New developments in immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation

Bibliography

• HARIHARAN S, JOHNSON CP, BRESNAHAN BA, TARANTO SE, MCINTOSH MJ, STABLEIN D: Improved graft survival after renal transplantation in the United States, 1988 to 1996. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:605–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALLORAN PF: Call for revolution: a new approach to describing allograft deterioration. Ain. ". Transplant. (2002) 2:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A recent review that discusses a novelapproach to the problem of long-term allograft deterioration.
   Google Scholar
• MYLONAKIS E, GOES N, RUBIN RH, COSIMI AB, COLVIN RB, FISHMAN JA: BK virus in solid organ transplant recipients: an emerging syndrome. Transplantation (2001) 72:1587–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORSYTHE JL: Graft function and otherrisk factors as predictors of cardiovascular disease outcome. Transplantation (2001) 72:S16–S19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOOMANS HA, LIGTENBERG G: Mechanisms and consequences of arterial hypertension after renal transplantation. Transplantation (2001) 72:S9–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANGE KC, CIZMAN B, JOFFE M, FELDMAN HI: Arterial hypertension and renal allograft survival. JAMA (2000) 283:633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASISKE BL: Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation (2001) 72:S5–S8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This analysis demonstrates that hypertension,, hyperlipidaemia and cigarette smoking are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease post-transplant. In particular, diabetes mellitus dramatically elevated the risk in renal transplant recipients as did two or more acute rejection, episodes in the first year post-transplant. In contrast, pretransplant nephrectomy and higher serum albumin levels reduced the risk for ischaemic heart events.
   Google Scholar
• MILES AM, SUMRANI N, HOROWITZR et al.: Diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation: as deleterious as non-transplant-associated diabetes? (1998) 65:380–384.
   Google Scholar
• ROODNAT JI, MULDER PG, RISCHEN-VOS J et al.: Proteinuria after renal transplantation affects not only graft survival but also patient survival. Transplantation (2001) 72:438–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This study describes the presence of proteinuria 1-year postrenal transplant as a robust predictor of reduced graft (RR = 2.03) and patient (RR = 1.98) survival.
   Google Scholar
• MASSY ZA: Hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular, disease after organ transplantation,. Transplantation (2001) 72:S13–S15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROODNAT JI, MULDER PG, ZIETSE R et al.: Cholesterol as an independent predictor of outcome after renal transplantation. Transplantation (2000) 69:1704–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARVALHO ME SOARES V: Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor of renal allograft function impairment. Clin. Transplant. (2001) 15:48–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISSING KM, ABRAMOWICZ D, BROEDERS N, VEREERSTRAETEN P: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased kidney graft loss caused by chronic rejection in male patients with previous acute rejection. Transplantation (2000) 70:464–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANOVITCH GM: Immunosuppressive medications for renal transplantation: a multiple choice question. Kidney Int. (2001) 59:388–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWARTZ R, DAMESHEK W: Drug-induced immunological tolerance. Nature (1959) 183:1682–1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELLS AD, LI XC, LI Yet al.: Requirement for T-cell apoptosis in the induction of peripheral transplantation tolerance. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1303–1307.
   Google Scholar
• BATIUK TD, KUNG L, HALLORAN PF: Evidence that calcineurin is rate-limiting for primary human lymphocyte activation. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100:1894–1901.
   Google Scholar
• EMMEL EA, VERWEIJ CL, DURAND DB, HIGGINS KM, LACY E, CRABTREE GR: Cyclosporine A specifically inhibits function of nuclear proteins involved in T cell activation. Science (1989) 246:1617–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIANI A, RAO A, ARAMBURU J: Manipulating immune responses with immunosuppressive agents that target NFAT. Immunity (2000) 12:359–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULTSCH T, ALBERS MW, SCHREIBER SL, HOHMAN RJ: Immunophilin ligands demonstrate common features of signal transduction leading to exocytosis or transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88:6229–6233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANADIAN MULTICENTRE TRANSPLANT STUDY GROUP: A randomized clinical trial of cyclosporine in cadaveric renal transplantation. N Engl. J. Med. (1983) 309:809–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCEN R, PASCUAL J, TERUEL JL et al.: Outcome of cadaveric renal transplant patients treated for 10 years with cyclosporine: is chronic allograft nephropathy, the major cause of late graft loss,? Transplantation (2001) 72:57–62.
   Google Scholar
• THIEL G, BOCK A, SPONDLINMetal.: Long-term benefits and risks of cyclosporin A (Sandimmun) - an analysis at 10 years. Transplant. Proc. (1994) 26:2493–2498.
   Google Scholar
• HALL BM, TILLER DJ, HARDIE I et al: Comparison of three immunosuppressive regimens in cadaver renal transplantation: long-term cyclosporine, short-term cyclosporine followed by azathioprine and prednisolone, and azathioprine and prednisolone without cyclosporine. N Engl. J. Med. (1988) 318:1499–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVY GA: Relationship of pharmacokinetics, to clinical outcomes. Transplant. Proc. (1999) 31:1654–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLE E, WALELE A, CATTRAN D, FENTON S, O'GRADY C, CARDELLA C,: Use of C-2 monitoring to optimize cyclosporine microemulsion dosing in de novo renal transplant recipients: a safety analysis. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) 1\(Suppl. 1):190. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• BRITTO ZML, ALVES CE PAULA FJ et al.: A randomized, open-label, prospective study comparing two different cyclosporin A areas under the time-concentration curve for the prevention of rejection in renal transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):191. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• SERKOVA N, LITT L, JAMES TL et al.:Evaluation of individual and combined neurotoxicity of the immunosuppressants cyclosporine and sirolimus by M vitro multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Pharmacol Exp. Titer: (1999) 289:800–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERKOVA N, LITT L, LEIBFRITZ D et al.: The novel immunosuppressant SDZ-RAD protects rat brain slices from cyclosporine-induced reduction of high-energy phosphates. Br. J. Pharmacol (2000) 129:485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASPESLET L, FREITAG D, TREPANIER D, et al.: ISA(TX)247: a novel calcineurin inhibitor. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:1048–1051.
   Google Scholar
• ••Predinical results of ISA (TX)247 use andtoxicity in animal models. Describes immunosuppressive activity in vitro, in vivo potency in a heterotopic rat heart transplant model, and the pharmokinetics in rabbit, rat and dog models. Results suggest ISA (TX)247 is a significantly more potent irmnunosuppressive agent than cyclosporin, with a significantly reduced toxicity profile.
   Google Scholar
• MAYER AD, DMITREWSKI J, SQUIFFLET J-P et al.: Multicenter randomized trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in the prevention of renal allograft rejection. A report of the European Tacrolimus Multicenter Renal Study Group. Transplantation (1997) 64:436–443.
   Google Scholar
• PIRSCH JD, MILLER J, DEIERHOI MH, VINCENTI F, FILO RS: A comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression after cadaveric renal transplantation. FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group. Transplantation (1997) 63:977–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F: Tactolimus (FK 506) in kidney transplantation: five-year survival results of the U.S. multicenter, randomized, comparative trial. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:1019–1020.
   Google Scholar
• SQUIFFLET JP, BACKMAN L, CLAESSON, K et al: Dose optimization of mycophenolate mofetil when administered with a low dose of tacrolimus in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. Transplantation (2001) 72:63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER J, MENDEZ R, PIRSCH JD, JENSIK SC: Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Transplantation (2000) 69:875–880.
   Google Scholar
• MARGREITER R: A prospective, randomized, multicentre study to compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and ciclosporin-microemulsion in renal transplantation. Transplantation (2000) 69:S112. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• MEIER-KRIESCHE H-U, KAPLAN B: Neoral and tacrolimus are associated with a decrease in chronic allograft failure as compared with sandimmune. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):290. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• KASISKE BL, CHAKKERA HA, LOUIS TA, MA JZ: A meta-analysis of immunosuppression withdrawal trials in renal transplantation. I Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2000) 11:1910–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASISKE BL, HEIM-DUTHOY K, MA JZ: Elective cyclosporine withdrawal after renal transplantation. A meta-analysis. JAMA (1993) 269:395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUBEY D, KUMAR A, SRIVASTAVA A et al.: Cyclosporin A withdrawal in live related renal transplantation: long-term results. Clin. Transplant. (2001) 15:136–
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEIM-DUTHOY KL, CHITWOOD KK, TORTORICE KL, MASSY ZA, KASISKE BL: Elective cyclosporine withdrawal 1 year after renal transplantation. Am. I Kidney Dis. (1994) 24:846–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMAK GREGOOR PJH, DE SEVAUX RGL, LIGTENBERG G et al: A prospective, randomised study of withdrawal of cyclosporine or prednisone in renal transplant recipients treated with mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, and prednisone: 18 months follow-up data. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):246. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• ABRAMOWICZ D, WISSING KM, BROEDERS N: Nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors: new therapeutic approaches. Transplant. Proc. (2000) 32:3S–55.
   Google Scholar
• KREIS H, CISTERNE J-M, LAND W et al.: Sirolimus in association with mycophenolate mofetil induction for the prevention of acute graft rejection in renal allograft recipients. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group. Transplantation (2000) 69:1252–1260.
   Google Scholar
• JOSEPH JT, KINGSMORE DB, JUNOR BJ et al.: The impact of late acute rejection after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Clin. Transplant (2001) 15:221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANKLIN TJ, COOK JM: The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by mycophenolic acid. Biochem. J. (1969) 113:515–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERHAM R, MEEK TD, HEDSTROM L,, WANG CC: Purification, characterization and kinetic analysis of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase of Trichomonas foetus. MM. Biochem. Parasitol (1987) 24:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLLINGER HW: Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group. Transplantation (1995) 60:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATHEW TH: A blinded, long-term, randomized multicenter study of mycophenolate mofetil in cadaveric renal transplantation: results at three years. Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation (1998) 65:1450–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIESEL M, CARL S: A placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids, for the prevention of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients: 1-year results. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group. J. Urol. (1998) 159:28–33.
   Google Scholar
• HALLORAN PF, MATHEW T, TOMLANOVICH S, GROTH C, HOOFTMAN L, BARKER C: Mycophenolate mofetil in renal allograft recipients: a pooled efficacy analysis of three randomized, double-blind, clinical studies in prevention of rejection. The International Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplant Study Groups. Transplantation (1997) 63:39–47.
   Google Scholar
• HOUDE I, ISENRING P, BOUCHER D, NOEL R, LACHANCHE JG: Mycophenolate mofetil, an alternative to cyclosporine A for long-term immunosuppression in kidney transplantation? Transplantation (2000) 70:1251–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRAMA YC, JOLES JA, VAN TOL A,BOER P, KOOMANS HA, HENE RJ: Conversion to mycophenolate mofetil in conjuction with stepwise withdrawal of cyclosporine in stable renal transplant recipients. Transplantation (2000) 69:376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHNUELLE P, TEGZESS A, VON DER HEIDE JH, VAN DER PIJL J, VERBURGH C, VAN DER WOUDE FJDFJ: Open randomised trial comparing a dual therapy regimen of MMF and corticosteroids with Neoral and corticosteroids for the prevention of rejection in renal allograft recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2001) 12:917A. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• GRANGER DK: Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium: results of two pivotal global multicenter trials. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:3241–3244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JORDAN JC, VO AA, BUNNAPRADIST S, TYAN D: Inhibition of crossmatch (CMX) positivity between donor/recipient pairs using intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) with subsequent transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):137. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• ••This study describes the reversal of apositive crossmatch between donor-recipient pairs (living and cadaveric) in whom the crossmatch was positive using IVIG therapy. All patients were successfully transplanted without evidence of short-term graft loss.
   Google Scholar
• CASADEI DH, RIAL M, OPELZ G, GOLDBERG JC et al.: A randomized and prospective, study comparing treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin with monoclonal antibodies for rescue of kidney grafts with steroid-resistant rejection. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):185. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• CARRIER M, JENICEK M, PELLETIERLC: Value of monoclonal antibody OKT3 in solid organ transplantation: a meta-analysis. Transplant. Proc. (1992) 24:2586–2591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENRY ML, PELLETIER RP, ELKHAMMAS, EA, BUMGARDNER GL, DAVIES EA, FERGUSON RM: A randomized prospective trial of OKT3 induction in the current immunosuppression era. Clin. Transplant. (2001) 15:410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This randomised study demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing biopsy proven acute rejection in the first year post-transplant with OKT3 induction, as compared to no induction (11 versus 27%, p = 0.04). The study population consisted of cadaveric and living renal allograft recipients without DGF who received MMF, Neoral (delayed or immediate, respectively) and prednisone.
   Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F: The role of newer monoclonal, antibodies in renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:1000–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YUN S, SAWYER GJ, ZHANG X, GUSTAFSSON K, FABRE JW: Specific suppression of interleukin 2 biosynthesis by synthetic antisense oligodeoxynucleotides does not influence allograft rejection. Transplantation (2000) 69:2586–2592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F, RAM OS E, BRATTSTROM, C et al.: Multicenter trial exploring calcineurin inhibitors avoidance in renal transplantation. Transplantation (2001) 71:1282–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPIERNIK M, DE MORAES ML, PONTOUX C, VASSEUR F, PENIT C: Regulatory CD4 T cells: expression of IL-2R alpha chain, resistance to clonal deletion and IL-2 dependency. Lit. Immunol. (1998) 10:371–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPIERNIK M: Natural CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Their role in the control of superantigen responses. Immunol. Rev (2001) 182:180–189.
   Google Scholar
• NASHAN B, MOORE R, AMLOT P, SCHMIDT A-G, ABEYWICKRAMA K, SOULILLOU J-P: Randomised trial of basiliximab versus placebo for control of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft recipients,. CHIB 201 International Study Group,. Lancet (1997) 350:1193–1198.
   Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F, KIRKMAN R, LIGHT S et al.: Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (1998) 338:161–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIANCIO G, MILLER A, BURKE GW et al.: Daclizumab induction for primary kidney transplant recipients using tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids as maintenance immunosuppression. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:1013–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUMGARDNER GL, HARDIE I, JOHNSON RW et al.: Results of 3-year phase III clinical trials with daclizumab prophylaxis for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation. Transplantation (2001) 72:839–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLE E, LANDSBERG D, RUSSELL D et al.: A pilot study of steroid-free immunosuppression in the prevention of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation (2001) 72:845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F, MONACO A, GRINYO J et al.: Rapid steroid withdrawal versus standard steroid therapy in patients treated with basiliximab, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:1011–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised, prospective trial ofbasiliximab, cyclosporin and MME This trial looked at standard steroid taper compared to a rapid taper. Similar rejection rates at 1-year suggest anti-IL-2R antibodies could replace steroids in irnmunosupressive protocols.
   Google Scholar
• KREIS H, PUGET S, MOURAD G et al.: Is it possible to reduce ciclosporine early with dacluzimab and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients? Preliminary results in 169 patients of a randomized multicentric trial. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• ABRAMOWICZ D, VANRENTERGHEM, Y, SQUIFFLET J-P et al.: Dacluzimab and mycophenolate mofetil allow for the use of low doses of tacrolimus and steroids in renal transplantation: a multi-center, pilot study in de novo renal transplantation. Am. Soc. Nephrol (2001) 12. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• SOLLINGER H, KAPLAN B, PESCOVITZ, MD et al.: Basiliximab versus antithymocyte globulin for prevention of acute, renal allograft rejectionl, 2. Transplantation, (2001) 72: 1915-1919.
   Google Scholar
• HONG JC, KAHAN BD: Use of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody in combination with rapamycin to eliminate cyclosporine treatment during the induction phase of immunosuppression. Transplantation (1999) 68:701–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG GJ, MAHANTY HD, VINCENTI F et al.: A calcineurin inhibitor-sparing regimen with sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and anti-CD25 mAb provides effective immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients with delayed or impaired graft function. Clin. Transplant. (2000) 14:550–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUMGARDNER GL, RAMOS E, LIN A, VINCENTI F: Daclizumab (humanized anti-IL2Ralpha mAb) prophylaxis for prevention of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients with delayed graft function. Transplantation (2001) 72:642–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REHMAN LU, ATKINSON RC, MINICH PJ: Two dose dacluzimab (Zenapax) is safe and effective induction therapy in adult renal transplantation. Am. Transplant,. (2001) 1. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• TER MEULEN CG, VAN RIEMSDIJK I, HENE RJ et al.: Two doses of dacluzimab are sufficient for prolonged IL-2R-alpha-chain blockade. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• CHAWDHERY MZ, HO C, KWAN JTC: The safety and efficacy of a two-dose dacluzimab induction regimen in renal transplant recipients. j Am. Soc. Nephrol (2001) 12. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• KEOWN PA, BALSHAW R, KRUEGER H, BALADI JF: Economic analysis of basiliximab in renal transplantation. Transplantation (2001) 71:1573–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARIAT MN, ERREN M, CHARIAT M,, DENG M, WOLTERS HH, DIETL KH: Basiliximab in the therapy of acute rejection after organ transplantation. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:2380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVEY AS, BETO JA, CORONADO BEet al.: Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am. Kidney Dis. (1998) 32:853–906.
   Google Scholar
• VEENSTRA DL, BEST JH, HORNBERGER J, SULLIVAN SD, HRICIK, DE: Incidence and long-term cost of steroid-related side effects after renal transplantation. Am. Kidney Dis. (1999) 33:829–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TARANTINO A, AROLDI A, STUCCHI L, et al.: A randomized prospective trial comparing cyclosporine monotherapy with triple-drug therapy in renal transplantation. Transplantation (1991) 52:53–57.
   Google Scholar
• MONTAGNINO G, TARANTINO A, MACCARIO M, ELLI A, CESANA B, PONTICELLI C: Long-term results with cyclosporine monotherapy in renal transplant patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Am. Kidney Dis. (2000) 35:1135–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAPIRO AM, LAKEY JR, RYAN EA et al.: Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl. Med. (2000) 343:230–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAUFMAN DB, LEVENTHAL JR, GALLON LG, PARKER MA, STUART FP: Rapid cortiscosteroid withdrawal in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation. Am.' Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):158. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• SHAPIRO AMJ, RYAN EA, RAJOTTE RV et al.: Two-year insulin independence and metabolic follow-up after islet-alone transplantation in autoimmune diabetes. Am,.Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):243.Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• RYAN EA, LAKEY JR, RAJOTTE RV et al.: Clinical outcomes and insulin secretion after islet transplantation with the Edmonton protocol. Diabetes (2001) 50:710–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALMELA K, VANRENTERGHEM Y, VAN HOOFF J, SQUIFFLET JP: Efficacy and safety of three months of tacrolimus/steroids/MMF followed by a controlled withdrawal of steroids or MMF: results of a large, prospective, multicentre trial. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):246. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• KATZNELSON S, WILKINSON AH, DANOVITCH GM: Pravastatin improves long-term graft and patient survival after kidney transplantation - an examination of five-year follow-up data. Am. J Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):353. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• FELLSTROM B: Impact and management of hyperlipidemia posttransplantation. Transplantation (2000) 70:SS51-SS57.
   Google Scholar
• WILKINSON AH: Use of angiotensin- converting, enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists in renal transplantation: delaying the progression of allograft nephropathy? Transplant. Rev. (2000) 14:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• STIGANT CE, COHEN J, VIVERA M, ZALTZMAN JS: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists in renal transplantation: an analysis of safety and efficacy. Am. Kidney Dis. (2000) 35:58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HRICIK DE, O& TOOLE MA, SCHULAK JA, HERS ON J: Steroid-free immunosuppression in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Am,. Soc. Nephrol (1993) 4:1300–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HRICIK DE, WHALEN CC, LAUTMAN J et al.: Withdrawal of steroids after renal transplantation - clinical predictors of outcome. Transplantation (1992) 53:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OPELZ G: Effect of the maintenance immunosuppressive drug regimen on kidney transplant outcome. Transplantation (1994) 58:443–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINCLAIR NR: Low-dose steroid therapy in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients with well-functioning grafts. Canadian Multicentre Transplant Study Group. Can. Med. Assoc.' (1992) 147:645–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAPLAN B, TEDESCO-SILVA H, MENDEZ R, KAHAN B, VAN BUREN D,, BOGER R: North/South American, double-blind, parallel group study of the safety and efficacy of CerticanTM (PAD) versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with Neoral and corticosteroids. Am. Transplant (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):475. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• CURTIS J, NASHAN B, PONTICELLI C, MOURAD G, BOGER R: One year results of a multicenter, open-label trial on safety and efficacy of CerticanTM (PAD) used in combination with Simulect, corticosteroids, and full or reduced dose Neoral in renal transplantation. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl 1):474. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• MARX SO, JAYARAMAN T, GO LO, MARKS AR: Rapamycin-FKBP inhibits cell cycle regulators of proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. (1995) 76:412–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHAN BD: Efficacy of sirolimus compared with azathioprine for reduction of acute renal allograft rejection: a randomised multicentre study. The Rapamune US Study Group. Lancet (2000) 356:194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HONG JC, KAHAN BD: Immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation: past, present, and future. Semin. Nephrol (2000) 20:108–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHAN BD, KAPLAN B, LORBER MI, WINKLER M, CAMBON N, BOGER RS: PAD in de novo renal transplantation: comparison of three doses on the incidence and severity of acute rejection. Transplantation (2001) 71:1400–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROTH CG, BACKMAN L, MORALES JM et al.: Sirolimus (rapamycin)-based therapy in human renal transplantation: similar efficacy and different toxicity compared with cyclosporine. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group. Transplantation (1999) 67:1036–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACDONALD AS: A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts. Transplantation (2001) 71:271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONIN JM: Maintenance immunosuppression: new agents and persistent dilemmas. Adv. Ren. Replace. Ther. (2000) 7:95–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JOHNSON RWG, KREIS H, OBERBAUER R et al: Sirolimus (Rapamune) maintenance therapy permits early cyclosporine withdrawal resulting in improved renal function: 12 month results of the tri-continental trial. Am. Transplant,. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):174. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• FLECHNER SM, GOLDFARB DA, MODLIN C et al.: A prospective randomized trial of sirolimus vs. cyclosporine in kidney transplantation: impact of calcineurin inhibitor elimination on renal function. Am.' Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):172. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• TEDESCO H, FELIPE CR, MACHADO PG, GARCIA R, FRANCO M, MEDINA JO: Improved kidney graft function in patients receiving sirolimus, cyclosporine and steroids: the role of cyclosporine blood concentration. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):173. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• HRICIK DE: Improved renal function with cyclosporine elimination in sirolimus-treated renal transplant recipients: one-year results from a phase II trial. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):149. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• HALLORAN PF: Sirolimus and cyclosporin, for renal transplantation. Lancet (2000) 356:179–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDOH TF, WAHBA IM, CHOI S-0, BENNETT WM: Comparison of sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil on renal function and morphology in post-ischemic rat kidney. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):252. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• MCALISTER VC, GAO Z, PELTEKIAN K, DOMINGUES J, MAHALATI K, MACDONALD AS: Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination immunosuppression. Lancet (2000) 355:376–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHAN BD: Two-year safety and efficacy of sirolimus in renal transplantation. Am. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):172. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• MCALISTER VC, GAO Z, PELTEKIAN K, DOMINGUES J, MAHALATI K, MACDONALD AS: Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination immunosuppression. Lancet (2000) 355:376-377. Letter.
   Google Scholar
• SUZUKI S: FTY720: mechanisms of action and its effect on organ transplantation. Transplant. Proc. (1999) 31:2779–2782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANAGAWA Y, SUGAHARA K, KATAOKA H, KAWAGUCHI T, MASUBUCHI Y, CHIBA K: FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, induces sequestration of circulating mature lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing in rats. II. FTY720 prolongs skin allograft survival by decreasing T cell infiltration into grafts but not cytokine production in vivo. j brimunol. (1998) 160:5493–5499.
   Google Scholar
• SUZUKI S, ENOSAWA S, KAKEFUDA T et al.: A novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, with a unique mechanism of action, induces long-term graft acceptance in rat and dog allotransplantation. Transplantation (1996) 61:200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUNKHORST R, NEUMAYER H-H, HISS M et al.: Human safety and pharmacology of FTY 720. Transplantation (1999) 67:S153. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• NEUMAYER H-H, BRUNKHORST R, BUDDE K et al.: Human pharmacokinetics of FTY 720. Transplantation (1999) 67:S204. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• KAHAN BD, CHODOFF L, LEICHTMAN AB et al.: Safety and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of FTY 720. Transplantation (2000) 69:S132. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• TEDESCO H, KAHAN B, MOURAD G et al.: FTY720 combined with Neoral and corticosteroids is effective and safe in prevention, of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients (interim data). Am. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):243. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• •A Phase II, randomised, multi-centre, open-label trial of FTY720 in de novo transplant patients. The patients were randomised to one of four regimens of FTY720, or to MMF 2 g/day. All patients also received Neoral and corticosteroids; induction with antilymphocyte antibodies or anti-IL-2R antibodies was not allowed. Graft survival was 99% (one graft lost in the MMF group) and patient survival was 100% after at least 30 days. This is preliminary data only.
   Google Scholar
• MLADENOVIC V, DOMLJAN Z, ROZMAN B et al.: Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Arthritis Rheum. (1995) 38:1595–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMOLEN JS, KALDEN JR, SCOTT DL et al.: European Leflunomide Study Group: efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulphasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet (1998) 353:259–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEDDI VR, FIRST MR: Recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation. Semin. Dial. (2001) 14:218–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASTELLINI C, CICALESE L, LEACH R et al.: Prolonged survival of islet allografts following combined therapy with tacrolimus and leflunomide. Transplant. Proc. (1999) 31:646–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GYSEMANS C, WAER M, LAUREYS J, BOUILLON R, MATHIEU C: Leflunomide and its analogue X920715 synergize with cyclosporin A in preventing early graft failure and delaying graft rejection of xenogeneic islets in non-obese diabetic mice. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:2094–2095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIMMI CD, FREEMAN GJ, GRIBBEN JG, GRAY G, NADLER LM: Human T-cell clonal anergy is induced by antigen presentation in the absence of B7 costimulation. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:6586–6590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARRENO BM, COLLINS M: The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annu. Rev Immunol. (2002) 20:29–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMBERS CA, KUHNS MS, EGEN JG, ALLISON JP: CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu. Rev Immunol. (2001) 19:565–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OZKAYNAK E, GAO W, SHEMMERI N et al.: Importance of ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulation in acute and chronic allograft rejection. Nat. Immunol. (2001) 2:591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUTLOFF A, DITTRICH AM, BEIER KC, ELJASCHEWITSCH B, KRAFT R, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS I: ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Nature (1999) 397:263–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKADA M, CHANDRAKER A, NADEAU KC, SAYEGH MH, TILNEY NL: The role of the B7 costimulatory pathway in experimental cold ischemia/reperfusion injury. I. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100:1199–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKADA M, NADEAU KC, SHAW GD, MARQUETTE KA, TILNEY NL: The cytokine-adhesion molecule cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat kidney. Inhibition by a soluble P-selectin ligand. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:2682–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE GREEF KE, YSEBAERT DK, DAUWE S et al.: Anti-B7-1 blocks mononuclear cell adherence in vasa recta after ischemia. Kidney Int. (2001) 60:1415–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABRAMS JR, LEBWOHL MG, GUZZO CA et al.: CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Clin. Invert. (1999) 103:1243–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUINAN EC, BOUSSIOTIS VA, HIRANO N, BRENNAN LL, NADLER LM, GRIBBEN JG: Successful haploidentical bone marrow transplantation post ex vivo anergization of donor bone marrow alloreactive T cells. Blood (1998) 92:687A. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• KIRK AD, HARLAN DM, ARMSTRONG, NN et al.: CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94:8789–8794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARMITAGE RJ, MALISZEWSKI CR, ALDERSON MR, GRABSTEIN KH, SPRIGGS MK, FANSLOW WC: CD4OL: a multi-functional ligand. Semin. Immunol. (1993) 5:401–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HILL A, CHAPEL H: X-linked immunodeficiency,. The fruits of cooperation,. Nature (1993) 361:494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMILEY ST, CSIZMADIA V, GAO W, TURKA LA, HANCOCK WW: Differential effects of cyclosporine A, methylprednisolone, mycophenolate, and rapamycin on CD154 induction and requirement for NFkappaB: implications for tolerance induction. Transplantation (2000) 70:415–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHO CS, BURKLY LC, FECHNERJH Jr et al.: Successful conversion from conventional immunosuppression to anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody costimulatory molecule blockade in rhesus renal allograft recipients. Transplantation (2001) 72:587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSSEVOORT MA, RINGERS J, KUHN EM et al.: Prevention of renal allograft rejection in primates by blocking the B7/CD28 pathway. Transplantation (1999) 68:1010–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 antibodies were administered to non-human primates on days 1–14 post-transplant in combination with cyclosporin. This combination resulted in significantly prolonged graft survival of 28 ± 7 days (p = 0.025) when compared to controls.
   Google Scholar
• KIRK AD, TADAKI DK, CELNIKER A et al.: Induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD80 and CD86 delays the onset of acute renal allograft rejection in non-human primates. Transplantation (2001) 72:377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUSEN B, KLUPP J, CHRISTIANS U et al.: Coadministration of either cyclosporine or steroids with humanized monoclonal antibodies against CD80 and CD86 successfully prolong allograft survival after life supporting renal transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys. Transplantation (2001) 72:1128–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEPPO AM, VON WILLEBRAND E, HONKANEN E, AHONEN J, GRONHAGEN-RISKA C: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) after kidney transplantation: the origin and role of urinary sICAM-1? Transplantation (2001) 71:1113–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN RD, GREENSTEIN SM, TELLIS V, COREY HE: Renal tubular cells express ICAM-1 during allograft rejection. Transplant. Proc. (1993) 25:915–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSIMI AB, CONTI D, DELMONICO FL et al.: In vivo effects of monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 (CD54) in nonhuman primates with renal allografts. I Immunol. (1990) 144:4604–4612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOURMANT M, DANTAL J: Adhesion molecules in rejection and tolerance of allografts. Neplirol. Dial. Transplant. (1996) 11:1661–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEPKOWSKI SM, WANG ME, CONDON TP et al.: Protection against allograft rejection with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 oligodeoxynucleotides. Transplantation (1998) 66:699–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURAT K, KATZ S, VAN BUREN CT, WELSH M, SHANAHAN WR, KAHAN BD: Phase I/II safety-efficacy trial of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ISIS 2302) in the prevention of acute allograft rejection. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) 1 (Suppl. 1):278. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• VINCENTI F, MENDEZ R, RAJAGOPALAN, PR et al.: A phase I/II trial of anti-CD1 la monoclonal antibody in renal, transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. (2001) l\(Suppl. 1):276. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• •This is a Phase I/II trial comparing two doses of anti-CD11a given with either sirolirnus, low-dose cydosporin and prednisone, or MME full-dose cydosporin and prednisone. Preliminary results show rejection in only two patients on the lower dose of anti-CD11a. This will be promising if it can be used with low-dose CNIs.
   Google Scholar
• HOURMANT M, BEDROSSIAN J, DURAND D et al: A randomized multicenter trial comparing leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibody with rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction treatment in first kidney transplantation. Transplantation (1996) 62:1565–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUBENIDER S, HIESSE C, MARCHAND S, HAFI A, KRIAA F, CHARPENTIER, B: Post-transplantation polyomavirus infections. J. Neplirol. (1999) 12:24–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAYR M, NICKELEIT V, HIRSCH HH, DICKENMANN M, MIHATSCH MJ, STEIGER J: Polyomavirus BK nephropathy in a kidney transplant recipient: critical issues of diagnosis and management. Am. Kidney Dis. (2001) 38:E13. Affiliation,
   Google Scholar