Diuretics in the treatment of hypertension. Part 1: thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Bibliography

• Brater DC. Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med 1998;339:387-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst ME, Moser M. Use of diuretics in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2153-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaski JK, Haywood C, Mahida S, et al. Oxford handbook of drugs in cardiology. 1st edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; 2010. p. 1-729
   Google Scholar
• Freis ED, Reda DJ, Materson BJ. Volume (weight) loss and blood pressure response following thiazide diuretics. Hypertension 1988;12:244-50
   Google Scholar
• Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA 1982;248:1465-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosén A. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;19(5 Pt 1):531-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materson BJ, Oster JR, Michael UF, et al. Dose response to chlorthalidone in patients with mild hypertension. Efficacy of a lower dose. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;24:192-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman WC, Khatri I, Materson BJ, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. III. Response of isolated systolic hypertension to various doses of hydrochlorothiazide: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1954-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jounela AJ, Lilja M, Lumme J, et al. Relation between low dose of hydrochlorothiazide, antihypertensive effect and adverse effects. Blood Press 1994;3:231-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst ME, Carter BL, Goerdt CJ, et al. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure. Hypertension 2006;47:352-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materson BJ, Cushman WC, Goldstein G, et al.; for the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. I. Blood pressure and clinical changes. Results of a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Hypertension 1990;15:348-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly RF, Ellison DH. Mammalian distal tubule: physiology, pathophysiology, and molecular anatomy. Physiol Rev 2000;80:277-313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastroianni N, De Fusco M, Zollo M, et al. Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3). Genomics 1996;35:486-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodan AR, Cheng CJ, Huang CL. Recent advances in distal tubular potassium handling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011;300:F821-7
   Google Scholar
• Sansom SC, Welling PA. Two channels for one job. Kidney Int 2007;72:529-30
   Google Scholar
• Okusa MD, Velazquez H, Ellison DH, Wright FS. Luminal calcium regulates potassium transport by the renal distal tubule. Am J Physiol 1990;258:F423-8
   Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis T, Vallon V, van der Kemp AW, et al. Enhanced passive Ca2+ reabsorption and reduced Mg2+ channel abundance explains thiazide-induced hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1651-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sica DA, Moser M. Diuretic therapy in cardiovascular disease. In: Black HR, Elliott WJ, editors, Hypertension: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak MM, De Joussineau C, Carter DH, et al. Thiazide diuretics directly induce osteoblast differentiation and mineralized nodule formation by targeting a NaCl cotransporter in bone". J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:2509-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly RF, Peixoto AJ, Desir GV. The evidence-based use of thiazide diuretics in hypertension and nephrolithiasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1893-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung K, Htay T. Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD005185
   Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2159-219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidney disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2012;2:337-414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Sinha AD. Thiazide diuretics in advanced chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012;6:299-308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mironneau J, Savineau JP, Mironneau C. Compared effects of indapamide, hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on electrical and mechanical activities in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;75:109-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman R, Brown C, Lockette W. Chlorthalidone decreases platelet aggregation and vascular permeability and promotes angiogenesis. Hypertension 2010;56:463-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou MS, Schulman IH, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Thiazide diuretics, endothelial function, and vascular oxidative stress. J Hypertens 2008;26:494-500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freis ED, Wanko A, Wilson IM, et al. Chlorothiazide in hypertensive and normotensive patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 1958;71:450-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson IM, Freis ED. Relationship between plasma and extracellular fluid volume depletion and the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide. Circulation 1959;20:1028-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Brummelen P, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA. Hemodynamic changes during long-term thiazide treatment of essential hypertension in responders and nonresponders. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980;27:328-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Khatri I, Freis ED. Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics. Am Heart J 1978;95:611-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway J, Lauwers P. Hemodynamic and hypotensive effects of long-term therapy with chlorothiazide. Circulation 1960;21:21-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson IM, Freis ED. Relationship between plasma and extracellular fluid volume depletion and the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide. Circulation 1959;20:1028-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake CR, Ziegler MG, Coleman MD, Kopin IJ. Hydrochlorothiazide-induced sympathetic hyperactivity in hypertensive patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;26:428-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos JC, Boer P, Koomans HA, et al. Haemodynamic and hormonal changes during acute and chronic diuretic treatment in essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981;19:107-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan ED Jr, Carey RM, Peach MJ, et al. The renin response to diuretic therapy. A limitation of antihypertensive potential. Circ Res 1978;42:376-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AD. How do thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics lower blood pressure? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2004;5:155-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarazi RC, Dustan HP, Frohlich ED. Long-term thiazide therapy in essential hypertension. Evidence for persistent alteration in plasma volume and renin activity. Circulation 1970;41:709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack JM, Cushman WC. Evidence for the efficacy of low-dose diuretic monotherapy. Am J Med 1996;101(3A):53S-60S
   Google Scholar
• Campbell DB, Brackman F. Cardiovascular protective properties of indapamide. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:11H-27H
   Google Scholar
• Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG, et al. Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension 1998;32:1071-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder JA, Schachter M, Sever PS. Direct vascular actions of hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide in isolated small vessels. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;220:19-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder JA, Schachter M, Sever PS. Potassium channel opening properties of thiazide diuretics in isolated guinea pig resistance arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;24:158-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickkers P, Garcha RS, Schachter M, et al. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase accounts for the direct vascular effects of hydrochlorothiazide. Hypertension 1999;33:1043-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Zhu S, Liu D, et al. Thiazide-like diuretics attenuate agonist-induced vasoconstriction by calcium desensitization linked to Rho kinase. Hypertension 2005;45:233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colas B, Slama M, Collin T, et al. Mechanisms of methyclothiazide-induced inhibition of contractile responses in rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;408:63-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobian L. Why do thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure in essential hypertension? Annu Rev Pharmacol 1967;7:399-408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull F, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, et al.; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1410-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull F, Neal B, Ninomiya T, et al. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2008;336:1121-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Dunn JK, Cutler JA, et al.; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril. JAMA 2005;293:1595-608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Harris-Haywood S, Pressel S, et al. Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med 2008;168:207-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Probstfield JL, Cushman WC, et al. ALLHAT findings revisited in the context of subsequent analyses, other trials, and meta-analyses. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:832-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JM, Musini VM. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(3):CD001841
   Google Scholar
• Chapman AB, Schwartz GL, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Predictors of antihypertensive response to a standard dose of hydrochlorothiazide for essential hypertension. Kidney Int 2002;61:1047-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D, et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J Hypertens 2007;25:217-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roser M, Eibl N, Eisenhaber B, et al. Gitelman syndrome. Hypertension 2009;53:893-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji W, Foo JN, O'Roak BJ, et al. Rare independent mutations in renal salt handling genes contribute to blood pressure variation. Nat Genet 2008;40:592-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz DN, Simon DB, Nelson-Williams C, et al. Mutations in the Na-Cl cotransporter reduce blood pressure in humans. Hypertension 2001;37:1458-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson FH, Kahle KT, Sabath E, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of inherited hypertension with hyperkalemia: the Na-Cl cotransporter is inhibited by wild-type but not mutant WNK4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:680-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadchouel J, Delaloy C, Faure S, et al. Familial hyperkalemic hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:208-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. WNK1 kinase polymorphism and blood pressure response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension 2005;46:758-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zhou Y, Yang P, et al. Interaction of ACE and CYP11B2 genes on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide in Han Chinese hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011;33:141-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelleman H, Klungel OH, Witteman JC, et al. The influence of the alpha-adducin G460W polymorphism and angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism on antihypertensive medication and blood pressure. Eur J Hum Genet 2006;14:860-6
   Google Scholar
• Suonsyrjä T, Donner K, Hannila-Handelberg T, et al. Common genetic variation of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor and response to four classes of antihypertensive treatment. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010;20:342-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar SS, Brater DC. Loop diuretics: from the Na-K-2Cl transporter to clinical use. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;284:F11-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst ME, Carter BL, Goerdt CJ, et al. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure. Hypertension 2006;47:352-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension 2004;43:4-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JM, Heran BS, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of diuretics as second-line therapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD007187
   Google Scholar
• Welling PG. Pharmacokinetics of the thiazide diuretics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1986;7:501-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess W, Dubach UC, Burckhardt D, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies with chlorthalidone (Hygroton) in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977;12:375-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieterle W, Wagner J, Faigle JW. Binding of chlorthalidone (Hygroton) to blood components in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1976;10:37-42
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson C, Johnsson G, Sannerstedt R, Werkö L. Effect of different doses of chlorthalidone on blood pressure, serum potassium, and serum urate. Br Med J 1975;1:197-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitworth JA. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1983-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 1967;202:1028-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA 1970;213:1143-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Lancet 1985;1:1349-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amery A, De Schaepdryver A. The European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Am J Med 1991;90:1S-4S
   Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet 1981;2:539-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J 1985;291:97-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. MRC Working Party. BMJ 1992;304:405-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1996;276:1886-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al.; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Coronary heart disease death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction and other clinical outcomes in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:1-13
   Google Scholar
• The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (MRFIT). Mortality rates after 10.5 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation 1990;82:1616-28
   Google Scholar
• Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 1967;202:1028-34
   Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 1997;277:739-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:2534-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD. Meta-analysis of health outcomes of chlorthalidone-based vs non-chlorthalidone-based low-dose diuretic therapies. JAMA 2004;292:43-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2008;336:1121-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Do men and women respond differently to blood pressurelowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2008;29:2669-80
   Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Jamerson K, Bakris GL, et al. Effects of body size and hypertension treatments on cardiovascular event rates: subanalysis of the ACCOMPLISH randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:537-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1787-847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Julius S. Risk/benefit assessment of beta-blockers and diuretics precludes their use for first-line therapy in hypertension. Circulation 2008;117:2706-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Makani H, Benjo A, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide as evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:590-600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, et al.; Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003;348:583-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al.; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2417-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, et al. Baseline characteristics in the Avoiding Cardiovascular events through Combination therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial: a hypertensive population at high cardiovascular risk. Blood Press 2007;16:13-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O'Rourke MF, et al. Differential effects between a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on central aortic pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2009;54:716-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutouyrie P, Achouba A, Trunet P, Laurent S, EXPLOR Trialist Group. Amlodipine-valsartan combination decreases central systolic blood pressure more effectively than the amlodipine-atenolol combination: the EXPLOR study. Hypertension 2010;55:1314-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Bangalore S. Half a century of hydrochlorothiazide: facts, fads, fiction, and follies. Am J Med 2011;124:896-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al.; CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poblete PF, Kyle MC, Pipberger HV, Freis ED. Effect of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Antihypertensive Agents. Effect on the electrocardiogram. Circulation 1973;48:481-90
   Google Scholar
• Peterzan MA, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD. Meta-analysis of dose-response relationships for hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide on blood pressure, serum potassium, and urate. Hypertension 2012;59:1104-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/ey-priorities-for-implementation#choosing-antihypertensive-drug-treatment
   Google Scholar
• SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA 1993;270:713-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy. Final results from the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension 2003;42:239-46
   Google Scholar
• Dorsch MP, Gillespie BW, Erickson SR, et al. Chlorthalidone reduces cardiovascular events compared with hydrochlorothiazide: a retrospective cohort analysis. Hypertension 2011;57:689-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst ME, Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, et al.; Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Long-term effects of chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide on electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Hypertension 2011;58:1001-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003;326:1427-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roush GC, Holford TR, Guddati AK. Chlorthalidone compared with hydrochlorothiazide in reducing cardiovascular events. Systematic review and network meta-analyses. Hypertension 2012;59:1110-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst ME, Carter BL, Zheng S, Grimm RH Jr. Meta-analysis of dose-response characteristics of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone: effects on systolic blood pressure and potassium. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:440-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emeriau JP, Knauf H, Pujadas JO, et al.; European Study Investigators. A comparison of indapamide SR 1.5 mg with both amlodipine 5 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg in elderly hypertensive patients: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Hypertens 2001;19:343-50
   Google Scholar
• Gosse P, Sheridan DJ, Zannad F, et al.; for the LIVE investigators. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with indapamide SR 1.5 mg versus enalapril 20 mg: the LIVE study. J Hypertens 2000;18:1465-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens 2004;22:1613-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sica DA. Current concepts of pharmacotherapy in hypertension: thiazide-type diuretics: ongoing considerations on mechanism of action. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004;6:661-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sica DA, Carter B, Cushman W, Hamm L. Thiazide and loop diuretics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011;13:639-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson DM, Wellington K. Indapamide sustained release: a review of its use in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs 2006;66:257-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:144-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage PJ, Pressel SL, Curb JD, et al. Influence of long-term, low-dose, diuretic-based, antihypertensive therapy on glucose, lipid, uric acid, and potassium levels in older men and women with isolated systolic hypertension: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:741-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshman MR, Reda DJ, Materson BJ, et al. Diuretics and beta-blockers do not have adverse effects at 1 year on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in men with hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:551-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, et al. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:133-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010;8:793-802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Kloosterman JM, et al. Drug-Induced lipid changes: a review of the unintended effects of some commonly used drugs on serum lipid levels. Drug Saf 2001;24:443-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinman EJ, Eknoyan G, Suki WN. The influence of the extracellular fluid volume on the tubular reabsorption of uric acid. J Clin Invest 1975;55:283-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sheikh AA, van den Heuvel JJ, Koenderink JB, Russel FG. Effect of hypouricaemic and hyperuricaemic drugs on the renal urate efflux transporter, multidrug resistance protein 4. Br J Pharmacol 2008;155:1066-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueskes BA, Roovers EA, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, et al. Use of diuretics and the risk of gouty arthritis: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012;41:879-89
   Google Scholar
• Rayner BL, Trinder YA, Baines D, et al. Effect of losartan versus candesartan on uric acid, renal function, and fibrinogen in patients with hypertension and hyperuricemia associated with diuretics. Am J Hypertens 2006;19:208-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahinfar RL, Simpson RL, Carides AD, et al. Safety of losartan in hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced hyperuricemia. Kidney Int 1999;56:1879-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm RH Jr, Grandits GA, Prineas RJ, et al. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Hypertension 1997;29:8-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DB, Davidson C. Hypokalemia and diuretics: an analysis of publications. BMJ 1980;280:905-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieg T, Vallon V, Sausbier M, et al. The role of the BK channel in potassium homeostasis and flow-induced renal potassium excretion. Kidney Int 2007;72:566-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okusa MD, Unwin RJ, Velázquez H, et al. Active potassium absorption by the renal distal tubule. Am J Physiol 1992;262(3 Pt 2):F488-93
   Google Scholar
• Packer M. Potential role of potassium as a determinant of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:45E-51E
   Google Scholar
• Plante GE, Robillard C. Indapamide in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension: results of a controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin 1983;8(Suppl 3):59-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland OB, Nixon JV, Kuhnert L. Diuretic-induced ventricular ectopic activity. Am J Med 1981;70:762-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollifield JW. Potassium and magnesium abnormalities: diuretics and arrhythmias in hypertension. Am J Med 1984;77(5A):28-32
   Google Scholar
• Siegel D, Hulley SB, Black DM, et al. Diuretics, serum and intracellular electrolyte levels, and ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men. JAMA 1992;267:1083-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg G, Brennan PJ, Miall WE. Effects of diuretic and beta-blocker therapy in the Medical Research Council Trial. Am J Med 1984;76(2A):45-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papademetriou V. Diuretics, hypokalemia, and cardiac arrhythmia: a 20-year controversy. J Clin Hypertens 2006;8:86-92
   Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council. Working party on mild to moderate hypertension: ventricular extrasystoles during thiazide treatment: substudy of MRC mild hypertension trial. BMJ 1983;287:1249-53
   Google Scholar
• Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Psaty BM, et al. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1852-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004;43:963-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillich AJ, Garg J, Basu S, et al. Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review. Hypertension 2006;48:219-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter BL, Einhorn PT, Brands M, et al. Thiazide-induced dysglycemia: call for research from a working group from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Hypertension 2008;52:30-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta analysis. Lancet 2007;369:201-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Freudenberger RS, et al.; SHEP Collaborative Research Group. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:29-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafi T, Appel LJ, Miller ER III, et al. Changes in serum potassium mediate thiazide-induced diabetes. Hypertension 2008;52:1022-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black HR, Davis B, Barzilay J, et al.; Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Metabolic and clinical outcomes in nondiabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Diabetes Care 2008;31:353-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksnes TA, Kjeldsen SE, Rostrup M, et al. Impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on cardiac outcomes in the Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial population. Hypertension 2007;50:467-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronish IM, Woodward M, Sergie Z, et al. Meta-analysis: impact of drug class on adherence to antihypertensives. Circulation 2011;123:1611-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Seravalle G, Grassi G. Tolerability and treatment compliance with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:1066-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples D, Christensen S, Christensen EI, et al. Lithium-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla. J Clin Invest 1995;95:838-45
   Google Scholar
• Magaldi AJ. New insights into the paradoxical effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:1903-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim G-H, Lee JW, Oh YK, et al. Antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with upregulation of aquaporin-2, Na-Cl cotransporter and epithelial sodium channel. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2836-43
   Google Scholar
• Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, et al. Combination therapy in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4:90-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frishman WH, Bryzinski BS, Coulson LR, et al. Amultifactorial trial design to assess combination therapy in hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1461-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stears AJ, Woods SH, Watts MM, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial comparing the effects of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide on glucose tolerance in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2012;59:934-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacourcière Y, Poirier L. Antihypertensive effects of two fixed-dose combinations of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide versus hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy in subjects with ambulatory systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:1036-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension 2004;43:4-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun DA, White WB, Krum H, et al. Effects of a novel aldosterone synthase inhibitor for treatment of primary hypertension: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 trial. Circulation 2011;124:1945-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers MG. Hydrochlorothiazide with or without amiloride for hypertension in the elderly: a dose-titration study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1026-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar