Bibliography
- KLEANTHOUS H, LEE CK, MONATH TP: Vaccine development against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Br Med. Bull. (1998) 54(1):229–241.
- COVACCI A, TELFORD JL, DEL GIUDICE G, PARSONNET J, RAPPUOLI R: Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography. Science (1999) 284(5418):1328–1333.
- DUNN BE, COHEN H, BLASER MJ: Helicobacter pylori Clin. Microbial Rev (1997) 10(4):720–741.
- CAVE DR: How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted? Gastroenterology (1997) 113\(Suppl. 6):S9–14.
- ROTHENBACHER D, INCEOGLU J, BODE G, BRENNER H: Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in a high-risk population occurs within the first 2 years of life. j Pediatr. (2000) 136(6):744–748.
- KLEIN PD, GRAHAM DY, GAILLOUR A, OPEKUN AR, SMITH EO: Water source as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. Lancet (1991) 337(8756):1503–1506.
- XIA HH, TALLEY NJ: Natural acquisition and spontaneous elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical implications. Am. Gastroenteral (1997) 92(10):1780–1787.
- KLEIN PD, GILMAN RH, LEON-BARUA R, DIAZ F, SMITH EO, GRAHAM DY: The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Peruvian children between 6 and 30 months of age. Am. J Gastroenteral. (1994) 89(12):2196–2200.
- KUMAGAI T, MALATY HM, GRAHAM DY et al: Acquisition versus loss of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: results from an 8-year birth cohort study. j Infect. Dis. (1998) 178(3):717–721.
- MARSHALL BJ, WARREN JR: Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet (1984) 1(8390):1311–1315.
- FORMAN D, NEWELL DG, FULLERTON F et al: Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BM J (1991) 302 (6788) :1302–1305.
- WOTHERSPOON AC, ORTIZ-HIDALGO C, FALZON MR, ISAACSON PG: Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet (1991) 338(8776):1175–1176.
- Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7–14 June 1994. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinag. Risks Hum. (1994) 61:1–241.
- BLASER MJ: Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. j Gastroenteral. Hepatal. (1997) 9\(Suppl. 1):S3–S7.
- EL-OMAR EM, CARRINGTON M, CHOW WH et al: Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature (2000)404(6776):398–402.
- ATHERTON JC, PEEK RM, Jr., TRAM KT, COVER TL, BLASER MJ: Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology (1997) 112(1):92–99.
- ILVER D, ARNQVIST A, OGREN J et al: Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science (1998) 279(5349)373–377.
- WEEKS DL, ESKANDARI S, SCOTT DR, SACHS G: A Htgated urea channel: the link between Helicobacter pylori urease and gastric colonization. Science (2000) 287(5452)482–485.
- MANKOSKI R, HOEPF T, KRAKOWKA S, EATON KA: flaA mRNA transcription level correlates with Helicobacter pylori colonisation efficiency in gnotobiotic piglets. I Med. Microbial. (1999) 48(4):395–399.
- AXON AT: Treatment of Helicobacter future therapeutic and prophylactic perspectives. Gut (1998) 43\(Suppl. 1):570–73.
- GODDARD AF, LOGAN RP: Antimicrobialresistance and Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1996) 37(4):639–643.
- DORE MP, LEANDRO G, REALDI G, SEPULVEDA AR, GRAHAM DY: Effect of pretreatment antibiotic resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin on outcome of Helicobacter pylori therapy: a meta- analytical approach. Dig. Dis. ScL(2000) 45(1):68–76.
- BANERJEE S, MICHETTI P: Strategiesfor developing a Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Cun: Opiri. Gastroenterol (1999) 15:557–561.
- MICHETTI P: Vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: fact or fiction? Gut (1997) 41(6):728–730.
- RUPNOW MF, OWENS DK, SHACHTER R, PARS ONNET J: Helicobacter pylorivaccine development and use: a cost-effectiveness analysis using the Institute of Medicine Methodology. Helicobacter. (1999) 4(4):272–280.
- STRATTON KR, DURCH JS, LAWRENCE RS: Vaccines for the 21st century: a tool for decision making. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, in press (1999): Prepublication copy can be viewed on the internet at: hap:// bob.nap.eduireadingroomibooksivacc21.
- BLASER MJ: Hypotheses on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pyloridnduced inflammation. Gastroenterology (1992) 102(2):720–727.
- NEGRINI R, LISATO L, ZANELLA I et al.: Helicobacter pylori infection induces antibodies cross-reacting with human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology (1991) 101(2)437–445.
- MOSMANN TR, COFFMAN RL: TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann. Rev Immuriol (1989) 7:145–173.
- ROMAGNANI S: Thl and Th2 in human diseases. OM. Immuriol Immuriopathol. (1996) 80(3 Pt 1):225–235.
- BAMFORD KB, FAN X, CROWE SE et al.: Lymphocytes in the human gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori have a T helper cell 1 phenotype. Gastroenterology (1998) 114(3):482–492.
- ••This flow cytometric and immunohistochemic analysis of isolated gastric T-cells showed that the natural cellular immune response to H pylori infection has a Thl phenotype.
- ABBAS AK, MURPHY KM, SHER A: Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature (1996) 383(6603):787–793.
- KARTTUNEN R, KARTTUNEN T, EKRE HP, MACDONALD TT: Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 secreting cells in the gastric antrum in Helicobacter pylori - positive and negative gastritis. Gut (1995) 36:341–345.
- LINDHOLM C, QUIDING-JARBRINK M, LONROTH H, HAMLET A, SVENNERHOLM AM: Local cytokine response in Helicobacter pylofidnfected subjects. Infect. Immuri. (1998) 66(12):5964–5971.
- MOSS SF, CALAM J, AGARWAL B, WANG S, HOLT PR: Induction of gastric epithelial apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori. Gut (1996) 38(4):498–501.
- FAN X, CROWE SE, BEHAR S et al: The effect of class II major histocompatibility complex expression on adherence of Helicobacter pylori and induction of apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells: a mechanism for T helper cell Type 1-mediated damage. j Esp. Med. (1998) 187(10):1659–1669.
- BOGSTEDT AK, NAVA S, WADSTROM T, HAMMARSTROM L: Helicobacter pylon infections in IgA deficiency: lack of role for the secretory immune system. OM. Exp. Immuriol. (1996) 105(2):202–204.
- THOMAS JE, AUSTIN S, DALE A et al: Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet (1993) 342(8863):121.
- BIRKHOLZ S, SCHNEIDER T, KNIPP U, STALLMACH A, ZEITZ M: Decreased Helicobacter pylori-specific gastric secretory IgA antibodies in infected patients. Digestion (1998) 59(6):638–645.
- CHEN M, LEE A, HAZELL S: Immunisation against gastric helicobacter infection in a mouse! Helicobacter fells model. Lancet (1992) 339(8801):1120–1121.
- CZINN SJ, NEDRUD JG: Oral immunization against Helicobacter pylori Infect. Immuri. (1991) 59(7):2359–2363.
- MICHETTI P, CORTHESY-THEULAZ I, DAVIN C et al: Immunization of BALB/c mice against Helicobacter fells infection with H pylofiurease. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:1002–1011.
- •Oral immunisation with H pylori urease provided prophylactic protection against H fells in mice.
- CORTHESY-THEULAZ I, PORTA N, GLAUSER M etal.: Oral immunization with Helicobacter pyloriurease B subunit as a treatment against Helicobacter infection in mice. Gastroenterology (1995) 109:115–121.
- •This study showed the therapeutic efficacy of oral vaccination against Helicobacter in mice.
- BANERJEE S, MICHETTI P: Development of a Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Helicobacter pylori: molecular and Cellular Biology. Wymoridham: Horizon Scientific Press (2001): 263–74.
- CUENCA R, BLANCHA TG, CZINN SJ et al.: Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter mustelae in naturally infected ferrets. Gastroenterology (1996) 110:1770–1775.
- DUBOIS A, LEE CK, FIALA N, KLEANTHOUS H, MEHLMAN PT, MONATH T: Immunization against natural Helicobacter pylori infection in nonhuman primates. Infect. Immun. (1998) 66(9):4340–4346.
- LEE CK, SOIKE K, HILL J et al: Immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pyloriurease decreases colonization levels following experimental infection of rhesus monkeys. Vaccine (1999) 17(11-12):1493–1505.
- •Oral immunisation against H pylori provided prophylactic protection in non-human primates.
- SOLNICK JV, CANFIELD DR, HANSEN LM, TORABIAN SZ: Immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylofiurease in specific-pathogen-free rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Infect. Lumina. (2000) 68(5):2560–2565.
- MICHETTI P, KREISS C, KOTLOFF KL et al.: Oral immunization with urease and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin is safe and immunogenic in Helicobactenpyloni-infected adults. Gastroenterology (1999) 116(4):804–812.
- ••Human study reporting a decrease inbacterial density after oral vaccination against H pylorL
- CORTHESY-THEULAZ IE, HOPKINS S, BACHMANN D et al: Mice are protected from Helicobacter pylori infection by nasal immunization with attenuated Salmonella pphimurium phoPc expressing urease A and B subunits. Infect. (1998) 66:581–586.
- DIPETRILLO MD, TIBBETTS T, KLEANTHOUS H, KILLEEN KP, HOHMANN EL: Safety and immunogenicity of phoPiphoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers. Vaccine (1999) 18(5-6):449–459.
- CZINN SJ, CAI A, NEDRUD JG: Protection of germ free mice from infection by Helicobacter fells after active oral or passive IgA immunization. Vaccine (1993) 11(6):637–642.
- BLANCHARD TG, NEDRUD JG, REARDON ES, CZINN SJ: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the local and systemic antibody response in mice and humans with Helicobacter immunity and infection. J. Infect. D AK (1999) 179(3):725–728.
- BLANCHARD TG, CZINN SJ, REDLINE RW, SIGMUND N, HARRIMAN G, NEDRUD JG: Antibody-independent protective mucosal immunity to gastric helicobacter infection in mice. Cell. Immunol (1999) 191(1):74–80.
- SUTTON P, WILSON J, KOSAKA T, WOLOWCZUK I, LEE A: Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies. Immunol Cell Biol. (2000) 78(1):28–30.
- ERMAK TH, GIANNASCA PJ, NICHOLS R et al.: Immunization of mice with urease vaccine affords protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies and is mediated by MHC class II-restricted responses. j Exp. Med. (1998) 188(12):2277–2288.
- ••Important study showing that protectionof mice against H pylori by immunisation with urease is dependent on MHC class II-but not on MHC class I-restricted cell-mediated mechanisms or on the presence of B-cells.
- KREISS C, BUCLIN T, COSMA M, CORTHESY-THEULAZ I, MICHETTI P: Safety of oral immunization with recombinant urease in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet (1996) 347:1630–1631.
- SALDINGERPF, PORTA N, LAUNOIS P et al.: Immunization of BALB/c mice with Helicobacter urease B induces a T helper 2 response absent in Helicobacter infection. Gastroenterology (1998) 115(4):891–897.
- ••Therapeutic immunisation of mice withHelicobacter urease leads to a switch from a Thl to a Th2 response.
- MOHAMMADI M, NEDRUD J, REDLINE R, LYCKE N, CZINN SJ: Murine CD4 - cell response to Helicobacter infection: TH1 cells enhance gastritis and TH2 cells reduce bacterial load. Gastroenterology (1997) 113: 1848-1857.
- HOUIMEL M, CORTHESY-THEULAZ I, FISCH I et al: Selection of human single chain Fv antibody fragments binding and inhibiting Helicobacter pyloriurease. Tumour Biol. (2001) 22(1):36–44.
- ALM RA, LING LS, MOIR DT et al: Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori Nature (1999) 397(6715):176–180.
- ••Comparison of the genomes of twounrelated strains of H.pylorifrom the USA and the UK.
- HANCOCK RE, ALM R, BINA J, TRUSTT: Helicobacter pylon: a surprisingly conserved bacterium. Nature Biotechnol. (1998) 16(3):216–217.
- BANKS RE, DUNN MJ, HOCHSTRASSER DF et al.: Proteomics: new perspectives, new biomedical opportunities. Lancet (2000) 356(9243):1749–1756.
- MCATEE CP, FRY KE, BERG DE: Identification of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates of Helicobacter pyloriby proteome technologies. Helicobacter. (1998) 3(3):163–169.
- DOUCE G, TURCOTTE C, CROPLEY I et al.: Mutants of Echefichia coil heat-labile toxin lacking ADP- ribosyltransferase activity act as nontoxic, mucosal adjuvants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92(5):1644–1648.
- MARCHETTI M, ROSSI M, GIANNELLI V et al: Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H pylori antigens is achieved using a non-toxic mutant of E. coil heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine (1998) 16(1):33–37.
- KIM SY, DOH HJ, AHN JS etal.: Induction of mucosal and systemic immune response by oral immunization with H. pylori lysates encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Vaccine (1999) 17(6):607–616.
- KIM SY, DOH HJ, JANG MH, HA YJ, CHUNG SI, PARK HJ: Oral immunization with Helicobacter pylori-loaded poly(D, L-lactide-co- glycolide) nanoparticles. Helicobacter (1999) 4(1)33–39.
- NOVAK MJ, SMYTHIES LE, MCPHERSON SA, SMITH PD, MORROW CD: Poliovirus replicons encoding the B subunit of Helicobacter pyloriurease elicit a Thl associated immune response. Vaccine (1999) 17(19):2384–2391.
- ANGELAKOPOULOS H, HOHMANN EL: Pilot study of phoPiphoQ-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar typhimmium expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers. Infect. Immun (2000) 68(4):2135–2141.
- SZOSTAK MP, MADER H, TRUPPE M et al.: Bacterial ghosts as multifunctional vaccine particles. Behring Inst. Mitt. (1997) 98:191–196.
- ULIVIERI C, BURRONI D, TELFORD JL, BALDARI CT: Generation of a monoclonal antibody to a defined portion of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by DNA immunization. Biotechnol. (1996) 51(2):191–194.
- TODOROKI I, JOH T, WATANABE K et al.: Suppressive effects of DNA vaccines encoding heat shock protein on Helicobacter pyloridnduced gastritis in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 277(1):159–163.
- ROY K, MAO HQ, HUANG SK, LEONG KW: Oral gene delivery with chitosan--DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy. Nature Med. (1999) 5(4):387–391.
- PARK EJ, CHANG JH, KIM JS, YUM JS,CHUNG SI: The mucosal adjuvanticity of two nontoxic mutants of Echerichia coil heat-labile enterotoxin varies with immunization routes. Exp. Mal Med. (2000) 32(2):72–78.
- KLEANTHOUS H, MYERS GA, GEORGAKOPOULOS KM et al: Rectal and intranasal immunizations with recombinant urease induce distinct local and serum immune responses in mice and protect against Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect. Immun. (1998) 66(6):2879–2886.
- GUY B, HESSLER C, FOURAGE S, ROKBI B, MILLET MJ: Comparison between targeted and untargeted systemic immunizations with adjuvanted urease to cure Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Vaccine (1999) 17(9-10):1130–1135.
- WELTZIN R, GUY B, THOMAS WD Jr., GIANNASCA PJ, MONATH TP: Parenteral adjuvant activities of Echefichia coil heat-labile toxin and its B subunit for immunization of mice against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect. Immun (2000) 68(5):2775–2782.
- HOPKINS S, KRAEHENBUHL JP, SCHODEL F et al: A recombinant Salmonella typhimmium vaccine induces local immunity by four different routes of immunization. Infect. Immun (1995) 63(9):3279–3286.
- EATON KA, RINGLER SS, KRAKOWKA S: Vaccination of gnotobiotic piglets against Helicobacter pylori j Infect. Dis. (1998) 178(5):1399–1405.
- LEE CK, SOIKE K, GIANNASCA P et al:Immunization of rhesus monkeys with a mucosal prime, parenteral boost strategy protects against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine (1999) 17(23-24):3072–3082.
- KAPLAN L: Autogenous vaccination against Helicobacter pylori. S. Afr. Med. (1993) 83(12):922–923.
- TAMURA S, KURATA T: A proposal for safety standards for human use of cholera toxin (or escherichia coil heat-labile enterotoxiM derivatives as an adjuvant of nasal inactivated influenza vaccine. fpri. Infect. Dis. (2000) 53(3):98–106.
- TACKET CO, MASON HS, LOSONSKY G, CLEMENTS JD, LEVINE MM, ARNTZEN CJ: Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato. Nature Med. (1998) 4(5):607–609.
- STEIDLER L, HANS W, SCHOTTE L et al.: Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin- 10. Science (2000) 289(5483):1352–1355.