397
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Lipid-lowering effects of statins: a comparative review

&
Pages 1701-1714 | Published online: 23 Aug 2006

Bibliography

  • ISTVAN E: Statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase: a 3-dimensional view. Atheroscler. (2003) (Suppl. 4):3-8.
  • MCTAGGART F, BUCKETT L, DAVIDSON R et al.: Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am. J. Cardiol. (2001) 87(5A):28B-32B.
  • FAGGIOTTO A, PAOLETTI R: Do pleiotropic effects of statins beyond lipid alternations exist in vivo? What are they and how do they differ between statins? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. (2000) 2:20-25.
  • RAY KK, CANNON CP: The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 46:1425-1433.
  • SCANDINAVIAN SIMVASTATIN SURVIVAL STUDY GROUP: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Lancet (1994) 344:1383-1389.
  • SHEPHERD J, COBBE S, FORD I et al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1301-1307.
  • DOWNS JR, CLEARFIELD M, WEIS S et al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with Lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA (1998) 279:1615-1622.
  • HEART PROTECTION STUDY COLLABORATIVE GROUP: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2002) 360:7-22.
  • SCHWARTZ GG, OLSSON AG, EZEKOWITZ MD et al.: Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2001) 285:1711-1718.
  • PACKARD CJ, SHEPHERD J, COBBE SM et al.: Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation (1998) 97:1440-1445.
  • GOTTO AM JR, WHITNEY E, STEIN EA et al.: Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation (2000) 101:477-484.
  • STEIN EA, LANE M, LASKARZEWSKI P: Comparison of statins in hypertriglyceridemia. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81:66B-69B.
  • BIRJMOHUN RS, HUTTEN BA, KASTELEIN JJP, STROES ESG: Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2005) 45:185-197.
  • ROBINSON JG, SMITH B, MAHESHWARI N, SCHROTT H: ‘Pleiotropic’ effects of statins: benefit beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 46:1855-1862.
  • BAYS H: Statin safety: an overview and assessment of the data-2005. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97(8 Suppl. 1):S6-S26.
  • BELLOSTA S, PAOLETTI R, CORSINI A: Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circulation (2004) 109(23 suppl 1):III-50-57.
  • BOTTORFF MB: Statin safety and drug interactions: clinical implications. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97(8 Suppl. 1):S27-S31.
  • OSERG K, BAUMAN JL: QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes due to erythromycin lactobioante. Pharmacotherapy (1995) 15:687-692.
  • HARRIS S, HILLIGOSS DM, COLANGELO PM et al.: Azithromycin and terfenidine: lack of drug interaction. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1995) 58:310-315.
  • SCRIPTIRE C, PIEPER J: Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2001) 40:263-281.
  • COOPER KJ, MARTIN PD, DANE AL, WARWICK MJ, RAZA A, SSCNECK DW: The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 59:51-56.
  • NEUVONEN PJ, KANTOLA T, KIVISIO KT: Simvastatin but not pravastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the CYP 3A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 63:332-341.
  • NEMEROFF CB, DEVANE L, POLLACK BG: New antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. Am. J. Psychiatry (1996) 153:311-320.
  • MIEHALASE EL: Update: clinically significant cytochrome P450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy (1998) 18:84-112.
  • Simvastatin. In: Physicians Desk Reference. Medical Economics Company, MontVale, NJ (2006).
  • LEWIN JR, NAPPI JM, TAYLOR MH: Rhabdomyolysis with concurrent atorvastatin and diltiazem. Ann. Pharmacother. (2002) 36:1546-1549.
  • KANTOLA T, KIVISIO K, NEUVONEN P: Erythromycin and verapamil considerably increase simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 64:177-182.
  • HOLLANDER AMJ, VAN ROOIJ J, LENTJES EGWM et al.: The effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine and prednisone metabolism in transplant patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1995) 57:318-324.
  • ABRAMOWICZ M: Grapefruit juice interactions with drugs. Med. Lett. Drugs. Ther. (1993) 37:73-74.
  • KUPFERSCHMIDT HT, RIEM H, ZIEGLER WH et al.: Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1995) 58:20-28.
  • EDWARDS DJ, BERNIER SM: Naringin and naringenin are not the primary CYP3A inhibitors in grapefruit juice. Life. Sci. (1996) 39:1025-1030.
  • FUHR U, FRUMMERT AL: The fate of naringin in humans: a key to grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1995) 58:365-373.
  • RAGAZZI MB, IACONA I, CAMPANA C et al.: Altered disposition of pravastatin following concomitant drug therapy with cyclosporin A in transplant recipients. Transplant. Proc. (1993) 25:2732-2734.
  • SIMONSON SG, RAZA A, MARTIN PD et al.: Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in heart transplant recipients administered an antirejection regimen including cyclosporine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2004) 76:167-177.
  • JARDINE A, HOLDAAS H: Fluvastatin in combination with cyclosporin in renal transplant recipients: a review of clinical and safety experience (confidential draft manuscript provided to MH Davidson by authors).
  • HOLDAAS H, FELLSTROM B, JARDINE AG et al.: Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2003) 361:2024-2031.
  • PRUEKSARITANONT T, TANG C, QIU Y, MU L, SUBRAMANIAN R, LIN JH: Effects of fibrates on metabolism of statins in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 30:1280-1287.
  • THOMPSON PD, CLARKSON PM, ROSENSON RS: An assessment of statin safety by muscle experts. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97(8 Suppl. 1):S69-S76.
  • LAW M, RUDNICKA AR: Statin safety: a systematic review. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97(8 Suppl. 1):S52-S60.
  • BALLANTYNE CM, CORSNIN A, DAVIDSON MH et al.: Risk for myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch. Intern. Med (2003) 163:553-564.
  • JONES PH, DAVIDSON MH: Reporting rate of rhabdomyolysis with fenofibrate + statin versus gemfibrozil + any statin. Am. J. Cardiol. (2005) 95:120-122.
  • HOLMAN R: Safety of fenofibrate and cerivastatin in combination. Paper presented at Fibrates in the Insulin Resistant Populations. Chicago, Illinois, USA (2004).
  • GRUNDY SM, VEGA GL, YUAN Z, BATTISTI WP, BRADY WE, PALMISANO J: Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (the SAFARI trial). Am. J. Cardiol. (2005) 95:462-468.
  • THE FIELD STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2005) 366:1849-1861.
  • BAYS HE, DUJOVNE CA, MCGOVERN ME et al.: Comparison of once-daily, niacin extended-release/lovastatin with standard doses of atorvastatin and simvastatin (the Advicor Versus Other Cholesterol-Modulating Agents Trial Evaluation [ADVOCATE]). Am. J. Cardiol (2003) 91:667-672.
  • SACKS FM, PFEFFER MA, MOYE LA et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335:1001-1009.
  • THE LONG-TERM INTERVENTION WITH PRAVASTATIN IN ISCHEMIC DISEASE (LIPID) STUDY GROUP: Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:1349-1357.
  • SHEPHERD J, BLAUW GJ, MURPHY MB et al.: Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2002) 360:1623-1630.
  • BALLANTYNE CM, ABATE N, YUAN Z, KING TR, PALMISANO J: Dose-comparison study of the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: The Vytorin Versus Atorvastatin (VYVA) Study. Am. Heart J. (2005) 149:464-473.
  • DAVIDSON MH, MACCUBIN D, STEPANAVAGE M, STRONY J, MUSLINER T: Striated muscle safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin (Vytorin). Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97:223-228.
  • BROWN BG, ZHAO X-Q, CHAIT A et al.: Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1583-1592.
  • SPENCE JD, MUNOZ CE, HENDRICKS L et al.: Pharmacokinetics of the combination of fluvastatin and gemfibrozil. Am. J. Cardiol. (1995) 76:80A-83A.
  • NEWMAN CB, PALMER G, SILBERSHATZ H, SZAREK M: Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients. Am. J. Cardiol. (2003) 92:670-676.
  • Atorvastatin. In: Physicians Desk Reference. Medical Economics Company, MontVale, NJ (2002).
  • COHEN D, ANANIA F, CHALASANI N: An assessment of statin safety by hepatologists. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97(8 Suppl. 1):S77-S81.
  • AROSA JC, GRUNDY SM, WATERS DD et al.: Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:1425-1435.
  • PEDERSEN TR, FAERGERMAN O, KASTELEIN JJP et al.: High-dose atorvastatin versus usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2005) 294:2437-2445.
  • SEVER PS, DAHLOF B, POULTER NR et al.: Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2003) 361:1149-1158.
  • CALHOUN H, BETTERIDGE D, DURRINGTON P et al.: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in Type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2004) 364:685-696.
  • DAVIDSON MH: Rosuvastatin: a highly efficacious statin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs. (2002) 11:125-141.
  • JONES PH, DAVIDSON MH, STEIN EA et al.: Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am. J. Cardiol. (2003) 92:152-160.
  • STEIN EA: Introduction: rosuvastatin – an efficacy assessment based on pooled trial data. Am. J. Cardiol. (2003) 91:1C-2C.
  • ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS LP: Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) prescribing information. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE (2006).
  • RIDKER PM, ON BEHALF OF THE JUPITER STUDY GROUP: Rosuvastatin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: rationale and design of the JUPITER Trial. Circulation (2003) 108:2292-2297.
  • KYRKLUND C, BACKMAN JT, KIVISTO KT, NEUVONEN M, LAITILA J, NEUVONEN PJ: Plasma concentrations of active lovastatin acid are markedly increased by gemfibrozil but not by bezafibrate. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 69(5):340-345.
  • KYRKLUND C, BACKMAN JT, NEUVONEN M, NEUVONEN PJ: Gemfibrozil increases plasma pravastatin concentrations and reduces pravastatin renal clearance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 73(6):538-544.
  • PAN WJ, GUSTAVSON LE, ACHARI R et al.: Lack of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fenofibrate and pravastatin in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2000) 40(3):316-23.
  • MARTIN PD, DANE AL, SCHNECK DW, WARWICK MJ: An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover trial of the effects of coadministration of rosuvastatin and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetic properties of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in healthy male volunteers. Clin. Ther. (2003) 25(2):459-471.
  • SCHNECK DW, BIRMINGHAM BK, ZALIKOWSKI JA et al.: The effect of gemfibrozil on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2004) 75(5):455-463.
  • BACKMAN JT, KYRKLUND C, KIVISTO KT, WANG JS, NEUVONEN PJ: Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 68(2):122-129

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.