Interleukin-21: updated review of Phase I and II clinical trials in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma and relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Bibliography

• Andorsky DJ, Timmerman JM. Interleukin-21: biology and application to cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8(9):1295-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-21: basic biology and implications for cancer and autoimmunity. Ann Rev Immunol 2008;26:57-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard WJ, Zeng R, Spolski R. Interleukin 21: a cytokine/cytokine receptor system that has come of age. J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:348-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Grusby MJ. Biology of IL-21 and the IL-21 receptor. Immunol Rev 2004;202:84-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegal R, Ward E, Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel PH, Chaganti RS, Motzeer RJ. Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2006;94:614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow W-H, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 1999;281:1628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58:71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt KA, Leboit PE, Robinson JK, Wintroub BU. Melanoma. In: Koh HK, Barnhill RL, Rogers GS, editors, Cutaneous medicine and surgery. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia; 1996. p. 1576
   Google Scholar
• Whiteman DC, Valery P, McWhirter W, Green AC. Risk factors for childhood melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Int J Cancer 1997;70:26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleumer I, Ossterwijk E, De Mulder P, Mulder PF. Immunotherapy in renal cell cancer. Eur Urol 2003;44(1):65-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiginton JM, Wiltrout RH. IL12/IL-2 combination cytokine therapy for solid tumors: translation from bench to bedside. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2(5):513-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skak K, Kragh MH, Hausman D, Interleukin 21: combination strategies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7(3):231-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aulitzky WE, Schler M. Interleukins. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1994;48(5):667-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington R, Faulds D. Interleukin-2: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in patients with cancer. Drugs 1993;46(3):446-514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz RN, Stover L. Managing toxicities of high-dose interleukin-2. Oncology (Williston Park) 2002;16(11 Suppl 13):11-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaki K, Kikly K, Michalovich D, Cloning of cytokine receptor most related to IL-21 receptor beta chain. Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:11439-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function. Nature 2000;408:57-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asao H, Chikara O, Kumaki S, Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensible subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex. J Immunol 2001;167:1-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asao H, Tanaka N, Ishii Naoto, Interleukin 2 induced activation of Jak 3: possible involvement in signal transduction for c-myc induction and cell proliferation. FEBS Lett 1994;351:201-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel S, Johnston M. Interaction of IL-2RB and gamma c chains with Jak1 and Jak 3: implications for XSCID and XCID. Science 1994;266:1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miryazaki T, Kawashara H. Functional activation of Jak 1 and Jak3 by selective association with IL-2 receptor subunits. Science 1994;266:1045-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6. J Immunol 2004;173:5361-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta D, Wurster A, Whitters MJ, IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting and activated primary B cell. J Immunol 2003;170:4111-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Grusby MJ. Biology of IL-21 and IL-21 receptor. Immunol Rev 2004;202:84-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasian MT, Whitter MJ, Jussif JM, IL-21 limits NK responses and promotes antigen specific T cell activation:a mediator of the transition from innate to adaptive immnity. Immunity 2002;16(4):559-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar PV, Foster DC, Clegg CH. Interleukin 21 is a T helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell mediated anti-tumor responses. J Immunol 2004;112(2):177-82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis ID, Skak K, Smyth MJ, Interleukin-21 signaling: function in cancer autoimmunity. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(23):6926-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen KS, Lundsgaard D. IL-21 induces in vivo immune activation of NK cells and CD8+ T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008;57(10):1439-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt K, Bulfone-Paus S, Foster DC, Interleukin-21 inhibits dendritic cell activation and maturation. Blood 2003;102(12):4090-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugai S, Shimozato O, Kawamura K, Expression of the interleukin-23 gene inmurine colon carcinoma cells generates systemic immunity in the inoculated hosts. Cancer gene Ther 2003;10:187-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishida T, Asada H, Itokawa Y, Interleukin (IL)-21 and Il-15 genetic transfer sunergistically augments therapeutic antitumor immunity and promotes regression of metastatic lymphoma. Mol Ther 2003;8:552-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He H, Wisner P, Yang G, Combined IL-21 and low dose IL-2 therapy induces anti-tumor immunity and long term curative effects in a murine melanoma tumor model. J Transl Med 2006;4:24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroz A, Eppolito C, Li Q, IL-21 enhances and sustains CD(+) T cell responses to achieve durable tumor immunity: comparative evaluation of IL-2,IL-15 and IL-21. J Immunol 2005;175(4):2167-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth M, Teng M, Sharkey J, IL-21 enhances antibody mediated tumor rejection. Cancer Res 2008;68(8):3019-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis I, Skrumsager B, Cebon J, An open-label, two arm, phase I trial of recombinant human Interleukin-21 in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(12):3630-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen KS, Lundsgaard D, Freeman SD, IL-21 induces in vivo mmune activation of NK cells and CD8+ T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008;57(10):1439-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JA, Curti B, Redman BG, Phase I study of recombinant Interleukin-21 in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:(12):2034-2039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds MG, Frederiksen KS, Skak K, Immune activation in advanced cancer patients treated with recombinant Il-21: multianalyte profiling of serum proteins. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009;58(6):843-54 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis I, Brady B, Kefford RF, Clinical and biological efficacy of recombinant human Interleukin-21 in patients with stage IV malignant melanoma without prior treatment: a phase IIa trial. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(6):2123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman JM, Byrd JC, Andorsky DJ, Recombinant interleukin-21 plus rituximab: clinical activity in a phase I, dose finding trial in relapsed low grade – B-cell lymphoma. Indolent lymphoma. Blood 2007;110: abstract 2577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman J, Byrd C, Andorsky DJ, Efficacy and safety of recombinant interleukin-21 and rituximab in relapse/refractory indolent lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(Suppl): abstract 8554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia S, Heath I, Puzanov W, Interleukin-21 plus sorafenib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): a phase I dose escalation study. J Immunother 2008;31(9):921-71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia S, Heath I, Puzanov W, Phase II study of recombinant Il-21 plus sorafenib as second or third line therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer [abstract 3023]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:15s
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H, Selby P, Mouritzen U, Subcutaneous (SC) dosing of recombinant human interleukin-21 (rIL-21) is safe and has clinical activity: results from a dose escalation study in stage 4 melanoma (MM) and renal cell cancer (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2009;26(Suppl): abstract 3041
   Google Scholar
• Petrella T, Savage K, Tozer R, Phase II study of Interleukin in patients with metastatic or recurrent melanoma. Abstract presented at 7th World Melanoma congress; May 2009
   Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356(2):125-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008;372:449-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar