198
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The management of leptospirosis

, &
Pages 819-827 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • TREVEJO RT, RIGAU-PEREZ JG, ASHFORD DA et al.: Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995.1 Infect. Dis. (1998) 178:1457–1463.
  • KO AT, GAL VAO REIS M, RIBEIRO DOURADO CM, JOHNSON WD Jr, RILEY LW: Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet (1999) 354:820–825.
  • ESTAVOYER JM, TRAN TA, HOEN B:Leptospiroses. Rev. Prat. (2001) 51:2086–2090.
  • LEVETT PN: Leptospirosis.Clin. Microbiol. Rev (2001) 14:296–326.
  • ••An impressive review on laboratory diagnosis methods.
  • KATZ AR, ANSDELL VE, EFFLER PV, MIDDLETON CR, SASAKI DM: Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 353 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33:1834–1841.
  • •Major clinical and epidemiological study. Antimicrobial therapy is reviewed.
  • SASAKI DM, PANG L, MINETTE HP, et al.: Active surveillance and risk factors for leptospirosis in Hawaii. Am. I Trop. Med. Hyg. (1993) 48:35–43.
  • BAL AM, KAKRANI AL, BHARADWAJ RS, KAGAL AS, JOSHI SA, ARJUNWADKAR VP: Evaluation of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Assoc. Physicians India (2002) 50:394–396.
  • MERIEN F, BARANTON G, PEROLAT P: Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with microagglutination test and culture for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Infect. Dis. (1995) 172:281–285.
  • YERSIN C, BOVET P, SMITS HL, PEROLAT P: Field evaluation of a one-step dipstick assay for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in the Seychelles. Trop. Med. Int. Health (1999) 4:38–45.
  • ••An important study comparing severallaboratory diagnosis methods.
  • SMITS HL, ANANYINA YV, CHERESHSKY A et al.: International multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of a dipstick assay for detection of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human serum specimens. .1. Clin. Microbiol. (1999) 37:2904–2909.
  • CUMBERLAND P, EVERARD CO, WHEELER JG, LEVETT PN: Persistence of anti-leptospiral IgM, IgG and agglutinating antibodies in patients presenting with acute febrile illness in Barbados 1979-1989. Eur. Epidemiol. (2001) 17:601–608.
  • MERIEN F, AMOURIAUX P, PEROLAT P, BARANTON G, SAINT GIRONS I: Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples. Clin. Microbiol. (1992) 30:2219–2224.
  • TRUCCOLO J, SERAIS 0, MERIEN F, PEROLAT P: Following the course of human leptospirosis: evidence of a critical threshold for the vital prognosis using a quantitative PCR assay. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (2001) 204:317–321.
  • •An attempt to improve the management of therapy by monitoring with molecular biology tools.
  • CUMBERLAND P, EVERARD CO, LEVETT PN: Assessment of the efficacy of an IgM-elisa and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Am. I Trop. Med. Hyg. (1999) 61:731–734.
  • GUSSENHOVEN GC, VAN DER HOORN MA, GORIS MG et al.: LEPTO dipstick, a dipstick assay for detection of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human sera. .1 Clin. Microbiol. (1997) 35:92–97.
  • SMITS HL, EAPEN CK, SUGATHAN S et al.: Lateral-flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. Clin. Diagn Lab. Immunol. (2001) 8:166–169.
  • SILVA MV, CAMARGO ED, BATISTA L et al: Behaviour of specific IgM, IgG and IgA class antibodies in human leptospirosis during the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence. I Trop. Med. Hyg. (1995) 98:268–72.
  • PANAPHUT T, DOMRONGKITCHAIPORN S, VIBHAGOOL A, THINKAMROP B, SUSAENGRAT W: Ceftriaxone compared with sodium penicillin G for treatment of severe leptospirosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36:1507–1513.
  • ••The first study comparing two antibiotic regimens for treating severe leptospirosis.
  • VIJAYACHARI P, SUGUNAN AP, SEHGAL SC: Evaluation of Lepto Dri Dot as a rapid test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Epidemiol. Infect. (2002) 129:617–621.
  • FARR RW: Leptospirosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 21:1–6.
  • VINETZ JM: A mountain out of a molehill: do we treat acute leptospirosis, and if so, with what? Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36:1514–1515.
  • OIE S, HIRONAGA K, KOSHIRO A, KONISHI H, YOSHII Z: In vitro susceptibilities of five Leptospira strains to 16 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother: (1983) 24:905–908.
  • SHALIT I, BARNEA A, SHAHAR A: Efficacy of ciprofloxacin against Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:788–789.
  • HOSPENTHAL DR, MURRAY CK: In vitro susceptibilities of seven Leptospira species to traditional and newer antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47:2646–2648.
  • ••The most recent study providing data on MIC and MBC of 14 antibiotics on several strains of leptospires.
  • KOBAYASHI Y: Clinical observation and treatment of leptospirosis. Infect. Chemother: (2001) 7:59–68.
  • PRESCOTT J: Treatment of leptospirosis. Cornell Vet. (1991) 81:7–12.
  • ALEXANDER AD, RULE PL: Penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines in treatment of hamsters with fatal leptospirosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986) 30:835–839.
  • TRUCCOLO J, CHARAVAY F, MERIEN F, PEROLAT P: Quantitative PCR assay to evaluate ampicillin, ofloxacin, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental leptospirosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46:848–853.
  • MCCLAIN JB, BALLOU WR, HARRISON SM, STEINWEG DL: Doxycycline therapy for leptospirosis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1984) 100:696–698.
  • WATT G, PADRE LP, TUAZON ML et al.: Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis. Lancet (1988) 1:433–435.
  • EDWARDS CN, NICHOLSON GD, HASSELL TA, EVERARD CO, CALLENDER J: Penicillin therapy in icteric leptospirosis. Am.' Bop. Med. Hyg. (1988) 39:388–390.
  • COSTA E, LOPES AA, SACRAMENTO E et al: Penicillin at the late stage of leptospirosis: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Inst. Med. Bop. Sao Paulo (2003) 45:141–145.
  • GUIDUGLI F, CASTRO AA, ATALLAH AN: Antibiotics for leptospirosis (Cochrane Review) In: The Cochrane Library Issue 2(2003).
  • ••A rigorous state of the art of what wasevidenced by clinical studies before year 2003 in terms of antimicrobial therapy.
  • MAROTTO PC, MAROTTO MS, SANTOS DL, SOUZA TN, SEGURO AC: Outcome of leptospirosis in children. Am. I Bop. Med. Hyg. (1997) 56:307–310.
  • ZAKI SR, SPIEGEL RA: Leptospirosis. In: Pathology of Emerging Infection (Vol. 2). Nelson AM, Horsburgh Jr CR (Eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., USA (1998): 73–92.
  • CHU KM, RATHINAM R, NAMPERUMALSAMY P, DEAN D: Identification of Leptospira species in the pathogenesis of uveitis and determination of clinical ocular characteristics in south India. J. Infect. Dis. (1998) 177:1314–1321.
  • MANCEL E, MERIEN F, PESENTI L, SALINO D, ANGIBAUD G, PEROLAT P: Clinical aspects of ocular leptospirosis in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Aust. N41. Ophthalmol (1999) 27:380–386.
  • ZAKI SR, SHIEH WJ: Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. The epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua. Lancet (1996) 347:535–536.
  • COURTIN JP, DI FRAN CIA M, DU COUEDIC I et al.: Respiratory manifestations of leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 91 cases (1978–1994). Rev Pneumol Clin. (1998) 54:382–392.
  • •A major clinical study and review on leptospirosis pulmonary manifestations.
  • MAROTTO PC, NASCIMENTO CM, ELUF-NETO J et al: Acute lung injury in leptospirosis: clinical and laboratory features, outcome, and factors associated with mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1999) 29:1561–1563.
  • AMATO MB, BARBAS CS, MEDEIROS DM et al: Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl. Med. (1998) 338:347–354.
  • EMMANOUILIDES CE, KOHN OF, GARIBALDI R: Leptospirosis complicated by a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Gin. Infect. Dis. (1994) 18:1004–1006.
  • ESTAVOYER JM, RACADOT E, COUETDIC G, LEROY J, GROSPERRIN L: Tumor necrosis factor in patients with leptospirosis. Rev Infect. Dis. (1991) 13:1245–1246.
  • TAJIKI H, SALOMAO R: Association of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha with severity of disease and mortality among patients with leptospirosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1996) 23:1177–1178.
  • YUKAWA M, KAMATA H, OHBA S, KADOI K, MOCHIZUKI K: Effect of immune serum, an antibiotic, and a corticosteroid used alone or in combination on experimental leptospirosis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Basic Microbiol (1994) 34:49–55.
  • BOURDAIS A, LONJON B, VERGEZ-PAS CALR, FOURNIER A, AH LO W: Respiratory complications of leptospirosis. Apropos of 6 cases, 3 of which show hemodynamic studies. Med. Trop. (Mars) (1988) 48:149–160.
  • TRIVEDI SV, CHAVDA RK, WADIA PZ et al.: The role of glucocorticoid pulse therapy in pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis.j Assoc. Physicians India (2001) 49:901–903.
  • BORER A, METZ I, GILAD J et al.: Massive pulmonary haemorrhage caused by leptospirosis successfully treated with nitric oxide inhalation and haemofiltration. Infect. (1999) 38:42–45.
  • SEGURO AC, LOMAR AV, ROCHA AS: Acute renal failure of leptospirosis: nonoliguric and hypokaliemic forms. Nephron (1990) 55:146–151.
  • PANAPHUT T, DOMRONGKITCHAIPORN S, THINKAMROP B: Prognostic factors of death in leptospirosis: a prospective cohort study in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Int..). Infect. Dis. (2002) 6:52–59.
  • SITPRIJA V, LOSUWANRAK K, KANJANABUCH T: Leptospiral nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol (2003) 23:42–48.
  • TSE KC, YIP PS, HUI KM et al.: Potentialbenefit of plasma exchange in treatment of severe icteric leptospirosis complicated by acute renal failure. Clin. Diagn Lab. Immunol (2002) 9:482–484.
  • EDWARDS CN, NICHOLSON GD, EVERARD CO: Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis. Am. j Bop. Med. Hyg. (1982) 31:827–829.
  • ISOGAI E, KITAGAWA H, ISOGAI H et al.: Effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide on rabbit platelets. Zentralb] Bakteriol (1989) 271:186–196.
  • DUVAL G, VAN DER LINDEN T, JACOB F et al.: Human polyvalent immunoglobulins: what is their value in thrombopenia in the course of leptospirosis? Presse Med. (1993) 22:1012.
  • DAVENPORT A, RUGMAN FP, DESMOND MJ, GANTA R: Is thrombocytopenia seen in patients with leptospirosis immunologically mediated? Clin. Pathol (1989) 42:439–440.
  • WATT G, WARRELL DA: Leptospirosis and the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1995) 20:1437–1438.
  • FEKADE D, KNOX K, HUSSEIN K et al:Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl. I Med. (1996) 335:311–315.
  • FRIEDLAND JS, WARRELL DA: The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in leptospirosis: possible pathogenesis and review. Rev Infect. Dis. (1991) 13:207–210.
  • TAKAFUJI ET, KIRKPATRICK JW, MILLER RN et al: An efficacy trial of doxycycfine chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis. N Engl. I Med. (1984) 310:497–500.
  • SEHGAL SC, SUGUNAN AP, MURHEKAR MV, SHARMA S, VIJAYACHARI P: Randomized controlled trial of doxycycfine prophylaxis against leptospirosis in an endemic area. Int. J Antimicrob. Agents. (2000) 13:249–255.
  • GONSALEZ CR, CASSEB J, MONTEIRO FG et al: Use of doxycycfine for leptospirosis after high-risk exposure in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo (1998) 40:59–61.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.