mov Disord 2007;22:313-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shotbolt P, Samuel M, Fox C, A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009;5:327-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez HH, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Quetiapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease but not through normalization of sleep architecture: results from a double-blind clinical-polysomnography study. Int J Neurosci 2009;119:2196-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and Parkinsonism. Neurology 2007;68:1356-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Blasucci L, Leurgans S, Pappert EJ. Olanzapine and clozapine Comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients. Neurology 2000;55:789-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier A, Sutton VK, Feldman PD, Olanzapine in the treatment of dopamimetic-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:438-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG, Levy JK, Vuong KD, Olanzapine treatment for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations. Mov Disord 2002;17:1031-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Mills R, Revell S, Pimavanserin, a serotonin(2A) receptor inverse agonist, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:881-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JH, Ravina B, Mills R, A multicenter, placebo controlled, double blind trial to examine the safety and efficacy of pimavanserin in the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2010;74(S2):A299
   Google Scholar
• Teegarden BR, Al Shamma H, Xiong Y. 5-HT(2A) inverse-agonists for the treatment of insomnia. Curr Top Med Chem 2008;8:969-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meco G, Alessandria A, Bonifati V, Risperidone for hallucinations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Lancet 1994;343:1370-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr E, Mendis T, Hildebrand K, Risperidone in the treatment of dopamine-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: an open pilot trial. Mov Disord 2000;15:1230-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich SS, Friedman JH, Ott BR. Risperidone versus clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in six patients with Parkinson's disease and other akinetic-rigid syndromes. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:556-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis T, Cudkowicz ME, Sexton PM, Clozapine and risperidone treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:364-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez HH, Trieschmann ME, Friedman JH. Aripiprazole for drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson disease: preliminary experience. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004;27:4-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JH, Berman RM, Goetz CG, Open-label flexible-dose pilot study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in patients with psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:2078-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickremaratchi M, Morris HR, Ali IM. Aripiprazole associated with severe exacerbation of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:1538-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Velasco F, Use of ziprasidone in parkinsonian patients with psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005;28:111-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindehutte J, Trenkwalder C. Treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease with ziprasidone can induce severe dose-dependent off-periods and pathological laughing. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007;109:188-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Koenig JI, Nash JF, Melperone and clozapine: neuroendocrine effects of atypical neuroleptic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1989;352:24-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbato L, Monge A, Stocchi F, Melperone in the treatment of iatrogenic psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Funct Neurol 1996;11:201-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen JP, Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:708-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Ruiz B, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:750-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Tolosa E, Hippocampal head atrophy predominance in Parkinson's disease with hallucinations and with dementia. J Neurol 2008;255:1324-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Junque C, Differential progression of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without visual hallucinations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:650-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Carrillo MC, Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: an fMRI study. Neurology 2004;63:1409-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Ruiz B, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Brain response to complex visual stimuli in Parkinson's patients with hallucinations: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Mov Disord 2008;23:2335-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meppelink AM, de Jong BM, Renken R, Impaired visual processing preceding image recognition in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Brain 2009;132:2980-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada K, Suyama N, Oguro H, Medication-induced hallucination and cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 1999;246:365-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui H, Nishinaka K, Oda M, Hypoperfusion of the visual pathway in parkinsonian patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord 2006;21:2140-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boecker H, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Volk D, Metabolic alterations in patients with Parkinson disease and visual hallucinations. Arch Neurol 2007;64:984-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagano-Saito A, Washimi Y, Arahata Y, Visual hallucination in Parkinson's disease with FDG PET. Mov Disord 2004;19:801-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbouw ME, van Vugt JP, Egberts TC, Pharmacogenetics of antiparkinsonian drug treatment: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2007;8:159-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skipper L, Liu JJ, Tan EK. Polymorphisms in candidate genes: implications for the current treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:849-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoff AJ, Graham JM, Arranz MJ, Association study of dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms with drug-induced hallucinations in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenetics 2000;10:43-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goetz CG, Burke PF, Leurgans S, Genetic variation analysis in parkinson disease patients with and without hallucinations: case-control study. Arch Neurol 2001;58:209-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Zhao C, Chen B, Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor and transporter genes and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2004;355:193-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser R, Hofer A, Grapengiesser A, L -dopa-induced adverse effects in PD and dopamine transporter gene polymorphism. Neurology 2003;60:1750-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman JG, Goetz CG, Berry-Kravis E, Genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2004;19:S356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie AD, Battersby S, Bubb VJ, Polymorphism in serotonin transporter gene associated with susceptibility to major depression. Lancet 1996;347:731-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman JG, Goetz CG, Berry-Kravis E, Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004;2004:S8
   Google Scholar
• Kiferle L, Ceravolo R, Petrozzi L, Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease are not influenced by polymorphisms of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and transporter genes. Neurosci Lett 2007;422:228-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone RE, Kapur S, Fletcher PJ. The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:1556-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox SH, Visanji NP, Johnston TH, Dopamine receptor agonists and levodopa and inducing psychosis-like behavior in the MPTP primate model of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1343-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visanji NP, Gomez-Ramirez J, Johnston TH, Pharmacological characterization of psychosis-like behavior in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:1879-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez HH, Aarsland D, Fenelon G, Scales to assess psychosis in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 2008;23:484-500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG. Scales to evaluate psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15(Suppl 3):S38-41
   Google Scholar