Sex differences in heart disease incidence and prevalence: implications for intervention

Bibliography

• American Heart Association (2000). Heart and stroke statistical update, Dallas, Texas. In: American Heart Association (2000).
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association (2001). Heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas, Texas. In: American Heart Association (2001).
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association (2002). Heart and stroke statistical update, Dallas, Texas. In: American Heart Association (2002).
   Google Scholar
• KITLER M: Coronary disease: are theregender differences? Fur. Heart j (1994) 15:409–417.
   Google Scholar
• TRAGER R: Study of medical claims shows $423,000 lifetime heart disease medical cost for affected women. In: Washington Fax (2002).
   Google Scholar
• DENNISON C: Design and operation of the national hospital discharge survey. 1988 redesign. In: Programs and Collections Procedures, Dennison C, Poltras R (Eds) (2000).
   Google Scholar
• SIMBORG D: DRG creep: a new hospital-acquired disease. New Engl. I Med. (1981) 304:1602–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PSATY B, BOINEAU R, KULLER L, LUEPKER R: The potential costs of upcoding for heart failure in the United States. Am. J. Cardiol (1999) 84:108–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILHELMSEN L, LJUNGBERG S, WEDEL H, WERKO L: A comparison between participants and non-participants in a primary prevention trial. I Chronic Dis. (1976) 29:331–339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SMITH P, ARNESEN H: Mortality in non-consenters in a post-myocardial infarction trial. ..J. Intern. Med. (1990) 228:253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINSTED K, FRASER G,STEINKOHL M, BEESON W: Healthy volunteer effect in a cohort study: temporal resolution in the adventist health study. ?Chit. Epidennol (1996) 49:783–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITE A, FOLSOM A, CHAMBLESS L, SHARRET A, YANG K, CONWILL D: Community surveillance of coronary heart disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communitites (ARIC) study: methods and initial two years' experience.?Chit. Epidennol (1996) 49:223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Community-based cohort in the USexamining coronary heart disease trends.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDBERG R, YARZEBSKI J,LESSARD D, GORE J: A two-decades (1975-1995) long experience in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term case-fatality rates of acute myocardial infarction: a communitywide perspective.film. Coll. Cardiol (1999) 33:1533–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The Worcester Heart Attack Study.Community surveffiance of CHD focusing on secular trends in MI incidence.
   Google Scholar
• GILLUM R, HANNAN P, PRINEAS R et al.: Coronary heart disease mortality trends in Minnesota, 1960-80: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Am. j Public Health (1984) 74:360–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCGOVERN P, JACOBS DJ Jr, SHAHAR E et al.: Trends in acute coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity, and medical care from 1985 through 1997: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Circulation (2001) 104:19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Community surveillance of coronary heartdisease focusing on secular trends in CHD deaths and incidence of hospitalised MI.
   Google Scholar
• ROGER V, KILLIAN J, HENKEL M et al.: Coronary disease surveillance in Olmsted County objectives and methodology. ?Chit. Epidennol (2002) 55:593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANDEY D, LABARTHE D, GOFF D, CHAN W NICHAMAN M: Community-wide coronary heart disease mortality in Mexican Americans equals or exceeds that in non-Hispanic whites: the Corpus Christi Heart Project. Am. j Med. (2001) 110:81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An in-depth description of trends in the Mexican-American population.
   Google Scholar
• GOFF D, NICHAMAN M, CHAN W RAMSEY D, LABARTHE D, ORTIZ C: Greater incidence of hospitalized myocardial infacrtion among Mexican Americans than non-hispanic whites. The Corpus Christi Heart Project, 1988–1992. Circulation (1997) 95:1433–1440.
   Google Scholar
• TUNSTALL-PEDOE H,KUULASMAA K, MAHONEN M, TOLONEN H, RUOKOKOSKI E, AMOUYEL P: Contribution of trends in survival and coronary event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases. Lancet (1999) 353:1547-1557.Surveillance of CHDtrends across countries.
   Google Scholar
• WINKLEBY M, TAYLOR C, JATULIS D, FORTMANN S: The long-term effects of a cardiovascular disease prevention trial: the Stanford five-City Project. Am. j Pub. Health (1996) 86:1773–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LACROIX A, HAYNES S, SAVAGED, HAVLIK R: Rose questionnaire angina among United States black, white, and Mexican-American women and men. Prevalence and correlates from the Second National and Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.Am. I Epidemiol (1989) 129:669–686.
   Google Scholar
• FORD E, GILES W, CROFT J: Prevalence of nonfatal coronary heart disease among American adults. Am. Heart j (2000) 139:371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FURBERG C, MANOLIO T, PSATY B, BILD D, BORHANI N, NEWMAN A: Major electrocardiographic abnormalities in persons aged 65 years and older. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Am. j Cardiol (1992) 69:1329–1335.
   Google Scholar
• HOWARD B, LEE E, COWAN L, FABSITZ R, HOWARD W, OOPIK A: Coronary heart disease prevalence and its relation to risk factors in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Am. I Epidemiol (1995) 142:254–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOLLIS J, ANCUKIEWICZ M,DELONG E, PRYOR D, MUHLBAIER L, MARK D: Discordance of databases designed for claims payment versus clinical information systems. Implications for outcomes research. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:844–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONNEUX L, BARENDREGT J, MAAS PVD: The new old epidemic of coronary heart disease. Am. I Public Health (1999) 89:379–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TARGONSKI P, JACOBSEN S, WESTON S et al.: Referral to autopsy: effect of antemortem cardiovascular disease: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Ann. Epidemiol (2001) 11:264–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGER V, WESTON S, KILLIAN J, PFEIFER E, BELAU P, KOTTKE T: Time trends in the prevalence of atherscleosis: a population-based autopsy study.Am. J. Med. (2001) 110:267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUMBERGER J, III PS, BREEN J, SCHWARTZ R: Coronary calcium as determined by electron beam computed tomography and coronary disease on arteriogram. Effect of patient's sex of diagnosis. Circulation (1995) 91:1363–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEVRIES S, WOLFKIEL C, FUSMAN B etal.: Influence of age and gender on the presence of coronary calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1995) 25:76–82.
   Google Scholar
• BUDOFF M, DIAMOND G, RAGGI P, ARAD Y, GUERCI A, CALLISTER T, BERMAN D: Continuous probabilistic prediction of angiographically significant coronary artery disease using electron beam tomography. Circulation (2002) 105:1791–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUNG S, DETRANO R: Are there genderdifferences regarding coronary artery calcification? Am. I Card. Imaging. (1996) 10:72–77.
   Google Scholar
• FEINSTEIN S, VOCI P, PIZZUTO F: Noninvasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Am. j Cardiol (2002) 89\(Suppl. 5):31C–44C.
   Google Scholar
• SHIELDS J, MEIKLE CH Jr,ROCKWOOD T, SHORT R, VIREN F: Reliability of electron beam computed tomography to detect coronary artery calcification. Am. j Card. Imaging (1995) 9:62–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KAUFMANN R, SHEEDY PF 2nd, BREEN J et al.: Detection of heart calcification with electron beam CT: interobserver and intraobserver reliability for scoring quantification. Radiology (1994) 190:347–352.
   Google Scholar
• HOFF J, CHOMKA E, KRAINIK A, DAVIGLUS M, RICH S, KONDOS G: Age and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by elctron beam tomography in 35,246 adults.Am. J. Cardiol (2001) 87:1335–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HECHT H, SUPERKO R: Electron beam tomography and National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines in asymptomatic women. j Am. Coll. Cardiol (2001) 37:1506–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANOWITZ W, AGATSTON A, KAPLAN G, M VIAMONTE J: Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am. J. Cardiol (1993) 72:247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEARSON T: New tools for coronary riskassessment. Circulation (2002) 105:886–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUTTON-TYRRELL K, KULLER L, MATTHEWS K et al.: Subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple vascular beds: an index of atherosclerotic burden evaluated in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis (2002) 160:407–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUDOFF MJ, SHOKOOH S,SHAVELLE RM, KIM HT, FRENCH WJ: Electron beam tomography and angiography: sex differences. Am. Heart J. (2002) 143:877–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITCHELL T, PIPPIN J, DEVERS S, KIMBALL T, CANNADAY J,GIBBONS L, COOPER K: Age- and sex-based nomograms from coronary artery calcium scores as determined by electron beam computed tomography.Am. J. Cardiol (2001) 87:453–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURKE G, EVANS G, RILEY W etal.: Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. Stroke (1995) 26:386–391.
   Google Scholar
• PAPAMICHAEL C, LEKAKIS J, STAMATELOPOULOS K et al.: Ankle-brachial index as a predictor of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol (2000) 86:615–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREENLAND P, SMITH SC JR, GRUNDY SM: Improving coronary heart disease risk assessment in asymptomatic people: role of traditional risk factors and noninvasive cardiovascular tests.Circulation (2001) 104:1863–1867.
   Google Scholar
• ••An in-depth summary of the emerging roleof newer imaging modalities such as EBCT, IMT, and ABI.
   Google Scholar
• ROSAMOND W, CHAMBLESS L, FOLSOM A, COOPER L, CONWILL D, CLEGG L: Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction and in mortality due to coronary heart disease. New Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:861–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Results from ARIC. In contrast to thefindings from MONICA, which attributed declines in CHD mortality to a decrease in incidence of disease, this study attributed declines in CHD mortality to decreased case-fatality rates, which the authors attributed to improved care following MI.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDBERG R, GORAK E,YARZEBSKI J etal.: A community-wide persepctive of sex differences and temporal trends in the incidence and survival rates after acute myocardial infarction and out-of-hospital deaths caused by coronary heart disease. Circulation (1993) 87:1947–1953.
   Google Scholar
• ROGER V, JACOBSEN S, WESTON S, BAILEY K, KOTTKE T, FRYER: Trends in heart disease deaths in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1979-1994. Mayo Clin. Proc. (1999) 74:651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGER V, JACOBSEN S, WESTON S, GORAYA T, KILLIAN J, REEDER G: Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with hospitalized myocardial infarction, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1979 to 1994. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 136:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Age- and sex-specific contrasting trendsin CHD.
   Google Scholar
• SYTKOWSKI E D'AGOSTINO R, BELANGER A, KANNEL W: Sex and time trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study, 1950-1989. Am. J. Epidemid. (1996) 143:338–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Declines in the incidence of MI and angina reported in women over time, with stable trends in men.
   Google Scholar
• CHARNEY P, WALSH J,NATTINGER A: Update in women's health. Ann. Intern. Med. (1998) 129:551–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WENGER N: The natural history of coronary artery disease in women. In: Coronary artery disease in women: American College of Physicians, Charney P (Ed.) (1999):3–35.
   Google Scholar
• HEIM L, BRUNSELL S: Heart disease in women. Prim. Care. (2000) 27:741-766 vii.
   Google Scholar
• DOUGLAS P: Coronary artery disease in women. In: Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 6th edn, BraunwaldEWB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA,USA (2001):2038–2048.
   Google Scholar
• HEER T, SCHIELE R, SCHNEIDER S etal.: Gender differences in acute myocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion (The MITRA Registry). Am. J. Cardiol (2002) 89:511–517.
   Google Scholar
• FIELDS S, SAVARD A, EPSTEIN K: The female patient. In: Cardiovascular health anddisease in women. Douglas PWBSaunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA (1993).
   Google Scholar
• ROGER V, JACOBSEN S, PELLIKKA P, MILLER T, BAILEY K, GERSH B: Genderdifferences in the use of stress testing: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1998) 32:345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGER V, PELLIKKA P, CHOW C, BELL M, BAILEY K, SEWARD J:Sex and test verification bias: impact on the diagnostic value of exercise echocardiography. Circulation (1997) 95:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINER D, RYAN T, MCCABE C, KENNEDY J, SCHLOSS M,TRISTANI F: Exercise stress testing. Correlates among history of angina, ST-segment response and prevalence of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS).New Engl. J. Med. (1979) 301:230–235.
   Google Scholar
• DIAMOND G, FORRESTER J: Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease.New Engl. J. Med. (1979) 300:1350–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKETCH M, MOHIUDDIN S,LYNCH J, ZENCKA A, RUNCO V: Significant sex differences in the correlation of electrocardiographic exercise testing and coronary arteriograms. Am. j Cardiol (1975) 36:169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAROLSKY S, GILBERT C,FARUQUI A, NUTTER D, SCHLANT R: Differences in electrocardiographic response to exercise in men and women: A non-Bayesian factor. Circulation (1979) 60:1021–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAVEL M: Specificity ofelectrocardiographic stress test in women versus men. Am. j Cardiol (1992) 70:545–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIGGINBOTHAM M, MORRIS K, COLEMAN R, COBB F: Sex-related differences in the normal cardiac response to upright exercise. Circulation (1984) 70:357–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANLEY P, ZINSMEISTER A, CLEMENTS I, BOVE A, BROWN M, GIBBONS R: Gender-related differences in cardiac response to supine exercise assessed by radionucleotide angiography.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1989) 13:624–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGER V, FARKOUH M, WESTON S, REEDER G, JACOBSEN S, ZINSMEISTER A: Sex differences in the evaluation and outcome of unstable angina. JAMA (2000) 283:646–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHULMAN K, BERLIN J,HARLESS W, KERNER J, SISTRUNK S, GERSH B: The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiaccatheterization. New Engl. j Med. (1999) 340:618–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOSCA L, JONES W, KING K, OUYANG P, RED BERG R, HILL M: Awareness, perception, and knowledge of heart disease risk and prevention among women in the United States. American Heart Association Women's Heart Disease and Stroke Campaign Task Force.Arch. Fain. Med. (2000) 9:506–515.
   Google Scholar
• FRASURE-SMITH N, LESPERANCE JUNEAU M, TALAJIC M,BOURASSA M: Gender, depression, and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psychosom. Med. (1999) 61:26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREZINKA V, KITTEL F: Psychosocialfactors of coronary heart disease in women: a review. Social Science and Med. (1996) 42:1351–1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENDES CDL, DELILLO V, CZAJKOWSKI S et al.: Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) pilot study. Psychosocial characteristics after acute myocardialinfarction: the ENRICHD pilot study. Enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease. j Cardiopulm. Rehab. (2001) 21:353–362.
   Google Scholar
• CON A, LINDEN W THOMPSON J, IGNASZEWSKI A: The psychology of men and women recovering from coronary artery bypass surgery. j Cardiopulm. Rehab. (1999) 19:152–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHESNEY M, DARBES L: Social supportand heart disease in women: implications for intervention. In: Women, stress, and heart disease, Orth-Gomer K, Chesney M, Wenger N (Eds), Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, NJ, USA (1998):165–182.
   Google Scholar
• VACCARINO V, KRUMHOLZ H, BERKMAN L, HORWITZ R: Sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction. Is there evidence for an increased risk for women? Circulation (1995) 91:1861–1871.
   Google Scholar
• Newsletter NERI. Gender differences in social supports. Data from the massachusetts male aging study and themassachusetts women's health study. Network Spring/Summer (1997):12.
   Google Scholar
• SCHUMAKER S, HILL D: Gender differences in social support and physical health. Health Psycho]. (1991) 10:102–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORSTEN M, MITTLEMAN M, WAMALA S, SCHENCK-GUSTAFSSON K, ORTH-GOMER K: Depressive symptoms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis of CHD in middle-aged women. The Stockholm female coronary risk study. Eur. Heart j (2000) 21:1072–1080.
   Google Scholar