329
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Donepezil: a clinical review of current and emerging indications

&
Pages 161-180 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • DRACHMAN DA: Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology (1977) 27(8): 783–790.
  • •An early suggestion of cholinergic treatment of senile dementia.
  • DRACHMAN DA, LEA VITT J: Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging? Arch. Neurol (1974) 30(2):113–121.
  • DEUTSCH JA: The cholinergic synapse and the site of memory. Science (1971) 174(11):788–794.
  • DAVIES P, MALONEY AJF: Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet (1976) 2:1403.
  • PERRY EK, PERRY RH, BLESSED G, TOMLINSON BE: Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia. Lancet (1977) 1(8004):189.
  • WHITEHOUSE PJ, PRICE DL, CLARK AW, COYLE JT, DEL ONG MR: Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann. Neurol (1981) 10:122–126.
  • ••Comprehensive study of cholinergicneurons in the nbM in AD.
  • PERRY EK, GIBSON PH, BLESSED G,PERRY RH, TOMLINSON PE: Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia. Choline acetyl transferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in necropsy brain tissue. Neurol Sci. (1977) 34:247–265.
  • PERRY EK, TOMLINSON BE, BLESSED G, BERGMANN K, GIBSON PH, PERRY RH: Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Br. Med. (1978) 2: 1457–1459.
  • BARTUS RT, DEAN RL 3rd, BEER B, LIPPA AS: The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science (1982) 217:408–417.
  • FRANCIS PT, PALMER AM, SNAPE M, WILCOCK GK: The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress.j Neuro/. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1999) 66:137–147.
  • •A good recent review of the cholinergic hypothesis.
  • ETIENNE P, GAUTHIER S, DASTOOR D, COLLIER B, RATNER J: Alzheimer's disease: Clinical effects of lecithin treatment. In: Nutrition and the Brain (Vol. Choline and Lecithin in Brain Disorders. Barbeau A, Growden JH, Wurtman RJ (Eds.), Raven Press, New York, USA (1979):389–390.
  • PETERS BH, LEVIN HS: Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol (1979) 6:219–221.
  • DRACHMAN DA, GLOSSER G, FLEMING P: Memory decline in the aged: Treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology (1982) 32:944–950.
  • MOHS RC, DAVIS KL, TINKLENBERG JR, HOLLISTER LE: Choline chloride effects on memory in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging (1980) 1(1):21–25.
  • THAL J, FULD PA: Memory enhancement with oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl.' Med. (1983) 308:708–718.
  • FARLOW M, GRACON SI, HERSHEY LA, LEWIS KW, SADOWSKY CH, DOALN-URENO J: A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. JAMA (1992) 268(18):2523–2529.
  • WINBLAD B, BRODATY H, GAUTHIER S et al.: Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease: Is there a need to redefine treatment success? Int. Geriatr. Psychiatry (2001) 16:653–666.
  • •The need for new and realistic end points in evaluating success of therapy in AD.
  • GIACOBINI E: Cholinesterases and Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Martin Dunitz, London, UK (2000).
  • ••The most comprehensive and current source on this topic.
  • GRISARU D, STERNFELD M, ELDOR A, GLICK D, SOREQ H: Structural roles in acetylcholinesterase variants in biology and pathology. Eur: Biochem. (1999) 264(3):672–686.
  • GETMAN DK, EUBANKS J, EVANS G, TAYLOR P: Assignment of the human acetyl cholinesterase gene to chromosome 7q22. Am. J. Human Genet. (1992) 50:170–177.
  • ALLDERDICE PW, GARDNER HAR, GALUTIRA D, LOCKRIDGE OL, LADU DN, McALPINE PJ: The cloned butyryl-cholinesterase (BCHE) gene maps to a single chromosome site, 3q26. Genomics (1991) 11:452–454.
  • MASSOULIE J, ANSELMET A, BON Set al.: Acetylcholinesterase: C-terminal domains, molecular forms and functional localization. Physiol (Paris) (1998) 92(3–4):183–190.
  • YOUNKIN SG, GOODRIDGE B, KATZ J et al: Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterases in Alzheimer's disease. Fed. Proc. (1986) 45(13):2982–2988.
  • •A predominant loss of the G4 form in AD.
  • MORAN MA, MUFSON EJ, GOMEZ-RAMOS P: Cholinesterases colocalize with sites of neurofibrillary degeneration in aged and Alzheimer's brains. Acta Neuropathol (1994) 87:284–292.
  • SCHRODER H, WEVERS A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer's disease. A/z. Dis. Rev (1998) 3:20–27.
  • MARTIN-RUIZ CM, COURT JA, MOLNAR E et al.: a4 but not a3 and a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are lost from the temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. (1999) 73(4):1635–1640.
  • MAELICKE A: Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptors as a treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. (2000) 11 (Suppl. 1):11–18.
  • LISTON DR, NIELSEN J, VILLALOBOS A et al.: Pharmacology of selective versus nonselective cholinesterase inhibitors: implications for clinical use in Alzheimer's disease patients. Poster TPII-10. Clin. Pharmacol Ther: (2002) 71(2):P43.
  • MORI F, LAI CC, FUSI F, GIACOBINI E: Cholinesterase inhibitors increase secretion of APPs in rat brain cortex. NeuroL Rep. (1995) 6:633–636.
  • WALKER MB: Treatment of myastheniagravis with physostigmine. Lancet (1934) 1:1200–1201.
  • •An early therapeutic use of a ChE inhibitor in human disease.
  • EVERITT BJ, ROBBINS TW: Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Ann. Rev Psycho]. (1997) 48:649–684.
  • MESULAM M-M: The systems-level organization of cholinergic innervation in the cerebral cortex and its alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Brain Res. (1996) 109:285–298.
  • SATO A, SATO Y, UCHIDA S: Regulation of regional cerebral blood flow by cholinergic fibers originating in the basal forebrain. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. (2001) 19:327–337.
  • ••Important study on the role of cholinergictransmission in CBE
  • BIESOLD D, INANAMI O, SATO A, SATO Y: Stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert increases cerebral cortical blood flow in rats. Neurnsci. Lett. (1989) 98:39–44.
  • LACOMBE P, SERCOMBE R, VAUCHER E, SEYLAZ J: Reduced cortical vasodilatory response to stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the aged rat and evidence for a control of the cerebral circulation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1997) 826:410–415.
  • UCHIDA S, SUZUKI A, KAGITANI F, HOTTA H: Effects of age on cholinergic vasodilation of cortical cerebral blood vessels in rats. NeuroscL Lett. (2000) 294:109–112.
  • POSTIGLIONE A, LASSEN NA, HOLMAN BL: Cerebral blood flow in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type. Aging (Milano) (1993) 5:19–26.
  • •A demonstration of loss of CBF in AD.
  • TOHGI H, YONEZAWA H, TAKAHASHI S et al.: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia with deep white matter changes. Neuroradiology (1998) 40:131–137.
  • HERHOLZ K, BAUER B, WIENHARD K et al:In vivo measurements of regional acetylcholine esterase activity in degenerative dementia: comparison with blood flow and glucose metabolism. J. Neural. Transm. (2000) 107:1457–1468.
  • MESULAM M-M, GEULA C, COSGROVE R, MASH D, BRIMIJOIN S: Immunocytochemical demonstration of axonal and perikarial acetylcholinesterase in human cerebral cortex. Brain Res. (1991) 538:233–238.
  • ••A comprehensive study of methodologyused in anatomical demonstration of cholinergic systems.
  • SASAKI M, EHARA S, TAMAKAWA Y, TOHGI H, SAKAI A, MITA T: MR anatomy of the substantia innominata and findings in Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary report. Am. I Neuroradiol (1995) 16:2001–2007.
  • ••A demonstration by MRI of the locationof nbM.
  • HANYU H, ASANO T, SAKURAI H, TANAKA Y, TAKASAKI M, ABE K: MR analysis of the substantia innominata in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and other types of dementia. Am. J. Neuroradiol (2002) 23:27–32.
  • ••Changes in nucleus basalis in AD, VaDand other dementias by non-invasive MRI.
  • MESULAM M: Neuroanatomy of cholinesterases in the normal human brain and in Alzheimer's disease. In: Cholinesterases and Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Giacobini E (Ed.), Martin Dunitz, London, UK (2000):121–137.
  • ••An excellent updated review.
  • MESULAM M-M, GEULA C: Nucleus basalis (Ch4) and cortical cholinergic innervation of the human brain: Observations based on the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyl transferase. J. Comp. Neurol (1988) 275:216–240.
  • ••A classic paper.
  • HEDREN JC, STRUBLE RG, WHITEHOUSE PJ, PRICE DL: Topography of the magnocellular basal forebrain system in the human brain. Neuropathol Exp. Nemo]. (1984) 43:1–21.
  • ••A classic morphological descriptionof the nbM.
  • HALLIDAY GM, CULLEN K, CAIRNS MJ: Quantitation and three-dimensional reconstruction of Ch4 nucleus in the human basal forebrain. Synapse (1993) 15:1–16.
  • PERRY RH, CANDY JM, PERRY EK, THOMPSON J, OAKLEY AE: The substantia innominata and adjacent regions in the human brain: histochemical and biochemical observations. J. Anat. (1984) 138(Pt 4):713–732.
  • ULFIG N: Configuration of the magnocellular nuclei in the basal forebrain of the human adult. Acta Anat. (1989) 134:100–105.
  • SELDEN NR, GITELMAN DR, SALAMON-MURAYAMA N, PARRISH TB, MESULAM MM: Trajectories of cholinergic pathways within the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain. Brant (1998) 121:2249–2257.
  • ••An important paper in the understandingof cholinergic loss in cerebral vascular lesions.
  • BUTCHER LL, SEMBA K: Reassessing the cholinergic basal forebrain: nomenclature schemata and concepts. TINS (1989) 12:483–485.
  • ODA Y, NAKANISHI I: The distribution of cholinergic neurons in the human central nervous system. Histol Histopathol (2000) 15:825–834.
  • MUFSON EJ, BOTHWELL M, HERSH LB, KORDOWER JH: Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactive profiles in the normal, aged human basal forebrain: colocalization with cholinergic neurons. Comp. Nemo] (1989) 285:196–217.
  • MESULAM M, CARSON K, PRICE B, GEULA C: Cholinesterases in the amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Nemo] (1992) 31:565–569.
  • KRYGER G, SILMAN I, SUSSMAN JL: Three-dimensional structure of a complex of E2020 with acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica. Physiol (Paris) (1998) 92(3-4):191–194.
  • Eisai Co. Ltd.: Aricept® (donepezil hydrochloride tablets). Package insert. Eisai Co. Ltd., Japan (2000).
  • JANN MW, SHIRLEY KL, SMALL GW: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2002) 41(10):719–739.
  • ••An excellent pharmacological reviewof donepezil.
  • ROGERS SL, FRIEDHOFF LT: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HC1 following single oral doses. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46 (Suppl. I):1–6.
  • ROGERS SL, COOPER NM, SUKOVARTY R, PEDERSON JE, LEE JN, FRIEDHOFF LT: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HC1 following multiple oral doses. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46 (Suppl. I): 7–12.
  • TISEO PJ, VARGAS R PERDOMO CA, FRIEDHOFF LT: An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HC1 in patients with impaired hepatic function. Br: J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46 (Suppl. I):51–55.
  • TISEO PJ, FOLEY K, FRIEDHOFF LT: An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HC1 in patients with moderately to severely impaired renal function. Br: J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46(Suppl. I):56–60.
  • OHNISHI A, MIHARA M, KAMAKURA H et al.: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of E2020, a new compound for Alzheimer's disease, in healthy young and elderly subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1993) 33(11):1086–1091.
  • TISEO PJ, PERDOMO CA, FRIEDHOFF LT: Concurrent administration of donepezil HC1 and ketoconazole: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46 (Suppl. I):30–34.
  • CARCENAC D, MARTIN-HUNDADI C, KIESMANN M, DEMUYNCK-ROEGEL C, ALT M, KUNTZMANN F: [Extra-pyramidal syndrome induced by donepezil]. Presse Med. (2000) 29(18):992–993.
  • ROJAS-FERNANDEZ C: Drug interactions and donepezil. .1 Am. Ceriam Soc. (2000) 48(5):597–598.
  • CARRIER L: Donepezil and paroxetine: Possible drug interaction. Am. Ceriam Soc. (1999) 47(8):1037.
  • •Important drug interactions to keep in mind.
  • BOURIN M: Use of paroxetine for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in the elderly: a review. Hum. Psychopharmacol (2003) 18(3):185–190.
  • LIU HC, UN SK, SUNG SM: Extrapyramidal side-effect due to drug combination of risperidone with donepezil. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. (2002) 56(4):479.
  • •Important interactions to keep in mind.
  • MAGNUSON TM, KELLER BK, BURKE WJ: Extrapyramidal side effects in a patient treated with risperidone plus donepezil. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155(101458–1459.
  • McKEITH IG, BALLARD CG, HARRISON RW: Neuroleptic sensitivity to risperidone in Lewy body dementia. Lancet (1995) 346(8976):699.
  • VERRICO MM, NACE DA, TOWERS AL: Fulminant chemical hepatitis possibly associated with donepezil and sertraline therapy. J. Am. Ceriati: Soc. (2000) 48(12):1659–1663.
  • •A very unusual adverse event.
  • CROWE S, COLLINS L: Suxamethonium and donepezil: A cause of prolonged paralysis. Anesthesiology (2003) 98(2):574–575.
  • •An important consideration in patients treated with donepezil and undergoing surgery.
  • PRATT RD, PERDOMO CA, SURICK IW, IENI JR: Donepezil: tolerability and safety in Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Clin. Pract. (2002) 56(9):710–717.
  • SHEPHERD G, KLEIN-SCHWARTZ W, EDWARDS R. Donepezil overdose: a tenfold dosing error. Ann. Pharmacother: (1999) 33:812–815.
  • •Overdose was manifested by bradycardia, relatively simple to control with atropine.
  • KAWASHIMA T, YAMADA S: Delirium caused by donepezil: a case study. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63(3):250–251.
  • BENAZZI F: Mania associated with donepezil. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. (1999) 24(5):468–469.
  • WENGEL SP, BURKE WJ, ROCCAFORTE WH: Donepezil for postoperative delirium associated with Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Ceriatr. Soc. (1999) 47(3):379–380.
  • ••Treatment appears to be rapid and effective.
  • BRYANT CA, OULDRED E, JACKSON SH, KINIRONS MT: Purpuric rash with donepezil treatment. Br. Med. J. (1998) 317(7161):787.
  • HASHIMOTO M, IMAMURA T, TANIMUKAI S, KAZUI H, MORI E: Urinary incontinence: an unrecognized adverse effect with donepezil. Lancet (2000) 356(9229):568.
  • •Probably more prevalent than usually recognised.
  • BROOKMEYER GRAY S, KAWAS C: Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am. J. Public Health (1998) 88:1337–1342.
  • ••Projections indicate the growingmagnitude of this problem.
  • ROGERS SL, FRIEDHOFF LT AND THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dementia (1996) 7:293–303.
  • ROGERS SL, DOODY RS, MOHS R, FRIEDHOFF LT AND THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer's disease: a 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158:1021–1031.
  • ••A pivotal trial of donepezil in AD.
  • ROGERS SL, FARLOW MR, DOODY RS, MOHS R, FRIEDHOFF LT AND THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology(1998) 50:136–145.
  • ••A pivotal trial of donepezil in AD.
  • BURNS A, ROSSOR M, HECKER J et al.:The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement. Ceriatr. Cogn. Disord. (1999) 10:237–244.
  • FOLSTEIN MF, FOLSTEIN SE, MCHUGH PR: 'Mini-mental state.' A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. .1. Psychiatr. Res. (1975) 12:189–198.
  • HUGHES CP, BERG L, DANZIGERWL, COBEN LA, MARTIN RL: A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br. Psychiatry (1982) 140:566–572.
  • ROSEN WG, MOHS RC, DAVIS KL: A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry (1984) 141:1356–1364.
  • TORFS K, FELDMAN H: 12-month decline in cognitive and daily function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: two randomized placebo-controlled studies. Neurobiol. Aging (2000) 21\(Suppl. 1):5242.
  • MOHS R: The Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale. hat. Psychogeriatr. (1996) 8:195–203.
  • GELINAS J, GAUTHIER L, MCINTYRE M, GAUTHIER S: Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer's disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am.' Occup. Ther: (1999) 53:471–481.
  • LAWTON MP, BRODY EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist (1969) 9:179–186.
  • MOHS RC, DOODY RS, MORRIS JC et al, FOR THE '312' STUDY GROUP: A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients. Neurology(2001) 57:481-488. A 1-year preservation of function trial.
  • CAHN-WEINER DA, MALLOY PF, BOYLE PA, MARRAN M, SALLOWAY S: Prediction of functional status from neuropsychological tests in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Clin. Neuropsychol. (2000) 14:187–195.
  • ••Instrumental ADLs appear to be a goodindicator of executive function.
  • DOODY RS, GELDMACHER DS, GORDON B, PERDOMO CA, PRATT RD, FOR THE DONEPEZIL STUDY GROUP: Open-label multicenter, Phase III extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58:427–433.
  • ••Long-term trials of donepezil in AD.
  • WINBLAD B, ENGEDAL K, SOININEN H et al AND THE DONEPEZIL NORDIC STUDY GROUP: A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology (2001) 57:489–495.
  • ••A 1-year preservation of function trial.
  • CUMMINGS JL, MEGA M, GRAY K et al.: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology (1994) 44:2308–2314.
  • FELDMAN H, GAUTHIER S, HECKER J, VELLAS B, SUBBIAH P, WHALEN E AND THE DONEPEZIL MSAD STUDY INVESTIGATORS GROUP: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology(2001) 57:613–620.
  • ••A pivotal trial of donepezil inmoderate-to-severe AD.
  • FILLIT HM, GUTTERMAN EM, BROOKS RL: Impact of donepezil on caregiver burden for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int. Psychogeriatr. (2000) 12:389–401.
  • ••Evidence of carer respite with donepeziltreatment of AD.
  • MASTEY V, WIMO A, WINBLAD B et al.: Donepezil reduces the time caregivers spend providing care: results of a one-year, randomized trial in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Poster P16. J. Am. Ceriatr. Soc. (2001) 49:S20.
  • ••Evidence of carer respite with donepeziltreatment of AD.
  • HILL JW, FUTTERMAN R, DUTTAGUPTA S, MASTEY V, LLOYD JR, FILLIT H: Alzheimer's disease and related dementias increase cost of comorbidities in managed Medicare. Neurology (2002) 58:62–70.
  • HILL JW, FUTTERMAN R, MASTEY V, FILLIT H: The effect of donepezil therapy on health costs in a Medicare managed plan. Manag. Care Interface (2002) 15:63–70.
  • ••Evidence of pharmacoeconomic benefitwith donepezil treatment of AD.
  • GELDMACHER DS, PROVENZANO G, MCRAE T, MASTEY V, IENI JR: Donepezil is associated with delayed nursing home placement in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am. Ceriati: Soc. (2003) 51(7):937–944.
  • ••Evidence of benefit with donepeziltreatment of AD.
  • LOPEZ OL, BECKER JT, WISNIEWSKI S, SAXTON J, KAUFER DI, DE KOSKY ST: Cholinesterase inhibitor treatment alters the natural history of Alzheimer's disease. Neuro/. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2002) 72:310–314.
  • ••Important evidence of benefit withdonepezil treatment of AD.
  • RITCHIE K, TOUCHON J: Mild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet (2000) 355:225–228.
  • GOLDMAN WP, MORRIS JC: Evidence that age-associated memory impairment is not a normal variant of aging. AlzheimerS Dis. Assoc. Disorders (2001) 15: 72–79.
  • PETERSEN RC, STEVENS JC, GANGULI M, TANGALOS EC, CUMMINGS JL, DEKOSKY ST: Practice parameter. Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology(2001) 56:1133–1142.
  • ••Important consensus recommendation.
  • RITCHIE K, ARTERO S, TOUCHON J: Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based validation study. Neurology(2001) 56:37–42.
  • FLICKER C, FERRIS SH, REISBERG B: Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology (1991) 41:1006–1009.
  • BRAAK H, BRAAK E: Neuropathologieal staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) (1991) 82:239–259.
  • LARRIEU S, LETENNEUR L, ORGOGOZO J-M et al.: Incidence and outcome of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based prospective cohort. Neurology (2002) 59:1594–1599.
  • ROMAN GC: Vascular dementia revisited: diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Med. Clio. N Am. (2002) 86:477–499.
  • ••An up-to-date comprehensive review.
  • DUBOIS MF, HEBERT R: The incidence of vascular dementia in Canada: a comparison with Europe and East Asia. Neuroepidemiology (2001) 20:179–187.
  • ROMAN GC, ERKINJUNTTI T, WALLIN A, PANTONI L, CHUI HC: Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology (2002) 1:426–436.
  • ••An up-to-date comprehensive review.
  • MURRAY CJ, LOPEZ AD: Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study. Lancet (1997) 349:1436–1442.
  • FEIGIN VL, LAWES CMM, BENNETT DA, ANDERSON CS: Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurology (2003) 2:43–53.
  • ROMAN GC: Vascular dementia may be the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Neurol Sci. (2002) 203–204:7–10.
  • ••The growing problem of VaD in the elderly.
  • ROMAN GC: Stroke, cognitive decline and vascular dementia: the silent epidemic of the 21st Century. Neuroepidemiology (2003) 22(3):161–164.
  • ••The growing problem of stroke and VaDin the elderly.
  • HACHINKSI VC, BOWLER JV: Vascular dementia. Neurology (1993) 43:2159–2160.
  • ROCKWOOD H, HOWARD K, MACKNIGHT C, DARVESH S: Spectrum of disease in vascular cognitive impairment. Neuroepidemiology (1999) 18:248–254.
  • VVENTZEL C, ROCKWOOD K, MACKNIGHT C et al.: Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia. Neurology (2001) 57:714–716.
  • INGLES JL, VVENTZEL C, FISK JD, ROCKWOOD K: Neuropsychological predictors of incident dementia in patients with vascular cognitive impairment, without dementia. Stroke (2002) 33:1999–2002.
  • ROMAN GC: Vascular dementia: Changing the paradigm. Carr: Opin. Psychiatry (2003); 16:635–641
  • KALARIA RN, BALLARD CG, INCE PG et al.: Multiple substrates of late-onset dementia: implications for brain protection. Novartis Found. Symp. (2001) 235:49-60; Discussion: 60–65.
  • WALLER SB, BALL MJ, REYNOLDS MA, LONDON ED: Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase in postmortem brains of demented patients. Can. Neurol Sci. (1986) 13:528–532.
  • SAKURADA T, ALUFUZOFF I, WINBLAD B, NORDBERG A: Substance P-like immunoreactivity, choline acetyltransferase activity and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Brain Res. (1990) 521:329–332.
  • NARUMI S, KIYOTA Y, NAGAOKA A: Cerebral embolization impairs memory function and reduces cholinergic marker enzyme activities in various brain regions in rats. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav. (1986) 24:1729–1731.
  • OGAWA N, ASANUMA M, TANAKA K et al.: Long-term time course of regional changes in cholinergic indices following transient ischemia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat brain. Brain Res. (1996) 712:60–68.
  • WALLIN A, GOTTFRIES CG: Biochemical substrates in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry (1990) 23:37–43.
  • GOTTFRIES CG, BLENNOW K, KARLSSON I, WALLIN A: The neurochemistry of vascular dementia. Dementia (1994) 5(3-4):163–167.
  • ••Evidence of cholinergic loss in VaD.
  • TOHGI H, ABET, KIMURA M, SAHEKI M, TAKAHASHI S: Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia. J. Neural Transm. (1996) 103:1211–1220.
  • ••Demonstration of cholinergic loss in twocommon types of VaD.
  • SWARTZ RH, SAHLAS DJ, BLACK SE et al.: Strategic involvement of cholinergic pathways and executive dysfunction: does location of white matter signal hyperintensities matter? Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. (2003) 12:29–36.
  • ••Demonstration that stroke locationdetermines cholinergic loss.
  • MESULAM M, SIDDIQUE T, COHEN B: Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology (2003) 60(7):1183–1185.
  • ••Demonstration that stroke locationdetermines cholinergic loss.
  • MANN DM, YATES PO, MARCYNIUK B: The nucleus basalts of Meynert in multi-infarct (vascular) dementia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (1986) 71:332–337.
  • •A negative study.
  • PHILLIPS S, SANGALANG V, STERNS G: Basal forebrain infarction. A clinicopathologic correlation. Arch. Neural. (1987) 44:1134–1138.
  • VON CRAMON DY, MARKOWITSCH HJ: Human memory dysfunctions due to septal lesions. In: The behavioral neuroscience of the septal region. Numan R (Ed.), Springer, New York, USA (2000):380–413.
  • LIBERINI P, PIORO EP, MAYSINGER D, CUELLO AC: Neocortical infarction in subhuman primates leads to restricted morphological damage of the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Brain Res. (1994) 648:1–8.
  • ERKINJUNTTI T, KURZ A, GAUTHIER S, BULLOCK R, LILIENFELD S, DAMARAJU CV: Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 359:1283–1290.
  • ••Demonstration of positive response togalantarnine in patients with AD plus CVD and in VaD.
  • KUMAR V, ANAND R, MESSINA J, HARTMAN R, VEACH J: An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. Lid. Neurology (2000) 7:159–169.
  • •Positive effects of rivastigmine in patients with AD plus CVD.
  • PRATT RD: Patient populations in clinical trials of the efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in patients with vascular dementia. Neurol Sci. (2002) 203–204:57–65.
  • ••The NINDS-AIREN criteria selectpopulations with VaD that are different from those with AD.
  • BLACKS, ROMAN G, GELDMACHER DS et al AND THE 307 VASCULAR DEMENTIA STUDY GROUP: Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke (2003) 34(10):2323–2330. A pivotal trial of donepezil in VaD.
  • WILKINSON D, DOODY R, HELME R, et al. AND THE DONEPEZIL 308 STUDY GROUP: Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology (2003) 61(4):479–486.
  • ••A pivotal trial of donepezil in VaD.
  • ROMAN GC, TATEMICHI TK, ERKINJUNTTI T et al.: Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Work Group. Neurology (1993) 43:250–260.
  • ••The NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD,widely used in Phase III trials.
  • SALLOWAY S, PRATT RD, PERDOMO CA AND THE DONEPEZIL 307 AND 308 VaD STUDY GROUPS: A comparison of the cognitive benefits of donepezil in patients with cortical versus subcortical vascular dementia: a subanalysis of two 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Poster P02.114). Neurology (2003) 60\(Suppl. 1):A141–142.
  • ••No difference in results in probable orpossible cases of VaD.
  • DOODY RS, PRATT RD, PERDOMO CE AND THE DONEPEZIL 307 AND 308 VAD STUDY GROUPS: Donepezil-treated patients demonstrate global benefits on the Clinician's Interview-based Impression of Change-plus version: a comparison of Alzheimer's disease versus vascular dementia (Abstract S48.002). Neurology (2003) 60\(Suppl. 1):A412.
  • BERGMAN J, BRETTHOLZ I, SHNEIDMAN M, LERNER V: Donepezil as add-on treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's Type. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2003) 26:88–92.
  • KARCZMAR A: Anticholinesterases: dramatic aspects of their use and misuse (Invited review). Neurochem. Int. (1998) 32:401–411.
  • WILKINSON DG: The pharmacology of donepezil: a new treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (1999) 1:121–135.
  • CUMMINGS JL: Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in clinical practice: evidence- based recommendations. Jim. Certain Psychiatry (2003) 11:131–145.
  • TARIOT PN, CUMMINGS JL, KATZ IR et al.: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. Am. Certain Soc. (2001) 49:1590–1599.
  • ••Donepezil use in nursing home patientswith AD.
  • GAUTHIER S, FELDMAN H, HECKER J et al AND THE DONEPEZIL MSAD STUDY INVESTIGATORS GROUP: Efficacy of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Int. Psychogeriatt: (2002) 14:389–404.
  • ••Effects of donepezil in behaviouralsymptoms in AD.
  • TARIOT P, FARLOW M, GROSSBERG G, GERGEL I, GRAHAM S, JIN J: Memantine/donepezil dual-therapy is superior to placebo/donepezil therapy for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Poster. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 41st Annual Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 8–12 (2002).
  • ••A potentially useful combination ofmedications for AD.
  • REISBERG B, DOODY R, STOFFLER A, SCHMITT F, FERRIS S, MOBIUS HJ, FOR THE MEMANTINE STUDY GROUP: Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl. Med. (2003) 348:1333–1341.
  • ••Memantine appears to be useful inadvanced AD.
  • STRYJER R, STROUS RD, BAR F et al: Beneficial effect of donepezil augmentation for the management of comorbid schizophrenia and dementia. Neuropharmacol (2003) 26:12–17.
  • •Small series on the use of donepezil in dementia and schizophrenia.
  • FRIEDMAN JI, ADLER DN, HOWANITZ E et al.: A double blind placebo controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive treatment to risperidone for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 51:349–357.
  • BUCHANAN RW, SUMMERFELT A, TEK C, GOLD J: An open-labeled trial of adjunctive donepezil for cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. (2003) 59:29-33. A negative study.
  • REITAN RIVI, REED JC, DYKEN ML: Cognitive, psychomotor, and motor correlates of multiple sclerosis. Nerv. Ment. Dis. (1971) 153:218–224.
  • PEYSERJM, EDWARDS KR, POSER CM: Cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol (1980) 37:577–579.
  • RAO SM, LEO GJ, BERNARDIN L, UNVERZAGT F: Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. I: Frequency, patterns and prediction. Neurology (1991) 41:685–691.
  • LITVAN I, GRAFMAN J, VENDRELL P, MARTINEZ JM: Slowed information processing in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol (1988) 45:281–285.
  • FOONG J, ROZEWICZ L, QUAHEBEUR G et al: Executive function in multiple sclerosis. The role of frontal lobe pathology. Brain (1997) 120:15–26.
  • ••Demonstration of loss of executivefunction in MS.
  • GREENE YM, TARIOT PN, WISHART H et al.: A 12-week, open trial of donepezil hydrochloride in patients with multiple sclerosis and associated cognitive impairments. I. Clin. Psychopharmacol (2000) 20:350–356.
  • ••This open label trial offersencouraging results.
  • ZHANG ZX, ROMAN GC: Worldwide occurrence of Parkinson's disease: an updated review. Neuroepidemiology (1993) 12:195–208.
  • FORNO L: Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Exp. Nemo]. (1996) 55:259–272.
  • AARSLAND D, ANDERSEN K, LARSEN JP et al.: Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A community-based, prospective study. Neurology (2001) 56:730–736.
  • NUSSBAUM RL, ELLIS CE: Genomic medicine: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. N Engl. I Med. (2003) 348 (14):1356–1364.
  • EMRE M: Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurology (2003) 2(4):229–237.
  • ••An updated review of dementia in PD.
  • LEVERENZ JB, MCKEITH IG: Dementia with Lewy bodies. Med. Clin. N Am. (2002) 86:519–535.
  • MCKEITH IG, GALASKO D, KOSAKA K et al.: Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of a consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology (1996) 47:1113-1124. Diagnostic criteria for DLB.
  • PERRY E, IRVING D, KERWIN JM et al: Cholinergic transmitter and neurotrophic activities in Lewy body dementia: similarity to Parkinson's and distinction from Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1993) 7:69–79.
  • TIRABOSCHI P, HANSEN LA, ALFORD M et al: Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies. Neurology (2000) 54:407–411.
  • LEVY R, EAGGER S, GRIFFITHS M et al.: Lewy bodies and response to tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet (1994) 343:176.
  • MCKEITH IG, GRACE JG, WALKER Z et al.: Rivastigmine in the treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: preliminary findings from an open trial. Int. j Certain Psychiatry (2000) 15:387–392.
  • •Cholinergic use in DLB.
  • GRACE J, DANIEL S, STEVENS T et al.: Long-term use of rivastigmine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open-label trial. Int. Psychogeriatr. (2001) 13:199–205.
  • ••Evidence in favour of cholinergicuse in DLB.
  • MCLEAN LE, COLLINS CC, BYRNE EJ: Dementia with Lewy bodies treated with rivastigmine: effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and sleep. Int. Psychogeriam. (2001) 13:277–288.
  • SHEA C, MACKNIGHT C, ROCKWOOD K: Donepezil for treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series of nine patients. Int. Psychogeriam (1998) 10:229–238.
  • KAUFER DI, CATT KE, LOPEZ O et al.: Dementia with Lewy bodies: response to delirium-like features to donepezil. Neurology (1998) 51:1512.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in DLB.
  • AARSLAND D, BRONNICK K, KARLSEN K: Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a case study. Int. Ceriam Psychiatry (1999) 14:69–72.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in DLB.
  • LANCTOT KL, HERMANN N: Donepezil for behavioural disorders associated with Lewy bodies: a case series. Int.j Ceriam. Psychiatry (2000) 15:388–345.
  • SAMUEL W, CALIGIURI M, GALASKO D et al.: Better cognitive and psychopathologic response to donepezil in patients prospectively diagnosed as dementia with Lewy bodies: a preliminary study. Int. Ceriatr. Psychiatry (2000) 15:794–802.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in DLB.
  • MORI S: Responses to donepezil in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2002) 977:493–500.
  • McKEITH I, DEL SER T, SPANO P et al: Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet (2000) 356:2031–2036.
  • ••Evidence in favour of cholinergic usein DLB.
  • AARSLAND D, LAAKE K, LARSEN JP, JANVIN C: Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2002) 72:708–712.
  • ••Evidence in favour of cholinergic usein DLB.
  • MARDER K: Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial (Editorial). CLIFF. Nellra Neurosci. Rep. (2002) 2:390–391.
  • STEELE JC, RICHARDSON JC, OLSZEWSKI J: Progressive supranuclear palsy. A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch. Neurol (1964) 10:333–358.
  • ••The original description of PSP.
  • LEES A: The Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy). In: Movement Disorder 2. Marsden CD, Fahn S (Eds.), Butterworths, London, UK (1987):272–287.
  • FABBRINI G, BARBANTI P, BONIFATI V et al.: Donepezil in the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neurol Scand. (2001) 103:123–125.
  • LITVAN I, PHIPPS M, PHARR VL, HALLETT M, GRAFMAN J, SALAZAR A: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology (2001) 57:467–473.
  • ••Evidence against the use of cholinergicagents in PSP.
  • TAMMENMAA IA, MCGRATH JJ, SAILAS E, SOARES-WEISER K: Cholinergic medication for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2002) 3:CD000207.
  • CAROFF SN, CAMPBELL EC, HAVEYJ, SULLIVAN KA, MANN SC, GALLOP R: Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with donepezil: a pilot study. Clin. Psychiatry (2001) 62:772–775.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in TD.
  • WISNIEWSKI KE, WISNIEWSKI HM, WEN GY: Occurrence of neuropathological changes and dementia of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. Ann. Neurol (1985) 17:278–282.
  • LEMERE CA, BLUSTZIAN JK, YAMAGUCHI H, WISNIEWSKI H, SAIDO TC, SELKOE DJ: Sequence of deposition of heterogeneous amyloid beta-peptides and APO-E in Down's syndrome: Implications for initial events in amyloid plaque formation. Neurobiol Dis. (1996) 3:16–32.
  • LAI F, WILLIAMS RS: A prospective study of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. Arch. Neurol (1989) 46:849–853.
  • KISHNANI PS, SULLIVAN JA, WALTER BK, SPIRIDIGLIOZZI GA, DORAISWAMY PM, KRISHNAN KRR: Cholinergic therapy for Down's syndrome. Lancet (1999) 353:1064–1065.
  • HEMINGWAY-ELTOMEY JM, LERNER AJ: Adverse effects of donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease associated with Down's syndrome. Am. I Psychiatry (1999) 156(9):1470.
  • CIPRIANI G, BIANCHETTI A, TRABUCCHI M: Donepezil use in the treatment of dementia associated with Down's syndrome. Arch. Neurol (2003) 60(2):292.
  • KISHNANI PS, SPIRIDIGLIOZZI GA, HELLER JH, SULLIVAN JA, DORAISWAMY PM, KRISHNAN KRR: Donepezil for Down's syndrome. Am. I. Psychiatry (2001) 158:143.
  • LOTT IT, OSANN K, DORAN E, NELSON L: Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: response to donepezil. Arch. Neurol (2002) 59:1133–1136.
  • HELLER JH, SPIRIDIGLIOZZI GA, SULLIVAN JA, DORAISWAMY PM, KRISHNAN RR, KISHNANI PS: Donepezil for the treatment of language deficits in adults with Down's syndrome: a preliminary 24-week open trial. Am. Med. Genet. (2003) 116:111–116.
  • ••Evidence in favour of cholinergic use inadvanced Down's syndrome.
  • PRASHER VP, HUXLEY A, HAQUE MS AND THE DOWN'S SYNDROME AGEING STUDY GROUP: A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil inpatients with Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease - pilot study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (2002) 17:270–278.
  • ••Evidence in favour of cholinergic use inadvanced DS.
  • HARDAN AY, HANDEN BL: A retrospective open trial of adjunctive donepezil in children and adolescents with autistic disorder.' Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 12:237–241.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in autism.
  • SLATKIN NE, RHINER M, BOLTON TM: Donepezil in the treatment of opioid-induced sedation: report of six cases. Pain Symptom. Manage. (2001) 21:425–438.
  • ••Encouraging evidence in favour ofcholinergic use in opioid-induced sedation.
  • MURDOCH I, PERRY EK, COURT JA, GRAHAM DI, DEWAR D: Cortical cholinergic dysfunction after human head injury. J. Neurotrauma (1998) 15:295–305.
  • MURDOCH I, NICOLI JAR, GRAHAM DI, DEWAR D: Nucleus basalts of Meynert pathology in the human brain after fatal head injury.' Neurotrauma (2002) 19:279–284.
  • ARCINIE GAS D, ADLER L, TOPKOFF J, CAWTHRA E, FILLEY CM, REITE M: Attention and memory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: cholinergic mechanisms, sensory gating, and a hypothesis for further investigation. Brain Inj. (1999) 13:1–13.
  • TAVERNI JP, SELIGER G, LICHTMAN SW: Donepezil medicated memory improvement in traumatic brain injury during post acute rehabilitation. Brain Inj. (1998) 12:77–80.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in TBI.
  • AMADUCCI L, SORBI S, ALBANESE A, GAINOTTI G: Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity differs in right and left human temporal lobes. Neurology (1981) 31(7):799–805.
  • SIMIC G, MRZLJAK L, FUCIC A, WINBLAD B, LOVRIC H, KOSTOVIC I: Nucleus subputaminalis (Ayala): The still disregarded magnocellular component of the basal forebrain may be human specific and connected with the cortical speech area. Neuroscience (1999) 89(1):73–89.
  • AARSLAND D, LARSEN JP, REINVANG I, AASLAND AM: Effects of cholinergic blockade on language in healthy young women: Implications for the cholinergic hypothesis in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain (1994) 117:1377–1384.
  • JACOBS DH, SHUREN J, GOLD M et al: Physostigmine pharmacotherapy for anomia. Neurocase (1996) 2:83–91.
  • TANAKA Y, MIYAZAKI M, ALBERT ML: Effects of increased cholinergic activity on naming in aphasia. Lancet (1997) 350(9071):116–117.
  • HUGHES JD, JACOBS DH, HEILMAN KM: Neuropharmacology and linguistic neuroplasticity. Brain Lang. (2000) 71:96–101.
  • BERTHIER ML, HINOJOSA J, MARTIN M DEL C, FERNANDEZ I: Open-label study of donepezil in chronic poststroke aphasia. Neurology (2003) 60:1218–1219.
  • ••Encouraging evidence in favour ofcholinergic use in post-stroke aphasia.
  • KERTESZ A: Western Aphasia Battery Grune & Stratton, New York, USA (1982).
  • GIOVAGNOLI AR, AVANZINI G: Learning and memory impairment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: Relation to the presence, type and location of brain lesion. Epilepsia (1999) 40:904–911.
  • FISHER RS, BORTZ JJ, BLUM DE, DUNCAN B, BURKE H: A pilot study of donepezil for memory problems in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav (2001) 2(4):330–334.
  • •Evidence in favour of cholinergic use in memory loss in epilepsy.
  • BABIC T, ZURAK N: Convulsions induced by donepezil. I Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1999) 66(3):410.
  • NICOLODI M, GALEOTTI N, GHELARDINI C, BARTOLINI A, SICUTERI F: Central cholinergic challenging of migraine by testing second-generation anticholinesterase drugs. Headache (2002) 42(7):596–602.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.