922
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Therapeutic choices in convulsive status epilepticus

, MD (Epilepsy Fellow) & , MD (Associate Professor of Neurology)

Bibliography

  • Dham BS, Hunter K, Rincon F. The epidemiology of status epilepticus in the United States. Neurocrit Care 2014;20:476-83
  • Chin RF, Neville BG, Scott RC. A systematic review of the epidemiology of status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol 2004;11:800-10
  • Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study. Lancet 2006;368:222-9
  • DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology 1996;46:1029-35
  • Loddenkemper T, Syed TU, Ramgopal S, et al. Risk factors associated with death in in-hospital pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. PLoS One 2012;7:e47474
  • Maytal J, Shinnar S, Moshe SL, Alvarez LA. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics 1989;83:323-31
  • Raspall-Chaure M, Chin RF, Neville BG, Scott RC. Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:769-79
  • Singh RK, Stephens S, Berl MM, et al. Prospective study of new-onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus in childhood. Neurology 2010;74:636-42
  • Wu YW, Shek DW, Garcia PA, et al. Incidence and mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in California. Neurology 2002;58:1070-6
  • Rossetti AO, Hurwitz S, Logroscino G, Bromfield EB. Prognosis of status epilepticus: role of aetiology, age, and consciousness impairment at presentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:611-15
  • Jenssen S, Gracely EJ, Sperling MR. How long do most seizures last? A systematic comparison of seizures recorded in the epilepsy monitoring unit. Epilepsia 2006;47:1499-503
  • Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, Shinnar R. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann Neurol 2001;49:659-64
  • DeLorenzo RJ, Garnett LK, Towne AR, et al. Comparison of status epilepticus with prolonged seizure episodes lasting from 10 to 29 minutes. Epilepsia 1999;40:164-9
  • Sánchez Fernández I, Vendrame M, Kapur K, et al. Comparison of pediatric patients with status epilepticus lasting 5-29min versus >/=30min. Epilepsy Behav 2014;37C:1-6
  • Sánchez Fernández I, Klehm J, An S, et al. Comparison of risk factors for pediatric convulsive status epilepticus when defined as seizures >/=5min versus seizures >/=30min. Seizure 2014;23:692-8
  • Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino GD, et al. Long-term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Neurology 2002;58:537-41
  • Sutter R, Kaplan PW, Ruegg S. Outcome predictors for status epilepticus – what really counts. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:525-34
  • Lothman E. The biochemical basis and pathophysiology of status epilepticus. Neurology 1990;40:13-23
  • Alldredge BK, Wall DB, Ferriero DM. Effect of prehospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Neurol 1995;12:213-16
  • Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, et al. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:696-703
  • Eriksson K, Metsaranta P, Huhtala H, et al. Treatment delay and the risk of prolonged status epilepticus. Neurology 2005;65:1316-18
  • Lewena S, Young S. When benzodiazepines fail: how effective is second line therapy for status epilepticus in children? Emerg Med Australas 2006;18:45-50
  • Sagduyu A, Tarlaci S, Sirin H. Generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus: causes, treatment, complications and predictors of case fatality. J Neurol 1998;245:640-6
  • Towne AR, Pellock JM, Ko D, DeLorenzo RJ. Determinants of mortality in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1994;35:27-34
  • Aranda A, Foucart G, Ducasse JL, et al. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus management in adults: a cohort study with evaluation of professional practice. Epilepsia 2010;51:2159-67
  • Sánchez Fernández I, Loddenkemper T. Subunit composition of neurotransmitter receptors in the immature and in the epileptic brain. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:301950
  • Goodkin HP, Yeh JL, Kapur J. Status epilepticus increases the intracellular accumulation of GABAA receptors. J Neurosci 2005;25:5511-20
  • Naylor DE, Liu H, Wasterlain CG. Trafficking of GABA(A) receptors, loss of inhibition, and a mechanism for pharmacoresistance in status epilepticus. J Neurosci 2005;25:7724-33
  • Naylor DE, Liu H, Niquet J, Wasterlain CG. Rapid surface accumulation of NMDA receptors increases glutamatergic excitation during status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2013;54:225-38
  • Mazarati AM, Baldwin RA, Sankar R, Wasterlain CG. Time-dependent decrease in the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs during the course of self-sustaining status epilepticus. Brain Res 1998;814:179-85
  • Lewena S, Pennington V, Acworth J, et al. Emergency management of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a multicenter study of 542 patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009;25:83-7
  • Pellock JM, Marmarou A, DeLorenzo R. Time to treatment in prolonged seizure episodes. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5:192-6
  • Seinfeld S, Shinnar S, Sun S, FEBSTAT study team. Emergency management of febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 2014;55:388-95
  • Kämppi L, Mustonen H, Soinila S. Analysis of the delay components in the treatment of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2013;19:10-18
  • Loddenkemper T, Abend NS, Agadi S, et al. Management of pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus in clinical practice. Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG). In: American Epilepsy Society Meeting; 2013
  • Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3-23
  • Loddenkemper T, Goodkin HP. Treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011;13:560-73
  • Wilkes R, Tasker RC. Pediatric intensive care treatment of uncontrolled status epilepticus. Crit Car Clin 2013;29:239-57
  • Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2001;345:631-7
  • Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:792-8
  • Glauser TA. Designing practical evidence-based treatment plans for children with prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. J Child Neurol 2007;22:38S-46S
  • Chamberlain JM, Okada P, Holsti M, Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:1652-60
  • Qureshi A, Wassmer E, Davies P, et al. Comparative audit of intravenous lorazepam and diazepam in the emergency treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. Seizure 2002;11:141-4
  • Papavasiliou AS, Kotsalis C, Paraskevoulakos E, et al. Intravenous midazolam in convulsive status epilepticus in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2009;14:661-4
  • Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, NETT Investigators. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012;366:591-600
  • Prasad K, Al-Roomi K, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(4):CD003723
  • Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al-Roomi K. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;9:CD003723
  • Singh AN, Le Morvan P. Treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous clonazepam. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982;6:539-42
  • Congdon PJ, Forsythe WI. Intravenous clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia 1980;21:97-102
  • McMullan J, Sasson C, Pancioli A, Silbergleit R. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2010;17:575-82
  • Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:623-6
  • Holsti M, Dudley N, Schunk J, et al. Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in pediatric patients with epilepsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010;164:747-53
  • Chamberlain JM, Altieri MA, Futterman C, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997;13:92-4
  • Alvarez V, Januel JM, Burnand B, Rossetti AO. Second-line status epilepticus treatment: comparison of phenytoin, valproate, and levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2011;52:1292-6
  • Malamiri RA, Ghaempanah M, Khosroshahi N, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous sodium valproate versus phenobarbital in controlling convulsive status epilepticus and acute prolonged convulsive seizures in children: a randomised trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012;16:536-41
  • Misra UK, Kalita J, Patel R. Sodium valproate vs phenytoin in status epilepticus: a pilot study. Neurology 2006;67:340-2
  • Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD. The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies. Seizure 2014;23:167-74
  • Grosso S, Zamponi N, Bartocci A, et al. Lacosamide in children with refractory status epilepticus. A multicenter Italian experience. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014;18:604-8
  • Santamarina E, Toledo M, Sueiras M, et al. Usefulness of intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus. J Neurol 2013;260:3122-8
  • Cock HR, Group E. Established status epilepticus treatment trial (ESETT). Epilepsia 2011;52(Suppl 8):50-2
  • Price KE, Pearce RE, Garg UC, et al. Effects of valproic acid on organic acid metabolism in children: a metabolic profiling study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89:867-74
  • Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Mayer SA. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia 2002;43:146-53
  • Pugin D, Foreman B, De Marchis GM, et al. Is pentobarbital safe and efficacious in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a cohort study. Crit Care 2014;18:R103
  • Riviello JJJr, Claassen J, LaRoche SM, Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts. Neurocrit Care 2013;18:193-200
  • Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH. Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:922-30
  • Koul RL, Raj Aithala G, Chacko A, et al. Continuous midazolam infusion as treatment of status epilepticus. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:445-8
  • Barberio M, Reiter PD, Kaufman J, et al. Continuous infusion pentobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children. J Child Neurol 2012;27:721-6
  • Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:1417-25
  • van Gestel JP, Blusse van Oud-Alblas HJ, Malingre M, et al. Propofol and thiopental for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology 2005;65:591-2
  • Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain 2012;135:2314-28
  • Davis R, Dalmau J. Autoimmunity, seizures, and status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2013;54(Suppl 6):46-9
  • Holzer FJ, Seeck M, Korff CM. Autoimmunity and inflammation in status epilepticus: from concepts to therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014;14:1181-202
  • Petit-Pedrol M, Armangue T, Peng X, et al. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:276-86
  • Suleiman J, Brilot F, Lang B, et al. Autoimmune epilepsy in children: case series and proposed guidelines for identification. Epilepsia 2013;54:1036-45
  • van Baalen A, Hausler M, Plecko-Startinig B, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome without detectable autoantibodies and response to immunotherapy: a case series and discussion of epileptogenesis in FIRES. Neuropediatrics 2012;43:209-16
  • Humphries LK, Eiland LS. Treatment of acute seizures: is intranasal midazolam a viable option? J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2013;18:79-87
  • Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Agadi S, Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group. Gaps and opportunities in refractory status epilepticus research in children: a multi-center approach by the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG). Seizure 2014;23:87-97
  • Brooks-Kayal AR, Shumate MD, Jin H, et al. Selective changes in single cell GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and function in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nat Med 1998;4:1166-72
  • Swann JW, Le JT, Lee CL. Recurrent seizures and the molecular maturation of hippocampal and neocortical glutamatergic synapses. Dev Neurosci 2007;29:168-78
  • Rajasekaran K, Todorovic M, Kapur J. Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors are expressed in a rodent model of status epilepticus. Ann Neurol 2012;72:91-102
  • Crino PB, Duhaime AC, Baltuch G, White R. Differential expression of glutamate and GABA-A receptor subunit mRNA in cortical dysplasia. Neurology 2001;56:906-13
  • Talos DM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Cordero K, et al. Cell-specific alterations of glutamate receptor expression in tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers. Ann Neurol 2008;63:454-65
  • Talos DM, Sun H, Kosaras B, et al. Altered inhibition in tuberous sclerosis and type IIb cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2012;71:539-51
  • Finardi A, Gardoni F, Bassanini S, et al. NMDA receptor composition differs among anatomically diverse malformations of cortical development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006;65:883-93
  • Loddenkemper T, Talos DM, Cleary RT, et al. Subunit composition of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2014;108(4):605-15
  • Parviainen I, Uusaro A, Kalviainen R, et al. High-dose thiopental in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus in intensive care unit. Neurology 2002;59:1249-51
  • Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, et al. Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia 2013;54:1498-503
  • Rosati A, L’Erario M, Ilvento L, et al. Efficacy and safety of ketamine in refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology 2012;79:2355-8
  • Mirsattari SM, Sharpe MD, Young GB. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with inhalational anesthetic agents isoflurane and desflurane. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1254-9
  • Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia 2010;51:2033-7
  • Nam SH, Lee BL, Lee CG, et al. The role of ketogenic diet in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2011;52:e181-4
  • Thakur KT, Probasco JC, Hocker SE, et al. Ketogenic diet for adults in super-refractory status epilepticus. Neurology 2014;82:665-70
  • Hamano S, Sugiyama N, Yamashita S, et al. Intravenous lidocaine for status epilepticus during childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48:220-2
  • Walker IA, Slovis CM. Lidocaine in the treatment of status epilepticus. Acad Emerg Med 1997;4:918-22
  • Corry JJ, Dhar R, Murphy T, Diringer MN. Hypothermia for refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2008;9:189-97
  • Alexopoulos A, Lachhwani DK, Gupta A, et al. Resective surgery to treat refractory status epilepticus in children with focal epileptogenesis. Neurology 2005;64:567-70
  • Lhatoo SD, Alexopoulos AV. The surgical treatment of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2007;48(Suppl 8):61-5
  • Ma X, Liporace J, O’Connor MJ, Sperling MR. Neurosurgical treatment of medically intractable status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2001;46:33-8
  • Ng YT, Kerrigan JF, Rekate HL. Neurosurgical treatment of status epilepticus. J Neurosurg 2006;105:378-81

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.