180
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Update on the use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer

Pages 1919-1930 | Published online: 04 Oct 2006

Bibliography

  • AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY: Cancer facts and figures 2006. American Cancer Society (2006).
  • SIMPSON ER, MAHENDROO MS, MEANS GD et al.: Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis. Endocr. Rev. (1994) 15(3):342-355.
  • JAMES VH, MCNEILL JM, LAI LC et al.: Aromatase activity in normal breast and breast tumor tissues: in vivo and in vitro studies. Steroids (1987) 50(1-3):269-279.
  • MILLER WR, O’NEILL J: The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast. Steroids (1987) 50(4-6):537-548.
  • REED MJ, OWEN AM, LAI LC et al.: in situ oestrone synthesis in normal breast and breast tumour tissues: effect of treatment with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Int. J. Cancer (1989) 44(2):233-237.
  • BULUN SE, PRICE TM, AITKEN J et al.: A link between breast cancer and local estrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab (1993) 77(6):1622-1628.
  • SIMPSON ER, MAHENDROO MS, MEANS GD et al.: Tissue-specific promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 expression. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44(4-6):321-330.
  • KELLIS JT, VICKERY LE: Purification and characterization of human placental aromatase cytochrome P450. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262(9):4413-4420.
  • HACKETT JC, BRUEGGEMEIER RW, HADDAD CM: The final catalytic step of cytochrome P450 aromatase: a density functional theory study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2005) In Press.
  • BULUN SE, TAKAYAMA K, SUZUKI T et al.: Organization of the human aromatase P450 (CYP19) gene. Semin. Reprod. Med. (2004) 22(1):5-9.
  • GARTNER CA, THOMPSON SJ, RETTIE AE et al.: Human aromatase in high yield and purity by perfusion chromatography and its characterization by difference spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Protein Expr. Purif. (2001) 22(3):443-454.
  • ZHAO Y, AGARWAL VR, MENDELSON CR et al.: Transcriptional regulation of CYP19 gene (aromatase) expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1997) 61(3-6):203-210.
  • SIMPSON ER, CLYNE C, RUBIN G et al.: Aromatase – a brief overview. Ann. Rev. Physiol. (2002) 64:93-127.
  • DOWSETT M, MACAULAY V, GLEDHILL J et al.: Control of aromatase in breast cancer cells and its importance for tumor growth. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44(4-6):605-609.
  • MILLER WR, MULLEN P, SOURDAINE P et al.: Regulation of aromatase activity within the breast. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1997) 61(3-6):193-202.
  • REED MJ, TOPPING L, COLDHAM NG et al.: Control of aromatase activity in breast cancer cells: the role of cytokines and growth factors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44(4-6):589-596.
  • QUINN AL, BURAK WE, BRUEGGEMEIER RW: Effects of matrix components on aromatase activity in breast stromal cells in culture. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1999) 70(4-6):249-256.
  • SASANO H, EDWARDS DP, ANDERSON TJ et al.: Validation of new aromatase monoclonal antibodies for immunohistochemistry: progress report. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2003) 86(3-5):239-244.
  • ZHAO Y, AGARWAL VR, MENDELSON CR et al.: Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumor is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology (1996) 137(12):5739-5742.
  • HUGHES R, TIMMERMANS P, SCHREY MP: Regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism, aromatase activity and growth in human breast cancer cells by interleukin-1beta and phorbol ester: dissociation of a mediatory role for prostaglandin E2 in the autocrine control of cell function. Int. J. Cancer (1996) 67(5):684-689.
  • HARRIS RE, NAMBOODIRI KK, FARRAR WB: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Epidemiology (1996) 7(2):203-205.
  • HARRIS RE, ROBERTSON FM, ABOU-ISSA HM et al.: Genetic induction and upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) and aromatase (CYP19): an extension of the dietary fat hypothesis of breast cancer. Med. Hypotheses (1999) 52(4):291-292.
  • ARUN B, GOSS P: The role of COX-2 inhibition in breast cancer treatment and prevention. Semin. Oncol. (2004) 31(2 Suppl. 7):22-29.
  • TERRY MB, GAMMON MD, ZHANG FF et al.: Association of frequency and duration of aspirin use and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk. JAMA (2004) 291(20):2433-2440.
  • BRUEGGEMEIER RW, QUINN AL, PARRETT ML et al.: Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer specimens. Cancer Lett. (1999) 140(1-2):27-35.
  • BRODIE AM, LU Q, LONG BJ et al.: Aromatase and COX-2 expression in human breast cancers. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2001) 79(1-5):41-47.
  • RICHARDS JA, BRUEGGEMEIER RW: Prostaglandin E2 regulates aromatase activity and expression in human adipose stromal cells via two distinct receptor subtypes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2003) 88(6):2810-2816.
  • BRUEGGEMEIER RW, DIAZ-CRUZ ES, LI PK et al.: Translational studies on aromatase, cyclooxygenases, and enzyme inhibitors in breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2005) 95(1-5):129-136.
  • DIAZ-CRUZ ES, SHAPIRO CL, BRUEGGEMEIER RW: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab (2005) 90(5):2563-2570.
  • HARVEY HA, LIPTON A, SANTEN RJ: Aromatase: new perspectives for breast cancer. Cancer Res. (1982) 42:3261s-3467s.
  • SANTEN RJ: Aromatase conference: future perspectives. Steroids (1987) 50:1-665.
  • BRODIE AM, BRODIE HJ, CALLARD G et al.: Proceedings of the Third International Aromatase Conference. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44:321-696.
  • SIMPSON ER, BHATNAGAR A, BRODIE AM et al.: Proceedings of the Fourth International Aromatase Conference. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1997) 61:107-425.
  • SIMPSON ER: Aromatase 2000: Sixth International Aromatase Conference. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2001) 79:1-314.
  • BRUEGGEMEIER RW: Biochemical and molecular aspects of aromatase. J. Enzyme Inhib. (1990) 4(2):101-111.
  • BRUEGGEMEIER RW: Aromatase inhibitors-mechanisms of steroidal inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1994) 30(1):31-42.
  • COLE PA, ROBINSON CH: Mechanism and inhibition of cytochrome P450 aromatase. J. Med. Chem. (1990) 33(11):2933-2942.
  • BRODIE AM, NJAR VC: Aromatase inhibitors and breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. (1996) 23(4 Suppl. 9):10-20.
  • BRODIE A, LU Q, LONG B: Aromatase and its inhibitors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1999) 69(1-6):205-210.
  • SANTEN RJ, HARVEY HA: Use of aromatase inhibitors in breast carcinoma. Endocr. Relat Cancer (1999) 6(1):75-92.
  • BRUEGGEMEIER RW, HACKETT JC, DIAZ-CRUZ ES: Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. Endocr. Rev. (2005) 26(3):331-345.
  • BRODIE AM, GARRETT WM, HENDRICKSON JR et al.: Inactivation of aromatase in vitro by 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 4-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and sustained effects in vivo. Steroids (1981) 38(6):693-702.
  • WING LY, GARRETT WM, BRODIE AM: Effects of aromatase inhibitors, aminoglutethimide, and 4- hydroxyandrostenedione on cyclic rats and rats with 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors. Cancer Res. (1985) 45(6):2425-2428.
  • BRODIE AM, GARRETT WM, HENDRICKSON JR et al.: Effects of aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and other compounds in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast carcinoma model. Cancer Res. (1982) 42(8 Suppl.):3360s-3364s.
  • COOMBES RC, GOSS P, DOWSETT M et al.: 4-Hydroxyandrostenedione in treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Lancet (1984) 2(8414):1237-1239.
  • GOSS PE, POWLES TJ, DOWSETT M et al.: Treatment of advanced postmenopausal breast cancer with an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione: Phase II report. Cancer Res. (1986) 46(9):4823-4826.
  • DOWSETT M: Aromatase inhibition: basic concepts, and the pharmacodynamics of formestane. Ann. Oncol. (1994) 5(Suppl. 7):S3-S5.
  • GOSS PE, JARMAN M, WILKINSON JR et al.: Metabolism of the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in vivo. Identification of the glucuronide as a major urinary metabolite in patients and biliary metabolite in the rat. J. Steroid Biochem. (1986) 24(2):619-622.
  • WISEMAN LR. GOA KL: Formestane. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer. Drugs Aging (1996) 9(4):292-306.
  • GIUDICI D, ORNATI G, BRIATICO G et al.: 6-Methylenandrosta-1,4-diene-3, 17-dione (FCE 24304): a new irreversible aromatase inhibitor. J. Steroid Biochem. (1988) 30(1-6):391-394.
  • ZACCHEO T, GIUDICI D, LOMBARDI P et al.: A new irreversible aromatase inhibitor, 6-methylenandrosta-1,4-diene- 3,17-dione (FCE 24304): antitumor activity and endocrine effects in rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (1989) 23(1):47-50.
  • ZACCHEO T, GIUDICI D, DI SALLE E: Inhibitory effect of combined treatment with the aromatase inhibitor exemestane and tamoxifen on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44(4-6):677-680.
  • DI SALLE E, GIUDICI D, BRIATICO G et al.: Novel irreversible aromatase inhibitors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1990) 595:357-367.
  • EVANS TR, DI SALLE E, ORNATI G et al.: Phase I and endocrine study of exemestane (FCE 24304), a new aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res. (1992) 52(21):5933-5939.
  • BAJETTA E, ZILEMBO N, NOBERASCO C et al.: The minimal effective exemestane dose for endocrine activity in advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (1997) 33(4):587-591.
  • GEISLER J, KING N, ANKER G et al.: In vivo inhibition of aromatization by exemestane, a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4(9):2089-2093.
  • LONNING PE, BAJETTA E, MURRAY R et al.: Activity of exemestane in metastatic breast cancer after failure of nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors: a Phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18(11):2234-2244.
  • LONNING PE: Pharmacology and clinical experience with exemestane. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9(8):1897-1905.
  • JOHANNESSEN DC, ENGAN T, DI SALLE E et al.: Endocrine and clinical effects of exemestane (PNU 155971), a novel steroidal aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: a Phase I study. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3(7):1101-1108.
  • BOEDDINGHAUS IM, DOWSETT M: Comparative clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetic interactions of aromatase inhibitors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2001) 79(1-5):85-91.
  • MILLER WR, DIXON JM: Endocrine and clinical endpoints of exemestane as neoadjuvant therapy. Cancer Control (2002) 9(2 Suppl.):9-15.
  • PARIDAENS R, DIRIX L, LOHRISCH C et al.: Mature results of a randomized Phase II multicenter study of exemestane versus tamoxifen as first-line hormone therapy for postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. (2003) 14(9):1391-1398.
  • COOMBES RC, HALL E, GIBSON LJ et al.: A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350(11):1081-1092.
  • COCCONI G: First generation aromatase inhibitors-aminoglutethimide and testololactone. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1994) 30(1):57-80.
  • PLOURDE PV, DYROFF M, DUKES M: Arimidex: a potent and selective fourth-generation aromatase inhibitor. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1994) 30(1):103-111.
  • GEISLER J, KING N, DOWSETT M et al.: Influence of anastrozole (Arimidex), a selective, non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, on in vivo aromatization and plasma oestrogen levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer (1996) 74(8):1286-1291.
  • JONAT W, HOWELL A, BLOMQVIST C et al.: A randomized trial comparing two doses of the new selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex) with megestrol acetate in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (1996) 32A(3):404-412.
  • BUZDAR AU, JONES SE, VOGEL CL et al.: A Phase III trial comparing anastrozole (1 and 10 milligrams), a potent and selective aromatase inhibitor, with megestrol acetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma. Arimidex Study Group. Cancer (1997) 79(4):730-739.
  • BUZDAR A, JONAT W, HOWELL A et al.: Anastrozole, a potent and selective aromatase inhibitor, versus megestrol acetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of overview analysis of two Phase III trials. Arimidex Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14(7):2000-2011.
  • BONNETERRE J, THURLIMANN B, ROBERTSON JF et al.: Anastrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in 668 postmenopausal women: results of the Tamoxifen or Arimidex Randomized Group Efficacy and Tolerability study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18(22):3748-3757.
  • NABHOLTZ JM, BUZDAR A, POLLAK M et al.: Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North American multicenter randomized trial. Arimidex Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18(22):3758-3767.
  • BONNETERRE J, BUZDAR A, NABHOLTZ JM et al.: Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy in hormone receptor positive advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer (2001) 92(9):2247-2258.
  • BAJETTA E, MARTINETTI A, ZILEMBO N et al.: Biological activity of anastrozole in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer: effects on estrogens and bone metabolism. Ann. Oncol. (2002) 13(7):1059-1066.
  • BAUM M, BUDZAR AU, CUZICK J et al.: Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 359(9324):2131-2139.
  • BAUM M, BUZDAR A, CUZICK J et al.: Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial efficacy and safety update analyses. Cancer (2003) 98(9):1802-1810.
  • BHATNAGAR AS, HAUSLER A, SCHIEWECK K et al.: Highly selective inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by CGS 20267, a new non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1990) 37(6):1021-1027.
  • DEMERS LM: Effects of fadrozole (CGS 16949A) and letrozole (CGS 20267) on the inhibition of aromatase activity in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1994) 30(1):95-102.
  • DOWSETT M, JONES A, JOHNSTON SR et al.: In vivo measurement of aromatase inhibition by letrozole (CGS 20267) in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (1995) 1(12):1511-1515.
  • DOMBERNOWSKY P, SMITH I, FALKSON G et al.: Letrozole, a new oral aromatase inhibitor for advanced breast cancer: double-blind randomized trial showing a dose effect and improved efficacy and tolerability compared with megestrol acetate. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16(2):453-461.
  • BUZDAR A, DOUMA J, DAVIDSON N et al.: Phase III, multicenter, double-blind, randomized study of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, for advanced breast cancer versus megestrol acetate. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(14):3357-3366.
  • BAJETTA E, ZILEMBO N, DOWSETT M et al.: Double-blind, randomised, multicentre endocrine trial comparing two letrozole doses, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer (1999) 35(2):208-213.
  • MOURIDSEN H, GERSHANOVICH M, SUN Y et al.: Superior efficacy of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a Phase III study of the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(10):2596-2606.
  • GEISLER J, HAYNES B, ANKER G et al.: Influence of letrozole and anastrozole on total body aromatization and plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal breast cancer patients evaluated in a randomized, cross-over study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20(3):751-757.
  • GOSS PE, INGLE JN, MARTINO S et al.: A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349(19):1793-1802.
  • BRODIE AH, MOURIDSEN HT: Applicability of the intratumor aromatase preclinical model to predict clinical trial results with endocrine therapy. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 26(4):S17-S26.
  • GOSS PE, STRASSER K: Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(3):881-894.
  • INGLE JN: Aromatase inhibition and antiestrogen therapy in early breast cancer treatment and chemoprevention. Oncology (2001) 15(5 Suppl. 7):28-34.
  • HAMILTON A, VOLM M: Nonsteroidal and steroidal aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer. Oncology (2001) 15(8):965-972.
  • BUZDAR A, HOWELL A: Advances in aromatase inhibition: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(9):2620-2635.
  • WINER EP, HUDIS C, BURSTEIN HJ et al.: American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: status report 2004. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(3):619-629.
  • THURLIMANN B, KESHAVIAH A, COATES AS et al.: A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353(26):2747-2757.
  • SMITH IE, DOWSETT M, EBBS SR et al.: Neoadjuvant treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or both in combination: the Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined with Tamoxifen (IMPACT) multicenter double-blind randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(22):5108-5116.
  • ELLIS MJ, COOP A, SINGH B et al.: Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: evidence from a Phase III randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(18):3808-3816.
  • MOON RC, STEELE VE, KELLOFF GJ et al.: Chemoprevention of MNU-induced mammary tumorigenesis by hormone response modifiers: toremifene, RU 16117, tamoxifen, aminoglutethimide and progesterone. Anti-Cancer Res. (1994) 14(3A):889-893.
  • DE COSTER R, VAN GINCKEL RF, CALLENS MJ et al.: Antitumoral and endocrine effects of (+)-vorozole in rats bearing dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors. Cancer Res. (1992) 52(5):1240-1244.
  • LUBET RA, STEELE VE, CASEBOLT TL et al.: Chemopreventive effects of the aromatase inhibitors vorozole (R-83842) and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in the methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis (1994) 15(12):2775-2780.
  • SCHIEWECK K, BHATNAGAR AS, BATZL C et al.: Anti-tumor and endocrine effects of non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors on estrogen-dependent rat mammary tumors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1993) 44(4-6):633-636.
  • GOSS PE: Breast cancer prevention – clinical trials strategies involving aromatase inhibitors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2003) 86(3-5):487-493.
  • SU B, DIAZ-CRUZ ES, LANDINI S et al.: Novel sulfonanilide analogues suppress aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells independent of COX-2 inhibition. J. Med. Chem (2006) 49(4):1413-1419.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.