1,194
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Therapies for inter-relating diabetes and obesity – GLP-1 and obesity

, MD, &

Bibliography

  • Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, et al. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(9):1431-7
  • WHO. 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html [Cited]. [Last accessed 14 July 2014]
  • Farag YM, Gaballa MR. Diabesity: an overview of a rising epidemic. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26(1):28-35
  • Torekov SS, Ma L, Grarup N, et al. Homozygous carriers of the G allele of rs4664447 of the glucagon gene (GCG) are characterised by decreased fasting and stimulated levels of insulin, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Diabetologia 2011;54(11):2820-31
  • Eckel RH, Kahn SE, Ferrannini E, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes: what can be unified and what needs to be individualized? Diabetes Care 2011;34(6):1424-30
  • Madsbad S. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16(1):9-21
  • Holst JJ. On the physiology of GIP and GLP-1. Horm Metab Res 2004;36(11-12):747-54
  • Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, et al. Both GLP-1 and GIP are insulinotropic at basal and postprandial glucose levels and contribute nearly equally to the incretin effect of a meal in healthy subjects. Regul Pept 2003;114(2-3):115-21
  • Larsen PJ, Holst JJ. Glucagon-related peptide 1 (GLP-1): hormone and neurotransmitter. Regul Pept 2005;128(2):97-107
  • Edholm T, Degerblad M, Gryback P, et al. Differential incretin effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying, appetite, and insulin-glucose homeostasis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22(11):1191-200; e315
  • Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, Orskov C, et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1993;91(1):301-7
  • Scheen AJ. DPP-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes: a critical review of head-to-head trials. Diabetes Metab 2012;38(2):89-101
  • Madsbad S, Kielgast U, Asmar M, et al. An overview of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists –available efficacy and safety data and perspectives for the future. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13(5):394-407
  • Aroda VR, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors: meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Ther 2012;34(6):1247-58; e22
  • Vilsboll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2012;344:d7771
  • Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev 2007;87(4):1409-39
  • Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) in biology and pathology. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005;21(2):91-117
  • Hansen L, Lampert S, Mineo H, et al. Neural regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;287(5):E939-47
  • Coskun T, O’Farrell LS, Syed SK, et al. Activation of prostaglandin E receptor 4 triggers secretion of gut hormone peptides GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY. Endocrinology 2013;154(1):45-53
  • Mizokami A, Yasutake Y, Gao J, et al. Osteocalcin induces release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and thereby stimulates insulin secretion in mice. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e57375
  • Seino Y, Yabe D. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1: incretin actions beyond the pancreas. J Diabetes Investing 2013;4(2):108-30
  • Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, Behle K, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on counterregulatory hormone responses, cognitive functions, and insulin secretion during hyperinsulinemic, stepped hypoglycemic clamp experiments in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(3):1239-46
  • Aulinger BA, Bedorf A, Kutscherauer G, et al. Defining the role of GLP-1 in the enteroinsulinar axis in type 2 diabetes using DPP-4 inhibition and GLP-1 receptor blockade. Diabetes 2014;63(3):1079-92
  • Hojberg PV, Vilsboll T, Rabol R, et al. Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52(2):199-207
  • Torekov SS, Kipnes MS, Harley RE, et al. Dose response of subcutaneous GLP-1 infusion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13(7):639-43
  • Torekov SS, Holst JJ, Ehlers MR. Dose response of continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 in combination with metformin and sulphonylurea over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16(5):451-6
  • Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17(2):161-71
  • Bock T, Pakkenberg B, Buschard K. The endocrine pancreas in non-diabetic rats after short-term and long-term treatment with the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211. APMIS 2003;111(12):1117-24
  • Imeryuz N, Yegen BC, Bozkurt A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1997;273(4 Pt 1):G920-7
  • Trapp S, Hisadome K. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and the brain: central actions-central sources? Auton Neurosci 2011;161(1-2):14-19
  • Orskov C, Poulsen SS, Moller M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide I receptors in the subfornical organ and the area postrema are accessible to circulating glucagon-like peptide I. Diabetes 1996;45(6):832-5
  • Vrang N, Larsen PJ. Preproglucagon derived peptides GLP-1, GLP-2 and oxyntomodulin in the CNS: role of peripherally secreted and centrally produced peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2010;92(3):442-62
  • Chelikani PK, Haver AC, Reidelberger RD. Intravenous infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 potently inhibits food intake, sham feeding, and gastric emptying in rats. Am J Physiol 2005;288(6):R1695-706
  • Tang-Christensen M, Larsen PJ, Goke R, et al. Central administration of GLP-1-(7-36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats. Am J Physiol 1996;271(4 Pt 2):R848-56
  • Turton MD, O’Shea D, Gunn I, et al. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 1996;379(6560):69-72
  • Larsen PJ, Tang-Christensen M, Holst JJ, et al. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Neuroscience 1997;77(1):257-70
  • Halford JC, Boyland EJ, Blundell JE, et al. Pharmacological management of appetite expression in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6(5):255-69
  • van Bloemendaal L, RG IJ, Ten Kulve JS, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans. Diabetes 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Shalev A, Holst JJ, Keller U. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) on whole-body protein metabolism in healthy man. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(1):10-16
  • Flint A, Raben A, Ersboll AK, et al. The effect of physiological levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 on appetite, gastric emptying, energy and substrate metabolism in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25(6):781-92
  • Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, et al. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2008;57(5):1340-8
  • Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, et al. The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety--effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25(8):1206-14
  • Carr RD, Larsen MO, Jelic K, et al. Secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated metabolism of incretin hormones after a mixed meal or glucose ingestion in obese compared to lean, nondiabetic men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(2):872-8
  • Knop FK, Aaboe K, Vilsboll T, et al. Impaired incretin effect and fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14(6):500-10
  • Ohneda A, Watanabe K, Horigome K, et al. Abnormal response of pancreatic glucagon to glycemic changes in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;46(3):504-10
  • Ranganath L, Norris F, Morgan L, et al. Inhibition of carbohydrate-mediated glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide secretion by circulating non-esterified fatty acids. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999;96(4):335-42
  • Anini Y, Brubaker PL. Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes 2003;52(2):252-9
  • Myers MG Jr, Leibel RL, Seeley RJ, et al. Obesity and leptin resistance: distinguishing cause from effect. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21(11):643-51
  • Matikainen N, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, et al. GLP-1 responses are heritable and blunted in acquired obesity with high liver fat and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2014;37(1):242-51
  • Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, et al. Mechanisms of improved glycaemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia 2012;55(7):1890-901
  • Ye J, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, et al. GLP-1 receptor signaling is not required for reduced body weight after RYGB in rodents. Am J Physiol 2014;306(5):R352-62
  • Jacobsen SH, Olesen SC, Dirksen C, et al. Changes in gastrointestinal hormone responses, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function within 2 weeks after gastric bypass in non-diabetic subjects. Obes Surg 2012;22(7):1084-96
  • Nauck MA, Homberger E, Siegel EG, et al. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63(2):492-8
  • Kjems LL, Holst JJ, Volund A, et al. The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 2003;52(2):380-6
  • Torekov SS, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Obesity - an indication for GLP-1 treatment? Obesity pathophysiology and GLP-1 treatment potential. Obes Rev 2011;12(8):593-601
  • Neff LM, Kushner RF. Emerging role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2010;3:263-73
  • Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Inhibition of the activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1998;47(11):1663-70
  • Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8(12):728-42
  • Available from: http://www.nelm.nhs.uk/en/NeLM-Area/Evidence/Drug-Specific-Reviews/Exenatide-once-weekly-Bydureon/
  • Agency EM. 2013. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002445/human_med_001615.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124 [Cited 31 March 2014]
  • Available from: http://us.gsk.com/en-us/media/press-releases/2014/gsk-receives-positive-opinion-from-the-chmp-in-europe-for-once-weekly-eperzantm-albiglutide-for-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes/
  • Deacon CF. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition with sitagliptin: a new therapy for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007;16(4):533-45
  • Deacon CF, Mannucci E, Ahren B. Glycaemic efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as add-on therapy to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes-a review and meta analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14(8):762-7
  • Aaboe K, Knop FK, Vilsboll T, et al. Twelve weeks treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, prevents degradation of peptide YY and improves glucose and non-glucose induced insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12(4):323-33
  • Rosenstock J, Klaff LJ, Schwartz S, et al. Effects of exenatide and lifestyle modification on body weight and glucose tolerance in obese subjects with and without pre-diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33(6):1173-5
  • Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L, et al. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2009;374(9701):1606-16
  • Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37(11):1443-51
  • Astrup A, Carraro R, Finer N, et al. Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36(6):843-54
  • Garber A, Henry RR, Ratner R, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, provides sustained improvements in glycaemic control and weight for 2 years as monotherapy compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13(4):348-56
  • Company announcement. 2014. Available from: http://www.novonordisk.com/include/asp/exe_news_attachment.asp?sAttachmentGUID=3f254ec7-1b91-4334-bf0d-572d4e6a4c3e
  • ADA oral abstracts - 97-OR. 2014. Available from: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/Supplement_1/A1.full.pdf+html
  • Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Jones KL. Mechanisms and clinical efficacy of lixisenatide for the management of type 2 diabetes. Adv Ther 2013;30(2):81-101
  • Pratley RE, Nauck MA, Barnett AH, et al. for the HARMONY 7 study group. Once-weekly albiglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral drugs (HARMONY 7): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority phase 3 study. 2014. Available from: http://news.medlive.cn/uploadfile/20140213/13922771709932.pdf [Cited]. [Last accessed 01 July 2014]
  • Grunberger G, Chang A, Garcia Soria G, et al. Monotherapy with the once-weekly GLP-1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose-dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabet Med 2012;29(10):1260-7
  • Nauck MA, Petrie JR, Sesti G, et al. Novo Nordisk, Book of abstracts, EASD 2012. Available from: http://www.novonordisk.co.in/Images/vijp/Pdf/EASD/EASD_2012_Book_of_ abstracts.pdf [Cited]. [Last accessed 01 July 2014]
  • Limited HPC. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics study of laps-exendin in subjects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2014. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01452451?term=NCT01452451&rank=1 [Cited]. [Last accessed 01 July 2014]
  • Henry RR, Rosenstock J, Logan D, et al. Continuous subcutaneous delivery of exenatide via ITCA 650 leads to sustained glycemic control and weight loss for 48 weeks in metformin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2014;28(3):393-8
  • Sumithran P, Proietto J. Benefit-risk assessment of orlistat in the treatment of obesity. Drug Saf 2014;37(8):597-608
  • Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. The new weight-loss drugs, lorcaserin and phentermine-topiramate: slim pickings? JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(4):615-19
  • Padwal R, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obes Rev 2011;12(8):602-21
  • Hammer HF. Medical complications of bariatric surgery: focus on malabsorption and dumping syndrome. Dig Dis 2012;30(2):182-6
  • Thiele TE, Van Dijk G, Campfield LA, et al. Central infusion of GLP-1, but not leptin, produces conditioned taste aversions in rats. Am J Physiol 1997;272(2 Pt 2):R726-30
  • Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(11):2628-35
  • Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care 2009;32(1):84-90
  • Lean ME, Carraro R, Finer N, et al. Tolerability of nausea and vomiting and associations with weight loss in a randomized trial of liraglutide in obese, non-diabetic adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014;38(5):689-97
  • Davies M, Speight J. Patient-reported outcomes in trials of incretin-based therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14(10):882-92
  • Sivertsen J, Rosenmeier J, Holst JJ, et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 on cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Cardiol 2012;9(4):209-22
  • Hermansen K, Baekdal TA, During M, et al. Liraglutide suppresses postprandial triglyceride and apolipoprotein B48 elevations after a fat-rich meal in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15(11):1040-8
  • Meyers JL, Candrilli SD, Kovacs B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment in a large outpatient electronic medical records database: rates of diagnosis and antihyperglycemic medication dose adjustment. Postgrad Med 2011;123(3):133-43
  • Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000698/WC500051845.pdf
  • Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/001026/WC500050017.pdf
  • Davidson JA, Brett J, Falahati A, et al. Mild renal impairment and the efficacy and safety of liraglutide. Endocr Pract 2011;17(3):345-55
  • Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/022341s004lbl.pdf
  • Elashoff M, Matveyenko AV, Gier B, et al. Pancreatitis, pancreatic, and thyroid cancer with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies. Gastroenterology 2011;141(1):150-6
  • Funch D, Gydesen H, Tornoe K, et al. A prospective, claims-based assessment of the risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with liraglutide compared to other antidiabetic drugs. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16(3):273-5
  • Monami M, Dicembrini I, Nardini C, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;103(2):269-75
  • Aroda VR, Ratner R. The safety and tolerability of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011;27(6):528-42
  • Marso SP, Poulter NR, Nissen SE, et al. Design of the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results (LEADER) trial. Am Heart J 2013;166(5):823-30; e5
  • Squibb GDGCRB-M. Exenatide study of cardiovascular event lowering trial (EXSCEL): a trial to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2010. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01144338 [Cited]. [Last accessed 01 July 2014]
  • Raz I, Bhatt DL, Hirshberg B, et al. Incidence of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in a randomized controlled multicenter trial (SAVOR-TIMI 53) of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor saxagliptin. Diabetes Care 2014;37(9):2435-41
  • White WB, Bakris GL, Bergenstal RM, et al. EXamination of cArdiovascular outcoMes with alogliptIN versus standard of carE in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndrome (EXAMINE): a cardiovascular safety study of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes with acute coronary syndrome. Am heart J 2011;162(4):620-6; e1
  • Bjerre Knudsen L, Madsen LW, Andersen S, et al. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation. Endocrinology 2010;151(4):1473-86
  • Egan AG, Blind E, Dunder K, et al. Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs--FDA and EMA assessment. N Engl J Med 2014;370(9):794-7
  • Migoya EM, Bergeron R, Miller JL, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88(6):801-8
  • Seifarth C, Bergmann J, Holst JJ, et al. Prolonged and enhanced secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) after oral sucrose due to alpha-glucosidase inhibition (acarbose) in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1998;15(6):485-91
  • Horikawa Y, Enya M, Iizuka K, et al. Synergistic effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor treatment. J Diabetes Investig 2011;2(3):200-3
  • Nayak UA, Govindan J, Baskar V, et al. Exenatide therapy in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and obesity. QJM 2010;103(9):687-94
  • Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of twice-daily exenatide in Basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;154(2):103-12
  • Viswanathan P, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia R, et al. Exenatide therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. Endocr Pract 2007;13(5):444-50
  • Buse JB, Vilsboll T, Thurman J, et al. Contribution of liraglutide in the fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira). Diabetes Care 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Krane-Gartiser K, Breum L, Glumrr C, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Danish psychiatric outpatients treated with antipsychotics. Nord J Psychiatry 2011;65(5):345-52
  • Vidarsdottir S, Roelfsema F, Streefland T, et al. Short-term treatment with olanzapine does not modulate gut hormone secretion: olanzapine disintegrating versus standard tablets. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162(1):75-83
  • Larsen JR, Vedtofte L, Holst JJ, et al. Does a GLP-1 receptor agonist change glucose tolerance in patients treated with antipsychotic medications? Design of a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(3):e004227
  • Elangbam CS. Review paper: current strategies in the development of anti-obesity drugs and their safety concerns. Vet Pathol 2009;46(1):10-24
  • Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm228746.htm 2010
  • FD2A. 2012. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails [Cited 28 February 2014]
  • Holst JJ. Postprandial insulin secretion after gastric bypass surgery: the role of glucagon-like peptide 1. Diabetes 2011;60(9):2203-5
  • Torekov SS, Larsen LH, Glumer C, et al. Evidence of an association between the Arg72 allele of the peptide YY and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005;54(7):2261-5
  • Schmidt JB, Gregersen NT, Pedersen SD, et al. Effects of PYY3-36 and GLP-1 on energy intake, energy expenditure, and appetite in overweight men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014;306(11):E1248-56
  • Finan B, Ma T, Ottaway N, et al. Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Sci Transl Med 2013;5(209):209ra151

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.