338
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacologic treatment options for advanced epithelial skin cancer

, MD, , MD & (Professor)

Bibliography

  • Karagas MR, Greenberg ER. Unresolved issues in the epidemiology of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer. In: Mukhtar H, editor. Skin cancer: mechanisms and human relevance. Volume 3 CRC Press; Boca Raton: 1995. p. 79-86
  • Chinem VP, Miot HA. Epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2011;86(2):292-305; 176
  • Berking C, Hauschild A, Kölbl O, et al. Basal cell carcinoma-treatments for the commonest skin cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014;111(22):389-95; 4
  • Rubin AI, Chen EH, Ratner D. Basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2005;353(21):2262-9
  • Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, et al. Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA 2005;294:681-90; 5
  • Leiter U, Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer--the role of sunlight. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;624:89-103
  • Marcil I, Stern RS. Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 2000;136(12):1524-30
  • Seda IM, Zubair A, Brewer JD. Cutaneous malignancies in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Skinmed 2014;12(3):164-73
  • Chren MM, Linos E, Torres JS, et al. Tumor recurrence 5 years after treatment of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(5):1188-96
  • Danial C, Lingala B, Balise R, et al. Markedly improved overall survival in 10 consecutive patients with metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(3):673-6
  • Randle HW. Basal cell carcinoma. Identification and treatment of the high-risk patient. Dermatol Surg 1996;22(3):255-61
  • Hamid O, Goldenberg G. Identifying patients at risk for recurrent or advanced BCC. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12(11):1246-52; quiz 1253-4
  • Lear JT, Corner C, Dziewulski P, et al. Challenges and new horizons in the management of advanced basal cell carcinoma: a UK perspective. Br J Cancer 2014;111(8):1476-81
  • Pfeiffer P, Hansen O, Rose C. Systemic cytotoxic therapy of basal cell carcinoma. A review of the literature. Eur J Cancer 1990;26(1):73-7
  • Patel MS, Thigpen JT, Vance RB, et al. Basal cell carcinoma with lung metastasis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. South Med J 1999;92(3):321-4
  • Jefford M, Kiffer JD, Somers G. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: rapid symptomatic response to cisplatin and paclitaxel. ANZ J Surg 2004;74(8):704-5
  • LoRusso P, Takebe N, Gupta S. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2010;2(4):237-50
  • Rubin LL, de Sauvage FJ. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5(12):1026-33
  • Atwood SX, Whitson RJ, Oro AE. Advanced Treatment for Basal Cell Carcinomas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014;4(7):a013581
  • Palma V, Lim DA, Dahmane N, et al. Sonic Hedgehog controls stem cell behavior in the postnatal and adult brain. Development 2005;132(2):335-44
  • Epstein EH. Basal cell carcinomas: Attack of the Hedgehog. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:743-54
  • Humke EW, Dorn KV, Milenkovic L, et al. The output of Hedgehog signaling is controlled by the dynamic association between Suppressor of Fused and the Gli proteins. Genes Dev 2010;24:670-82
  • Varjosalo M, Taipale J. Hedgehog signaling. J Cell Sci 2007;120(Pt 1):3-6
  • Xie J, Murone M, Luoh SM, et al. Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 1998;391(6662):90-2
  • Rudin CM. Vismodegib. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18(12):3218-22
  • Graham RA, Lum BL, Cheeti S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: the role of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein binding. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17(8):2512-20
  • Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2171-9
  • Chang AL, Solomon JA, Hainsworth JD, et al. Expanded access study of patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma treated with the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, vismodegib. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(1):60-9
  • Tang JY, Mackay-Wiggan JM, Aszterbaum M, et al. Inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366(23):2180-8
  • Buonamici S, Williams J, Morrissey M, et al. Interfering with resistance to smoothened antagonists by inhibition of the PI3K pathway in medulloblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2010;2:51ra70
  • Dijkgraaf GJP, Alicke B, Weinmann L, et al. Small molecule inhibition of GDC-. 0449 refractory smoothened mutants and downstream mechanisms of drug resistance. Cancer Res 2011;71:435-44
  • Morinello E, Pignatello M, Villabruna L, et al. Embryofetal development study of vismodegib, a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, in rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2014;101(2):135-43
  • Dummer R, Guminski A, Gutzmer R, et al. LBA33 - Randomized, double-blind study of sonidegib (LDE225) in patients (pts) with advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Ann Oncol 2014;25(5):1-41. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu438
  • Kim DJ, Kim J, Spaunhurst K, et al. Open-Label, Exploratory Phase II Trial of Oral Itraconazole for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(8):745-51
  • Wollina U. Update of cetuximab for non-melanoma skin cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014;14(2):271-6
  • de Vries E, de Poll-Franse LV, Louwman WJ, et al. Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:481-8
  • Martorell-Calatayud A, Sanmartín Jimenez O, Cruz Mojarrieta J, Guillén Barona C. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: defining the high-risk variant. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2013;104(5):367-79
  • Miller DL, Weinstock MA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30(5 pt 1):774-8
  • Lansbury L, Bath-Hextall F, Perkins W, et al. Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review and pooled analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2013;347:f6153
  • Lomas A, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath-Hextall F. A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(5):1069-80
  • Zanetti R, Rosso S, Martinez C, et al. Comparison of risk patterns in carcinoma and melanoma of the skin in men: a multi-centre case-case-control study. Br J Cancer 2006;94:743-51
  • Dallas R, English DR, Armstrong BK, et al. Demographic characteristics, pigmentary and cutaneous risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1998;76:628-34
  • Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, et al. Use of tanning devices and risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:224-6
  • Stante M, Salvini C, De Giorgi V, Carli P. Multiple synchronous pigmented basal cell carcinomas following radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:208-11
  • Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:425-32
  • Schmults CD, Karia PS, Carter JB, et al. Factors predictive of recurrence and death from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a 10-year, single-institution cohort study. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(5):541-7; 46
  • Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Decullier E, et al. Subsequent skin cancers in kidney and heart transplant recipients after the first squamous cell carcinoma. Transplantation 2006;81:1093-100
  • Martinez JC, Clark CO, Stasko T, et al. Defining the clinical course of metastatic skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:301-6
  • Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB registry experience, 1986-2006. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:203-11
  • de Gruijl FR, Rebel H. Early events in UV carcinogenesis – DNA damage, target cells and mutant p53 foci. Photochem Photobiol 2008;84:382-7
  • Leverkus M. Malignant epithelial tumors: Part I. Pathophysiology and clinical features. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012;10(7):457-71; quiz 472.51
  • Leemans CR, Braakhuis BJ, Brakenhoff RH. The molecular biology of head and neck cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11(1):9-22
  • Nakazawa H, English D, Randell PL, et al. UV and skin cancer: specific p53 gene mutation in normal skin as a biologically relevant exposure measurement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(1):360-4
  • Kolev V, Mandinova A, Guinea-Viniegra J, et al. EGFR signalling as a negative regulator of Notch1 gene transcription and function in proliferating keratinocytes and cancer. Nat Cell Biol 2008;10(8):902-11
  • Zhao L, Li W, Marshall C, et al. Srcasm inhibits Fyn-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis with modulation of Notch1 and p53. Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9439-47
  • Yadav V, Denning MF. Fyn is induced by Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling and is required for enhanced invasion/migration. Mol Carcinog 2011;50(5):346-52
  • Ayli EE, Li W, Brown TT, et al. Activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases in hyperproliferative epidermal disorders. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(3):273-7
  • Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. Eur J Cell Biol 2011;90:560-4
  • Martins VL, Vyas JJ, Chen M, et al. Increased invasive behaviour in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with loss of basement-membrane type VII collagen. J Cell Sci 2009;122(pt 11):1788-99
  • Bejar C, Maubec E. Therapy of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2014;15(2):302-20
  • Guthrie THJr, McElveen LJ, Porubsky ES, Harmon JD. Cisplatin and doxorubicin. An effective chemotherapy combination in the treatment of advanced basal cell and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Cancer 1985;55(8):1629-32
  • Guthrie THJr, Porubsky ES, Luxenberg MN, et al. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: results in 28 patients including 13 patients receiving multimodality therapy. J Clin Oncol 1990;8(2):342-6
  • Sadek H, Azli N, Wendling JL, et al. Treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and bleomycin. Cancer 1990;66(8):1692-6
  • Galloway T, Wirth LJ, Colevas AD, et al. A Phase 1 Study of CUDC-101, a multitarget inhibitor of HDACs, EGFR, and HER2, in combination with chemoradiation in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Bonerandi JJ, Beauvillain C, Caquant L, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1-51
  • Lansbury L, Bath-Hextall F, Perkins W, et al. Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review and pooled analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2013 Nov 4;347:f6153
  • Rades D, Ulbricht T, Hakim SG, Schild SE. Cisplatin superior to carboplatin in adjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced cancers of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Strahlenther Onkol 2012;188(1):42-8
  • Shin DM, Glisson BS, Khuri FR, et al. Phase II and biologic study of interferon alfa, retinoic acid, and cisplatin in advanced squamous skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(2):364-70
  • Lippman SM, Parkinson DR, Itri LM, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon alpha-2a: effective combination therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84(4):235-41
  • Brewster AM, Lee JJ, Clayman GL. Randomized trial of adjuvant 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon alfa for patients with aggressive skin squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(15):1974-8
  • Parikh SA, Patel VA, Ratner D. Advances in the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. F1000Prime Reports 2014;6:70; 68
  • Kurai J, Chikumi H, Hashimoto K, et al. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by cetuximab against lung cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1552-61
  • Maubec E, Petrow P, Scheer-Senyarich I, et al. Phase II study of cetuximab as first-line single-drug therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3419-26
  • Eder J, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Trautinger F. Treatment of unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies -- a case series. Eur J Dermatol 2013;23(5):658-62
  • Kalapurakal SJ, Malone J, Robbins KT, et al. Cetuximab in refractory skin cancer treatment. J Cancer 2012;3:257-61
  • Brand TM, Iida M, Wheeler DL. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to the EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Cancer Biol Ther 2011;11(9):777-92
  • Bianco R, Rosa R, Damiano V, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 contributes to resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor drugs in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5069-80
  • Wheeler DL, Huang S, Kruser TJ, et al. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to cetuximab: role of HER (ErbB) family members. Oncogene 2008;27:3944-56
  • Iida M, Brand TM, Starr MM, et al. Overcoming acquired resistance to cetuximab by dual targeting HER family receptors with antibody-based therapy. Mol Cancer 2014;13:242. 10.1186/1476-4598-13-242
  • Bardelli A, Siena S. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1254-61
  • Basu D, Nguyen TTK, Montone KT, et al. Evidence for mesenchymal-like sub-populations within squamous cell carcinomas possessing chemoresistance and phenotypic plasticity. Oncogene 2010;29:4170-82
  • Hatakeyama H, Cheng HX, Wirth P, et al. Regulation of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor by miR-212 and acquired cetuximab-resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2010;5:e12702
  • Qi WX, Fu S, Zhang Q, Guo XM. Incidence and risk of severe infections associated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014;12(1):203. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Macdonald JB, Macdonald B, Golitz LE, et al. Cutaneous adverse effects of targeted therapies: Part I: Inhibitors of the cellular membrane. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;72(2):203-18
  • Brodell LA, Hepper D, Lind A, et al. Histopathology of acneiform eruptions in patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40:865-70
  • Amador ML, Oppenheimer D, Perea S, et al. An epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 polymorphism mediates response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Cancer Res 2004;64:9139-43
  • Fabbrocini G, Panariello L, Cacciapuoti S, et al. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: report of 3 cases. Dermatitis 2012;23:237-8
  • Wang Q, Qi Y, Zhang D, et al. Electrolyte disorders assessment in solid tumor patients treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies: a pooled analysis of 25 randomized clinical trials. Tumour Biol 2014. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Qi WX, Fu S, Zhang Q, Guo XM. Incidence and risk of severe infections associated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014;12(1):203. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Satoh T, Gemma A, Kudoh S, et al. Incidence and clinical features of drug-induced lung injury in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving cetuximab: results of a prospective multicenter registry. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014;44(11):1032-9; 87
  • Petrelli F, Cabiddu M, Borgonovo K, Barni S. Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events associated with anti-EGFR agents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Oncol 2012;23(7):1672-9
  • Qi WX, Tang LN, He AN, et al. Incidence and risk of treatment-related mortality in cancer patients treated with EGFR-TKIs: a meta-analysis of 22 phase III randomized controlled trials. Respir Med 2013;107(8):1280-3
  • De Roock W, Piessevaux H, De Schutter J, et al. KRAS wild-type state predicts survival and is associated to early radiological response in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. Ann Oncol 2008;19:508-15
  • Khambata-Ford S, Harbison CT, Hart LL, et al. Analysis of potential predictive markers of cetuximab benefit in BMS099, a phase III study of cetuximab and first-line taxane/carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:918-27
  • Mesía R, Henke M, Fortin A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without panitumumab in patients with unresected, locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CONCERT-1): a randomised, controlled, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; pii: S1470-2045(14)71198-2; 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71198-2. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Giralt J, Trigo J, Nuyts S, et al. Panitumumab plus radiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresected, locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CONCERT-2): a randomised, controlled, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; pii: S1470-2045(14)71200-8. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Vermorken JB, Stöhlmacher-Williams J, Davidenko I, et al. Cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without panitumumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SPECTRUM): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(8):697-710
  • Foote MC, McGrath M, Guminski A, et al. Phase II study of single-agent panitumumab in patients with incurable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014;25(10):2047-52
  • Cohen EE, Rosen F, Stadler WM, et al. Phase II trial of ZD1839 in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(10):1980-7
  • Stewart JS, Cohen EE, Licitra L, et al. Phase III study of gefitinib compared with intravenous methotrexate for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck [corrected]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(11):1864-71
  • Lewis CM, Glisson BS, Feng L, et al. A phase II study of gefitinib for aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18(5):1435-46
  • Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 6th Printing. 6th edition. Springer; Berlin: 2010
  • Kasper M, Jaks V, Hohl D, Toftgård R. Basal cell carcinoma - molecular biology and potential new therapies. J Clin Invest 2012;122(2):455-63

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.