Current best treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Bibliography

• ANGULO P: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl. I Med. (2002) 346:1221–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A systematic review of NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• ANGULO E LINDOR KD: Insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities in NASH: a cool look into a burning issue. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:1281–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALD WELL SH, OELSNER DH, IEZZONI JC, HESPENHEIDE EE, BATTLE EH, DRISCOLL CJ: Crytogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology (1999) 29:664–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATZIU V, BONYHAY L, DI MARTINOV et al: Survival, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma in obesity-related cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology (2002) 35:1485–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUGIANESI E, LEONE N, VANNI E et al: Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology (2002) 123:134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE RG: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Astudy of 49 patients. Hum. Pathol (1989) 20:594–599.
   Google Scholar
• POWELL EE, COOKSLEY WG, HANSON R, SEARLE J, HALLIDAY JW, POWELL LW: The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology (1990) 11:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACON BR, FARAHVASH MJ, JANNEY CG, NEUSCHWANDER-TETRI BA: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:1103–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TELI M, OLIVER FW, BURT AD, BENNET MK, DAY CP: The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow up study. Hepatology (1995) 22:1714–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATTEONI CA, YOUNOSSI ZM, GRAMLICH TL et al: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology (1999) 116:1413–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A large, retrospective review of the natural history of the different stages of NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• RATZIU V, GIRAL P, CHARLOTTE F etal.: Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:1117–1123.
   Google Scholar
• •A retrospective study suggesting than progression of liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD occurs in those with necroinflammatory activity on liver biopsy.
   Google Scholar
• ANGULO P, LINDOR KD: Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: present and emerging therapies. Sem Liver Dis (2001) 21:81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A systematic review of the treatmentmodalities evaluated for patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• ANGULO P, LINDOR KD: Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Best Pict. Res. Gastroenterol. (2002) 16:797–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANGULO P, KEACH JC, BATTS KP, LINDOR KD: Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (1999) 30:1356–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A multivariate analysis of indicators of advanced liver fibrosis that may be used to identify the subgroup of patients who will have the most benefit from a liver biopsy and being enrolled in clinical trials.
   Google Scholar
• DIEHL AM, GOODMAN Z, ISHAK KG: Alcohol-like liver disease in nonalcoholic. A clinical and histological comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology (1989) 95:1056–1060.
   Google Scholar
• ERIKSSON S, ERIKSSON KF, BONDESSON L: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity: a reversible condition. Acta Med. Land (1986) 220:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROZENTAL P, BIAVA C, SPENCER H et al.: Liver morphology and function tests in obesity and during total starvation. Am. J. Dig. Dis. (1967) 12:198–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DRENICK EJ, SIMMONS E MURPHY J:Effect on hepatic morphology of treatment of obesity by fasting, reducing diets, and small bowel bypass. N Engl. j Med. (1970) 282:829–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMER M, SCHAFFNER F: Effect of weight reduction on hepatic abnormalities in overweight patients. Gastroenterology (1990) 99:1408–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A study showing the beneficial effects of weight loss on the liver disease in patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSEN T, GLUUD C, FRANZMANN MB, CHRISTOFFERSEN P: Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese patients. I Hepatol (1991) 12:224–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A study showing that faster and more marked weight loss may worsen the liver disease of obese patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• UENO T, SUGAWARA H, SUJAKU K et al.: Therapeutic effects of restricted diet and exercise in obese patients with fatty liver. j Hepatol (1997) 27103–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAJRO P, FONTANELLA A, PERNA C, ORSO G, TEDESCO M, DEVICENZO A: Persistent hyperaminotransferasemia resolving after weight reduction in obese children. Pediatr. (1994) 125:239–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANZESE A, VAJRO P,ARGENZIANO A et al: Liver involvement in obese children. Ultrasonography and liver enzyme levels at diagnosis and during follow-up in an Italian population. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1997) 42:1428–1432.
   Google Scholar
• RASHID M, ROBERTS E: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children. _J. Pedlar Gastroenterol Nut. (2000) 30:48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous: Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158:1855–1867.
   Google Scholar
• •Guidelines for the use of different treatment modalities for weight control and maintenance for obese people than can be a safe and useful first step in the management of patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• KRAUS RM, ECKEL RH, HOWARD B et al.: AHA dietary guidelines: revision 2000. A statement for health care professionals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association.Stroke (2000) 31:2751–2766.
   Google Scholar
• •Dietary recommendations that can be applied in non-diabetic patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• CLARK MJ JR, STERRETT JJ,CARSON DS: Diabetes guidelines: a summary and comparison of the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, Veterans Health Administration, and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Chu. Ther. (2000) 22:899-910; Discussion 898.
   Google Scholar
• •Dietary recommendations that can be applied in diabetic patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• FERNANDEZ MI, TORRES MI, RIOS A: Steatosis and collagen content in experimental liver cirrhosis are affected by dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Scalar/. J. Gastroenterol (1997) 32:350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERNANDEZ-LOPEZ JA, REMESAR X, FOZ M, ALEMANY M: Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of obesity. Drugs (2002) 62:915–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEWIND LT, PAYNE JH: Intestinal bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Long term results. JAMA (1976) 236:2298–2301.
   Google Scholar
• CAMPBELL JM, HUNG TK,KARAM JH, FORSHAM PH: Jejunoileal bypass as a treatment of morbid obesity. Arch. Intern. Med. (1977) 137:602–610.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ACKERMAN NB: Proteinsupplementation in the management of degenerating liver function after jejunoileal bypass. Surg. Gyrrecol Obstet. (1979) 149:8–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DRENICK EJ, FISLER J, JOHNSON D:Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass. Prevention and reversal by metronidazol, irrespective of protein-calorie malnutrition. Gastroenterology (1982) 82:535–548.
   Google Scholar
• BUCHMAN AL, DUBIN M, JENDEN D et al: Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition in rats. Gastroenterology (1992) 102:1363–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCHMAN AL, DUBIN MD, MOUKARZEL AA et al: Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline Supplementation. Hepatology (1995) 22:1390–1403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPPO I, BECOVIER H, BERRY EM, FREUD HR: Polymixin B reduces cecal flora, TNF production and hepatic steatosis during total parenteral nutrition in rat. J. Sur Res. (1991) 51:106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREUD HR, MUGGIA-SULLAN M, LAFRANCE R, ENRIONE EB, POPP MB, BJORNSON HS: A possible beneficial effect of metronidazol in reducing TPN-associated liver function derangements. J. Sur Res. (1985) 38:356–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reduction in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Diabetes prevention program research group. N Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346:393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN HZ, YANG SQ, CHUCKAREE C, KUHAJDA F, RONNET G, DIEHL AM: Metformin reverses fatty liver disease in obese, leptin-deficient mice. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:998–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••An excellent study demonstrating thatimproving insulin sensitivity with the antidiabetic medication, metformin, may improve fatty liver.
   Google Scholar
• ASSY N, KAITA K, MYMIN D, LEVY C, ROSSER B, MINUK G: Fatty infiltration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2000) 45:1929–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAY C: Thiazolidinediones: a new class of antidiabetic drugs. Diabet. Med. (1999) 16:179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALDWELL SH, HESPENHEIDEN EE, REDICK JA, IEZZONI JC, BATTLE EH, SHEPPARD BL: A pilot study of thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol (2001) 96:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The first report of the potential biochemical and histological benefit from treatment with insulin-sensitizing, thiazolidinedione derivatives.
   Google Scholar
• WATKINS PB, WHITCOMB RW: Hepatic dysfunction associated with troglitazone. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:908–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEUSCHWANDER-TETRI BA, BRUNT EM, BACON BR et al: Histological improvement in NASH following reduction of insulin resistance with 48-week treatment with the PPAy agonist rosiglitazone. Hepatology (2002) 36:379A (Abtract).
   Google Scholar
• ACOSTA RC, MOLINA EG,O'BRIEN CB et al.: The use of pioglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology (2001) 120(Suppl.):2778 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• SANYAL AJ, CONTOS MJ,SARGEANT C etal.: A randomized controlled pilot study or pioglitazone and vitamin E versus vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (2002) 36:382A (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• MARCHESINI G, BRIZI M, BIANCHI G et al.: Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet (2001) 358:893–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A study focused on the beneficial effects on the liver by improving insulin sensitivity with metformin in patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• NAIR S, DIEHL AM, PERRILLO R: Metformin in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): efficacy and safety: a preliminary report. Gastroenterology (2002) 122(Suppl.):4 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• HOUGLUM K, VENKATARAMANI A, LYCHE K, CHOJKIER M: A pilot study of the effects of d-a-tocopherol on hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology (1997) 113:1069–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAVINE JE: Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study. J. Pediat. (2000) 136:734–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HASEGAWA T, YONEDA M, NAKAMURA K, MAKINO I,TERANO A: Plasma transforming growth factor-I31 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther (2001) 15:1667–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The first pilot study suggesting thatincreasing antioxidant defenses with vitamin E may improve liver enzymes and liver histology in patients with NAFLD.
   Google Scholar
• HARRISON SA, KADAKIA S, TORGERSON S et al.: Vitamin E and vitamin C in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A preliminary report. Gastroenterology (2002) 122(Suppl.):M1332 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• BARAK AJ, BECKENHAUER HC, JUNNILA M, TUMA DJ: Dietary betaine promotes generation of hepatitic S-adenosylmethionine and protects the liver from ethanol-induced fatty infiltration. Alcohol. OM. Exp. Res. (1993) 17:552–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDELMALEK M, ANGULO P, JORGENSEN RA, SYLVESTRE P, LINDOR KD: Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am. J Gastroenterol (2001) 96:2711–2717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A pilot study suggesting that betaine, amedication with antioxidant activities that increase hepatocyte levels of S-adenosylmethionine, may improve liver enzymes and liver histology in patients with NASH.
   Google Scholar
• MIGLIO F, ROVATI LC, SANTORO A, SETKIKAR I: Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucurontae in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Armenia. Forsch. (2000) 50(2):722–727.
   Google Scholar
• GULBAHAR 0, KARASU ZA, ERSOZ G, AKARCA US, MUSOGLU A: Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with N-acetylcysteine. Gastroenterology (2000) 118\(Part 2 Suppl.):6550 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• DESAI TK: Phlebotomy reduces transaminase levels in patients with chronic non-viral non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatology (1996) 24\(Part 2 Suppl.):1498 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• DESAI TK: Phlebotomy reduces transaminase levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology (2000) 118\(Part 1 Sunni. 2):1071 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NITECKI J, JACKSON FW, ALLEN ML, FARR VL, JACKSON FW: Effect of phlebotomy on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Gastroenterology (2000) 118\(Part 2 Sunni. 2):6679 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• FACCHINI FS, HUA NW, STOOHS RA: Effect of iron depletion in carbohydrate-intolerant patients with clinical evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology (2002) 122:931–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAURIN J, LINDOR KD, CRIPPIN JS et al.: Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of nonalcohol-induced steatohepatitis: A pilot study. Hepatology (1996) 23:1464–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The first pilot study suggesting thatursodeoxycholic acid may be of benefit for patients with NASH.
   Google Scholar
• BASARANOGLU M, ACBAY 0, SONSUZ A: A controlled trial of gemfibrozil in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. j Hepatol. (1999) 31:384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of lipid-lowering medications for the liver disease in patients with NASH.
   Google Scholar
• HORLANDER JC, KWO PY, CUMMINGS OW, KOUKOULIS G: Atorvastatin for the treatment of NASH. Gastroenterology (2001) 120(Suppl.):2767 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• ANGULO P: Use of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with liver disease. Current Gast/lanai-era Rep. (2002) 4:37–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOBAK GE, DEUTSCH G, DAHL R, DEVEREAUX MW, GUMPRICHT E, SOKOL RJ: Fat-laden hepatocytes are more prone to cellular necrosis than apoptosis when exposed to hydrophobic bile acids. Gastroenterology (2002) 122\(Suppl. 1):411.
   Google Scholar
• GUMA C, VIOLA L, THOME M, GALDAME 0, ALVAREZ E: Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a prospective clinical controlled trial. Hepatology (1997) 26\(Part 2 Suppl.):1036 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• CERIANI R, BUNATI S, MORINI L, SACCHI E, COLOMBO G: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid plus diet in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (1998) 28\(Part 2 Suppl.):894 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• HOLOMAN J, GLASA J, KASAR J et al.: Serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Correlation to liver morphology and effect of therapy. j Hepatol. (2000) 32\(Suppl. 2):210 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• VAJRO P, FRANZE A, VALERIO G, IANNUCCI MP, ARAGIONE N: Lack of efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid for thetreatment of liver abnormalities in obese children. j Pediatr (2000) 136:739–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARLTON M, KASPAROVA P, WESTON S et al.: Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Trawl. (2001) 7:608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONTOS MJ, CALES W, STERLING RKet al.: Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver BanspI (2001) 7:363–373.
   Google Scholar
• LETTERSON P, FROMENTY B, TERRIS B, DEGOTT C, PASSAYRE D: Acute and chronic hepatic steatosis lead to in vivo lipid peroxidation in mice.Hepatol. (1996) 24:200–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELTMAN MD, FARRELL GC, LIDDLE C: Increased hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression in a rat nutritional model of hepatic steatosis with inflammation. Gastroenterology (1996) 111: 1645-1653.
   Google Scholar
• LECLERCQ IA, FARRELL GC, FIELD J, BELL DR, GONZALEZ FJ, ROBERTSON GR: CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.OM. Invest. (2000) 105:1067–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELTMAN MD, FARREL GC, HALL P, INGELMAN-SUNDBERG M,LIDDLE C: Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 is increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (1998) 27:128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG SQ, LIN HZ, LANE MD, CLEMENS M, DIEHL AM: Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA (1997) 94:2557–2562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIZ, YANG S, LIN H et al.: Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibits inflammatory activity and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology (2003) 37:343–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAVIN KD, YANG SQ, LIN HZ et al: Obesity induces expression of uncoupling protein-2 in hepatocytes and promotes liver ATP depletion. j Bio. Chem. (1999) 274:5692–5700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORTEZ-PINTO H, CHATHAM J, CHACKO VP, ARNOL C, RASHID A, DIEHL AM: Alterations in liver ATP homeostasis in human nonalcoholic steatoheaptitis. A pilot study. JAMA (1999) 282:1659–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TALWALKAR J, KEACH J, ANGULO P,LIND OR KD: Health-related quality of lifeassessment in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (2001) 34(Suppl.):309A (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• TALWALKAR AJ, DONLINGER JJ,GOSSARD AA, LINDOR KD: Health state preferences among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (2002) 36(Suppl.):382A (Abstract).
   Google Scholar