142
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders

&
Pages 857-867 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • BARTON NW BRADY RO, DAMBROSIA JM et al.: Replacement therapy for inherited enzyme deficiency - macrophage-targeted lucocerebrosidase for Gaucher's disease [see comments]. N Engl. J Med. (1991) 324:1464–1470.
  • PASTORES GM, SIBILLE AR GRABOWSKI GA: Enzyme therapy in Gaucher disease Type 1: dosage efficacy and adverse effects in 33 patients treated for 6 to 24 months. Blood (1993) 82:408–416.
  • BRADY RO, SCHIFFMANN R: Clinical features of and recent advances in therapy for Fabry disease. JAMA (2000) 284:2771–2775.
  • SCHIFFMANN R, MURRAY GJ, TRECO D et al.: Infusion of alpha-galactosidase A reduces tissue globotriaosylceramide storage in patients with Fabry disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sri. USA (2000) 97:365–370.
  • ••First report of successful ERT for Fabrydisease.
  • ENG C, BANIKAZEMI M, GORDON R etal.: A Phase 1/2 clinical trial of enzyme replacement in fabry disease: pharmacokinetic, substrate clearance, and safety studies. Am. I Hum. Genet. (2001) 68:711–722.
  • CHEN Y: Pompe update and trial design. In:Interventional genetics for lysosomal storagedisorders: from diagnostics to therapeutics. Philadelphia, USA (2000).
  • VAN DEN HOUT H, REUSER A, VULTO A et al.: Recombinant human alpha-glucosidase from rabbit milk in Pompe patients. Lancet (2000) 356:397–398.
  • ••Clinical trial of successful ERT for Pompedisease.
  • KAKKIS ED, MUENZER J, TILLER GE etal.: Enzyme-replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis I. N Engl. j Med. (2001) 344:182–188.
  • •First report of successful ERT for human MPS I.
  • DEAN MF, STEVENS RL, MUIR H et al.: Enzyme replacement therapy by fibroblast transplantation: long-term biochemical study in three cases of Hunter's syndrome. j Chu. Invest. (1979) 63:138–145.
  • KRIVAN G, TIMAR L, GODA V et al.: Bone marrow transplantation in non-malignant disorders. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1998) 22\(Suppl. 4):580–83.
  • BOU-GHARIOS G, ABRAHAM D, OLSEN I: Lysosomal storage diseases: mechanisms of enzyme replacement therapy. Histochem. J (1993) 25:593–605.
  • BIRKENMEIER EH, DAVISSON MT, BEAMER WG et al.: Murine mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII. Characterization of a mouse with beta-glucuronidase deficiency. I Chu. Invest. (1989) 83:1258–1256.
  • SLY WS, VOGLER C, GRUBB JH etal.: Active site mutant transgene confers tolerance to human beta - glucuronidase without affecting the phenotype of MPS VII mice. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA (2001) 98:2205–2210.
  • DUCHEN L, EICHER E, JACOBS J, SCARAVILLI F TEIXEIRA F: A globoid type of leukodystrophy in the mouse: the mutant twitcher. In: Neurological Mutations Affecting Myelination. N Bauman (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1980):107.
  • OHSHIMA T, MURRAY GJ, SWAIM WD et al.: Alpha- GalactosidaseA deficient mice: a model of Fabry disease. Proc. Nail. Acad. Li. USA (1997) 94:2540–2544.
  • RABEN N, NAGARAJU K, LEE E et al.: Targeted disruption of the acid alpha-glucosidase gene in mice causes an illness with critical features of both infantile and adult human glycogen storage disease Type 11.1 Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:19086–19092.
  • TYBULEWICZ VL, TREMBLAY ML, LAMARCA ME et al.: Animal model of Gaucher's disease from targeted disruption of the mouse glucocerebrosidase gene. Nature (1992) 357:407–410.
  • HESS B, SAFTIG P, HARTMANN D et al.: Phenotype of arylsulfatase A-deficient mice: relationship to human metachromatic leukodystrophy. Proc. Nail. Acad. Li. USA (1996) 93:14821–14826.
  • SANGO K, YAMANAKA S, HOFFMANN A et al.: Mouse models of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases differ in neurologic phenotype and ganglioside metabolism. Nature Genet. (1995) 11:170–176.
  • BARRANGER J, GINNS E: Glucosylceramide lipidoses: Gaucher disease. In: The matabolic basis of inherited disease. AB CR Scriver, WS Sly, D Valle (Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York (NY), (1989):1677–1698.
  • RAPPEPORT JM GINNS El: Bone-marrow transplantation in severe Gaucher's disease. N Engl. J Med. (1984) 311:84–88.
  • HOOGERBRUGGE PM, BROUWER OF, BORDIGONI P et al.: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for lysosomal storage diseases. The European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation [see comments]. Lancet (1995) 345:1398–1402.
  • HOOGERBRUGGE PM, VALERIO D: Bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy for lysosomal storage diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant (1998) 21:S34–36.
  • BARTON NW FURBISH FS, MURRAY GJ, GARFIELD M, BRADY RO: Therapeutic response to intravenous infusions of glucocerebrosidase in a patient with Gaucher disease. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1990) 87:1913–1916.
  • GRABOWSKI GA, LESLIE N WENSTRUP R: Enzyme therapy for Gaucher disease: the first 5 years. Blood Rev (1998) 12:115–133.
  • CORRELL PH, COLILLA S, DAVE HP, KARLSSON S: High levels of human glucocerebrosidase activity in macrophages of long- term reconstituted mice after retroviral infection of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood (1992) 80:331–336.
  • OHASHI T, BOGGS S, ROBBINS P et al.:Efficient transfer and sustained high expression of the human glucocerebrosidase gene in mice and their functional macrophages following transplantation of bone marrow transduced by a retroviral vector. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1992) 89:11332–11336.
  • BAHNSON AB, NIMGAONKAR M, FEI Y et al.: Transduction of CD34+ enriched cord blood and Gaucher bone marrow cells by a retroviral vector carrying the glucocerebrosidase gene. Gene Ther. (1994) 1:176–184.
  • NIMGAONKAR MT, BAHNSON AB, BOGGS SS, BALL ED, BARRANGER JA: Transduction of mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells with the glucocerebrosidase cDNA. Gene Ther. (1994) 1:201–207.
  • MANNION-HENDERSON J, KEMP A, MOHNEY T et al.: Efficient retroviral mediated transfer of the glucocerebrosidase gene in CD34+ enriched umbilical cord blood human hematopoietic progenitors. Exp. Hematal. (1995) 23:1628–1632.
  • NIMGAONKAR M, BAHNSON A, KEMP A eta].: Long-term expression of the glucocerebrosidase gene in mouse and human hematopoietic progenitors. Leukemia (1995) 9\(Suppl. 1):538–42.
  • SCHUENING F, LONGO WL, ATKINSON ME etal.: Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the cDNA for human glucocerebrosidase into peripheral blood repopulating cells of patients with Gaucher's disease. Hum. Gene Ther. (1997) 8:2143–2160.
  • DUNBAR CE, KOHN DB, SCHIFFMANN R et al.: Retroviral transfer of the glucocerebrosidase gene into CD34+ cells from patients with Gaucher disease: in vivo detection of transduced cells without myeloablation. Hum. Gene Ther. (1998) 9:2629–2640.
  • NOVELLI EM, SWANEY SWP, KOPP D et al.: A Phase I trial of retroviral-mediated gene therapy of Gaucher Disease. Blood (2000):96S.
  • •Evidence of correction of phenotype in a clinical trial of gene therapy for Gaucher disease.
  • PARKMAN R, WEINBERG K, CROOKS G eta].: Gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency. Ann. Rev. Med. (2000) 51:33–47.
  • •Using Smart Source Parsing.
  • CASE SS, PRICE MA, JORDAN CT et al.:Stable transduction of quiescent CD34(+)CD380 human hematopoietic cells by HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Li. USA (1999) 96:2988–2993.
  • NALDINI L, BLOMER U, GALLAY P et al.: In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector [see comments]. Science (1996) 272:263–267.
  • AMADO RG, CHEN IS: Lentiviral vectors - the promise of gene therapy within reach? Science (1999) 285:674–676.
  • MIYOSHI H, SMITH KA, MOSIER DE, VERMA IM TORBETT BE: Transduction of human CD34+ cells that mediate long-term engraftment of NOD/SCID mice by HIV vectors. Science (1999) 283:683–686.
  • •Use of lentiviral vectors to transduce human HSC.
  • BLOMER U, NALDINI L, KAFRI T et al.:Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with a lentivirus vector. Viral. (1997) 71:6641–6649.
  • DAO MA, TAYLOR N, NOLTA JA: Reduction in levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip-1) coupled with transforming growth factor beta neutralization induces cell-cycle entry and increases retroviral transduction of primitive human hematopoietic cells. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1998) 95:13006–13011.
  • SWANEY WP SORGI FL, BAHNSON AB, BARRANGER JA: The effect of cationic liposome pretreatment and centrifugation on retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther. (1997) 4:1379–1386.
  • LIU C, BAHNSON AB, DUNIGAN JT, WATKINS SC, BARRANGER JA: Long-term expression and secretion of human glucocerebrosidase by primary murine and human myoblasts and differentiated myotubes [see comments]. 1 Mai Med. (1998) 76:773–781.
  • LIU C, DUNIGAN JT, WATKINS SC, BAHNSON AB, BARRANGER JA: Long-term expression, systemic delivery, and macrophage uptake of recombinant human glucocerebrosidase in mice transplanted with genetically modified primary myoblasts. Hum. Gene Ther. (1998) 9:2375–2384.
  • KAYE EM, KOLODNY EH, LOGIGIAN EL, ULLMAN MD: Nervous system involvement in Fabry's disease: clinicopathological and biochemical correlation. Ann. Neural. (1988) 23:505–509.
  • TAKENAKA T, HENDRICKSON CS, TWOREK DM etal.: Enzymatic and functional correction along with long-term enzyme secretion from transduced bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor and stromal cells derived from patients with Fabry disease. Exp. Hematal. (1999) 27:1149–1159.
  • TAKIYAMA N, DUNIGAN JT, VALLOR MJ et al.: Retrovirus-mediated transfer of human alpha-galactosidase A gene to human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10:2881–2889.
  • TAKENAKA T, MURRAY GJ, QIN G et al.: Long-term enzyme correction and lipid reduction in multiple organs of primary and secondary transplanted Fabry mice receiving transduced bone marrow cells. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (2000) 97:7515–7520.
  • •Promising gene therapy approach for Fabry disease.
  • JUNG SC, HAN IP, LIMAYE A et al.: Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer results in long- term enzymatic and functional correction in multiple organs of Fabry mice. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (2001) 98:2676–2681.
  • •Report on the efficacy of AAV in an animal model.
  • PHILLIPS MI: Antisense inhibition and adeno-associated viral vector delivery for reducing hypertension. Hypertension (1997) 29:177–187.
  • NAKAI H, STORM TA, KAY MA: Recruitment of single-stranded recombinant adeno-associated virus vector genomes and intermolecular recombination are responsible for stable transduction of liver in vivo. J. Viral. (2000) 74:9451–9463.
  • HIRSCHHORN R: Glycogen storage disease Type II: Acid alfa-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency. In: The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. C Scriver, A Beaudet, W Sly, D Valle (Eds.) McGraw-Hill (1995):2443–2464.
  • ZARETSKY JZ, CANDOTTI F, BOERKOEL C et al.: Retroviral transfer of acid alpha-glucosidase cDNA to enzyme-deficient myoblasts results in phenotypic spread of the genotypic correction by both secretion and fusion. Hum. Gene Ther. (1997) 8:1555–1563.
  • NICOLINO MP, PUECH JP, KREMER EJ et al.: Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the acid alpha-glucosidase gene into fibroblasts, myoblasts and myotubes from patients with glycogen storage disease Type II leads to high level expression of enzyme and corrects glycogen accumulation. Hum. Mal Genet. (1998) 7:1695–1702.
  • TSUJINO S, KINOSHITA N, TASHIRO T et al.: Adenovirus-mediated transfer of human acid maltase gene reduces glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of Japanese quail with acid maltase deficiency. Hum. Gene Ther. (1998) 9:1609–1616.
  • AMALFITANO A, MCVIE-WYLIE AJ, HU H etal.: Systemic correction of the muscle disorder glycogen storage disease Type II after hepatic targeting of a modified adenovirus vector encoding human acid-alpha-glucosidase. Proc. Nati Acad. Li. USA (1999) 96:8861–8866.
  • •Report of an adenoviral-mediated approach for Pompe disease that shows systemic correction.
  • YEAGER A: Hematopoietic cell transplantation for storage diseases. In: Hematopoietic cell transplantation T Donnell, K Blume, F SJ (Eds.) Oxford, Malden (MA), (1999):1182–1194.
  • LEARISH R, OHASHI T, ROBBINS PA et al.: Retroviral gene transfer and sustained expression of human arylsulfatase A. Gene Ther. (1996) 3:343–349.
  • MATZNER U, HARZER K, LEARISH RD, BARRANGER JA, GIESELMANN V: Long-term expression and transfer of arylsulfatase A into brain of arylsulfatase A-deficient mice transplanted with bone marrow expressing the arylsulfatase A cDNA from a retroviral vector. Gene Ther. (2000) 7:1250–1257.
  • WOLFE JH, SANDS MS, BARKER JE et al.: Reversal of pathology in murine mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII by somatic cell gene transfer. Nature (1992) 360:749–753.
  • •Partial correction of MPS VII by transplanted retrovirally marked stem cells.
  • MARECHAL V, NAFFAKH N, DANOS 0, HEARD JM: Disappearance of lysosomal storage in spleen and liver of mucopolysaccharidosis VII mice after transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow cells. Blood (1993) 82:1358–1365.
  • OHASHI T, YOKOO T, IIZUKA S et al:Reduction of lysosomal storage in murine mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII by transplantation of normal and genetically modified macrophages. Blood (2000) 95:3631–3633.
  • DESHMANE SL, VALYI-NAGY T, BLOCK T etal.: An HSV-1 containing the rat beta-glucuronidase cDNA inserted within the LAT gene is less efficient than the parental strain at establishing a transcriptionally active state during latency in neurons. Gene Ther. (1995) 2:209–217.
  • BOSCH A, PERRET E, DESMARIS N, HEARD JM: Long-term and significant correction of brain lesions in adult mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII mice using recombinant AAV vectors. Mal Ther. (2000) 1:63–70.
  • BOSCH A, PERRET E, DESMARIS N, TRONO D, HEARD JM: Reversal of pathology in the entire brain of mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII mice after lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11:1139–1150.
  • CONSIGLIO A, QUATTRINI A, MARTINO S etal.: In vivo gene therapy of metachromatic leukodystrophy by lentiviral vectors: correction of neuropathology and protection against learning impairments in affected mice. Nature Med. (2001) 7:310–316.
  • •Interesting report on in vivo lentiviral-mediated gene transfer.
  • TAYLOR RM, WOLFE JH: Decreased lysosomal storage in the adult MPS VII mouse brain in the vicinity of grafts of retroviral vector-corrected fibroblasts secreting high levels of beta-glucuronidase. Nature Med. (1997) 3:771–774.
  • GROVES AK, BARNETT SC, FRANKLIN RJ et al: Repair of demyelinated lesions by transplantation of purified 0-2A progenitor cells. Nature (1993) 362:453–455.
  • •An important report on neurotransplantation.
  • LACHAPELLE F, DUHAMEL-CLERIN E, GANSMULLER A et al: Transplanted transgenically marked oligodendrocytes survive, migrate and myelinate in the normal mouse brain as they do in the shiverer mouse brain. Eur. j Neurosci. (1994) 6:814–824.
  • LOUIS JC, MAGAL E, MUIR D, MANTHORPE M, VARON S: CG-4, a new bipotential glial cell line from rat brain, is capable of differentiating in vitro into either mature oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes.j Neurosci. Res. (1992) 31:193–204.
  • SNYDER EY, DEITCHER DL, WALSH C et al.: Multipotent neural cell lines can engraft and participate in development of mouse cerebellum. Cell (1992) 68:33–51.
  • ••The first report of cell lineneurotransplantation.
  • TONTSCH U, ARCHER DR, DUBOIS-DALCQ M, DUNCAN ID: Transplantation of an oligodendrocyte cell line leading to extensive myelination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:11616–11620.
  • SNYDER EY, TAYLOR RIVI, WOLFE JH: Neural progenitor cell engraftment corrects lysosomal storage throughout the MPS VII mouse brain. Nature (1995) 374:367–370.
  • LACORAZZA HD, FLAX JD, SNYDER EY, JENDOUBI M: Expression of human beta-hexosaminidase alpha-subunit gene (the gene defect of Tay-Sachs disease) in mouse brains upon engraftment of transduced progenitor cells. Nature Med. (1996) 2:424–429.
  • ••Report of successful transplantation ofgene-corrected CNS progenitors into the brain of fetal and newborn mice.
  • ROSS CJ, BASTEDO L, MAIER SA, SANDS MS, CHANG PL: Treatment of a lysosomal storage disease, mucopolysaccharidosis VII, with microencapsulated recombinant cells. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11:2117–2127.
  • ROSS CJ, RALPH M, CHANG PL: Somatic gene therapy for a neurodegenerative disease using microencapsulated recombinant cells. Exp. Neurol. (2000) 166:276–286.
  • KOSUGA M, SASAKI K, TANABE A et al.: Engraftment of genetically engineered amniotic epithelial cells corrects lysosomal storage in multiple areas of the brain in mucopolysaccharidosis type vii mice. Mol. Ther. (2001) 3:139–148.
  • DEANS RJ, MOSELEY AB: Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses. Exp. Hematol. (2000) 28:875–884.
  • AZIZI SA, STOKES D, AUGELLI BJ, DIGIROLAMO C, PROCKOP DJ: Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats - similarities to astrocyte grafts. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1998) 95:3908–3913.
  • KOPEN GC, PROCKOP DJ, PHINNEY DG: Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1999) 96:10711–10716.
  • •An intriguing report on the multi-lineage differentiation potential of MSC.
  • PITTENGER MF, MACKAY AM, BECK SC et al.: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science (1999) 284:143–147.
  • MARX JC, ALLAY JA, PERSONS DA et al.: High-efficiency transduction and long-term gene expression with a murine stem cell retroviral vector encoding the green fluorescent protein in human marrow stromal cells. Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10:1163–1173.
  • SCHWARZ EJ, ALEXANDER GM, PROCKOP DJ, AZIZI SA: Multipotential marrow stromal cells transduced to produce L-DOPA: engraftment in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10:2539–2549.
  • DALY TM, VOGLER C, LEVY B, HASKINS ME, SANDS MS: Neonatal gene transfer leads to widespread correction of pathology in a murine model of lysosomal storage disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:2296–2300.
  • PODUSLO SE, TENNEKOON G, PRICE D, MILLER K, MCKHANN GM: Fetal metachromatic leukodystrophy: pathology, biochemistry and a study of in vitro enzyme replacement in CNS tissue. Neuropathol. Esp. Neurol. (1976) 35:622–632.
  • BAIER W, HARZER K: Sulfatides in prenatal metachromatic leukodystrophy. j Neurochern. (1983) 41:1766–1768.
  • ADACHI M, SCHNECK L, VOLK BW: Ultrastructural studies of eight cases of fetal Tay-Sachs disease. Lab. Invest. (1974) 30:102–112.
  • KAYE EM, ULLMAN MD, WILSON ER, BARRANGER JA: Type 2 and Type 3 Gaucher disease: a morphological and biochemical study. Ann. Neural. (1986) 20:223–230.
  • SCHNEIDER EL, ELLIS WG, BRADY diagnosis and fetal pathology. j Pediatr. (1972) 81:1134–1139.
  • SIDRANSKY E, SHERER DM, GINNS El: Gaucher disease in the neonate: a Pediatr. Res. (1992) 32:494–498.
  • KAYE EM: Therapeutic approaches to lysosomal storage diseases. Curr. Opiri.
  • FLAKE AW, ZANJANI ED: In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: ontogenic opportunities and biologic
  • •An extensive review of in utero HSC transplantation.
  • LUTZKO C, OMORI E ABRAMS-OGG AC et al.: Gene therapy for canine alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency: in utero adoptive transfer of genetically corrected hematopoietic progenitors results in engraftment but not amelioration of disease.
  • ZANJANI ED, ANDERSON WF: Prospects for in utero human gene therapy. Science (1999) 285:2084–2088.
  • •An expert opinion on in utero gene therapy.
  • JEYAKUMAR M, NORFLUS F, TIFFT CJ et al.: Enhanced survival in Sandhoff disease mice receiving a combination of substrate deprivation therapy and bone marrow transplantation. Blood (2001) 97:327–329.
  • HOLLON T: Researchers and regulators reflect on first gene therapy death. Nature Med. (2000) 6:6.
  • CAVAZZANA-CALVO M, HACEIN-BEY S, DE SAINT BASILE G et al.: Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease [see comments]. Science (2000) 288:669-672. Report of the first successful gene therapy clinical trial.
  • MALECH HL, MAPLES PB, WHITING-THEOBALD N et al.: Prolonged production of NADPH oxidase-corrected granulocytes after gene therapy of chronic granulomatous disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94:12133–12138.
  • MALECH HL: Use of serum-free medium with fibronectin fragment enhanced transduction in a system of gas permeable plastic containers to achieve high levels of retrovirus transduction at clinical scale. Stem Cells (2000) 18:155–156.
  • •Using Smart Source Parsing.
  • KAY MA, MANNO CS, RAGNI MV et al.: Evidence for gene transfer and expression of Factor IX in haemophilia B patients treated with an AAV vector [see comments]. Nature Genet. (2000) 24:257–261.
  • ••Clinical trial of AAV-mediated genetherapy for haemophilia B show modest changes in clinical endpoints.
  • ABONOUR R, WILLIAMS DA, EINHORN L et al.: Efficient retrovirus-mediated transfer of the multidrug resistance 1 gene into autologous human long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells [see comments]. Nature Med. (2000) 6:652–658.
  • •A promising gene therapy strategy for the treatment of malignancy.
  • FREED CR, GREENE PE, BREEZE RE et al.: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N Engl. J Med. (2001) 344:710–719.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.