Immune thrombocytopenia – what are the new treatment options?

Bibliography

• Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, et al. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010;115(2):168-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood 2009;113(11):2386-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neylon AJ, Saunders PW, Howard MR, et al. Clinically significant newly presenting autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults: a prospective study of a population-based cohort of 245 patients. Br J Haematol 2003;122(6):966-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen H, Schmidt K. The incidence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults increases with age. Blood 1999;94(3):909-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonen WM, Kucera G, Coalson J, et al. Epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in the General Practice Research Database. Br J Haematol 2009;145(2):235-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamson PE, Hall SA, Feudjo-Tepie M, et al. The incidence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura among adults: a population-based study and literature review. Eur J Haematol 2009;83(2):83-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan R, Durette C. Long-term outcomes in adults with chronic ITP after splenectomy failure. Blood 2004;104(4):956-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen YC, Djulbegovic B, Shamai-Lubovitz O, Mozes B. The bleeding risk and natural history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with persistent low platelet counts. Arch intern Med 2000;160(11):1630-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavotto C, Rodeghiero F. Twenty years experience with treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in a single department: results in 490 cases. Haematologica 1993;78(6 Suppl 2):22-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stasi R, Brunetti M, Pagano A, et al. Pulsed intravenous high-dose dexamethasone in adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood cells Mol Dis 2000;26(6):582-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Wong RS, Soo YO, et al. Initial treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura with high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med 2003;349(9):831-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzucconi MG, Fazi P, Bernasconi S, et al. Therapy with high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) in previously untreated patients affected by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a GIMEMA experience. Blood 2007;109(4):1401-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazaki K, Hosoi M, Hangaishi A, et al. Comparison between pulsed high-dose dexamethasone and daily corticosteroid therapy for adult primary immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective study. Intern Med 2012;51(8):859-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae SH, Ryoo H-M, Lee WS, et al. High dose dexamethasone vs. conventional dose prednisolone for adults with immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective multicenter phase III Trial. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2010;116:3687
   Google Scholar
• Liu XG, Ma SH, Sun JZ, et al. High-dose dexamethasone shifts the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory Fcgamma receptors on monocytes in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011;117(6):2061-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu XX, Huang BH, Zhang XL, et al. Dexamethasone inhibits immunoreactivity of dendritic cells in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010;21(6):564-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan NN, Zhu XJ, Wang Q, et al. High-dose dexamethasone regulates interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2009;94(11):1603-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu XJ, Shi Y, Sun JZ, et al. High-dose dexamethasone inhibits BAFF expression in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol 2009;29(5):603-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao J, Li L, Chen C, et al. Expression of interleukin-22 and relative CD4(+) T cell subsets in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Exp Hematol 2012;20(6):1432-5
   Google Scholar
• Hua F, Ji L, Zhan Y, et al. Pulsed high-dose dexamethasone improves interleukin 10 secretion by CD5+ B cells in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol 2012;32(6):1233-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojouri K, Vesely SK, Terrell DR, George JN. Splenectomy for adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review to assess long-term platelet count responses, prediction of response, and surgical complications. Blood 2004;104(9):2623-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Stipa E, Masi M, et al. Long-term observation of 208 adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 1995;98(5):436-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampath S, Meneghetti AT, MacFarlane JK, et al. An 18-year review of open and laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Surg 2007;193(5):580-3; discussion 3-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapucahy MV, Faintuch J, Bresciani CJ, et al. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy in the management of hematologic diseases. Rev Hosp Clin 2003;58(5):243-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordera F, Long KH, Nagorney DM, et al. Open versus laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: clinical and economic analysis. Surgery 2003;134(1):45-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomatsuya T, Horiuchi T. Laparoscopic splenectomy for treatment of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Comparison with open splenectomy. Surg Endosc 1999;13(6):563-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-Salazar RR, Herrera MF, Vargas-Vorackova F, Lopez-Karpovitch X. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Surg 1998;176(4):366-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crary SE, Buchanan GR. Vascular complications after splenectomy for hematologic disorders. Blood 2009;114(14):2861-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpatwari A, Provan D, Erqou S, et al. Autologous 111 In-labelled platelet sequestration studies in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) prior to splenectomy: a report from the United Kingdom ITP Registry. Br J Haematol 2010;151(5):477-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak T, Mainau C, Pyringer B, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new intravenous immunoglobulin 10% formulation (octagam(R) 10%) in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2010;15(5):351-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper N. Intravenous immunoglobulin and anti-RhD therapy in the management of immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology 2009;23(6):1317-27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despotovic JM, Lambert MP, Herman JH, et al. RhIG for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia: consensus and controversy (CME). Transfusion 2012;52(5):1126-36; quiz 5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak T, Windyga J, Trelinski J, et al. Rozrolimupab, a mixture of 25 recombinant human monoclonal RhD antibodies, in the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012;120(18):3670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaja F, Volpetti S, Chiozzotto M, et al. Long-term follow-up analysis after rituximab salvage therapy in adult patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 2012;87(9):886-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanima W, Godeau B, Cines DB, Bussel JB. How I treat immune thrombocytopenia: the choice between splenectomy or a medical therapy as a second-line treatment. Blood 2012;120(5):960-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel VL, Mahevas M, Lee SY, et al. Outcomes 5 years after response to rituximab therapy in children and adults with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012;119(25):5989-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaja F, Baccarani M, Mazza P, et al. Dexamethasone plus rituximab yields higher sustained response rates than dexamethasone monotherapy in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010;115(14):2755-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudbrandsdottir S, Birgens HS, Frederiksen H, et al. Rituximab and dexamethasone vs dexamethasone monotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DM, Heddle NM, Carruthers J, et al. A pilot randomized trial of adjuvant rituximab or placebo for nonsplenectomized patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012;119(6):1356-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009;113(20):4834-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiquandon I, Fenaux P, Caulier MT, et al. Re-evaluation of the role of azathioprine in the treatment of adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a report on 53 cases. Br J Haematol 1990;74(2):223-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emilia G, Morselli M, Luppi M, et al. Long-term salvage therapy with cyclosporin A in refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2002;99(4):1482-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappers-Klunne MC, van't Veer MB. Cyclosporin A for the treatment of patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to corticosteroids or splenectomy. Br J Haematol 2001;114(1):121-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlin M, Laros RK Jr, Penner JA. Treatment of refractory thrombocytopenic purpura with cyclophosphamine. Am J Hematol 1976;1(1):97-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner A, Gernsheimer T, Slichter SJ. Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy for refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1995;85(2):351-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloisel F, Andres E, Zimmer J, et al. Danazol therapy in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results. Am J Med 2004;116(9):590-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancine-Califani SM, De Paula EV, Ozelo MC, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapsone as a second-line treatment in non-splenectomized adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets 2008;19(7):489-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez F, Linares M, Colomina P, et al. Dapsone for refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1995;90(2):473-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provan D, Moss AJ, Newland AC, Bussel JB. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil as single-agent therapy for refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2006;81(1):19-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotb R, Pinganaud C, Trichet C, et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in adult refractory auto-immune cytopenias: a single center preliminary study. Eur J Haematol 2005;75(1):60-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DM, Nazi I, Santos A, et al. Combination immunosuppressant therapy for patients with chronic refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2010;115(1):29-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palau J, Jarque I, Sanz MA. Long-term management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Int J Gen Med 2010;3:305-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portielje JE, Westendorp RG, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Brand A. Morbidity and mortality in adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2001;97(9):2549-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Evangelista ML, Stipa E, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: current concepts in pathophysiology and management. Thromb Haemost 2008;99(1):4-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branehog I, Kutti J, Weinfeld A. Platelet survival and platelet production in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Br J Haematol 1974;27(1):127-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker LA. Platelet production. N Engl J Med 1970;282(9):492-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker LA. Thrombokinetics in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1970;19(1):95-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan GR, Scher CS, Button LN, Nathan DG. Use of homologous platelet survival in differential diagnoses of chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood. Pediatrics 1977;59(1):45-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballem PJ, Segal GM, Stratton JR, et al. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Evidence of both impaired platelet production and increased platelet clearance. J Clin Invest 1987;80(1):33-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll D, Cines DB, Aster RH, Murphy S. Platelet kinetics in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and moderate thrombocytopenia. Blood 1985;65(3):584-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent D, McMillan R, Nichol JL, Slichter SJ. Pathogenesis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: increased platelet destruction and/or decreased platelet production. Br J Haematol 2009;146(6):585-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwerzijl EJ, Blom NR, van der Want JJ, et al. Ultrastructural study shows morphologic features of apoptosis and para-apoptosis in megakaryocytes from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2004;103(2):500-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson B, Andersson PO, Jernas M, et al. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward platelets in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nat Med 2003;9(9):1123-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souyri M, Vigon I, Penciolelli JF, et al. A putative truncated cytokine receptor gene transduced by the myeloproliferative leukemia virus immortalizes hematopoietic progenitors. Cell 1990;63(6):1137-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling F, Tambourin P. The oncogene V-MPL, a putative truncated cytokine receptor which immortalizes hematopoietic progenitors. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1991;33(2):145-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vigon I, Mornon JP, Cocault L, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of MPL, the human homolog of the v-mpl oncogene: identification of a member of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89(12):5640-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoda RC, Seldin DC, Chiang MK, et al. Murine c-mpl: a member of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor superfamily that transduces a proliferative signal. EMBO J 1993;12(7):2645-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Methia N, Louache F, Vainchenker W, Wendling F. Oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to the proto-oncogene c-mpl specifically inhibit in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis. Blood 1993;82(5):1395-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley TD, Bogenberger J, Hunt P, et al. Identification and cloning of a megakaryocyte growth and development factor that is a ligand for the cytokine receptor Mpl. Cell 1994;77(7):1117-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sauvage FJ, Hass PE, Spencer SD, et al. Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl ligand. Nature 1994;369(6481):533-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Beeler DL, Rosenberg RD. The purification of megapoietin: a physiological regulator of megakaryocyte growth and platelet production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(23):11104-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok S, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, et al. Cloning and expression of murine thrombopoietin cDNA and stimulation of platelet production in vivo. Nature 1994;369(6481):565-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling F, Maraskovsky E, Debili N, et al. c-Mpl ligand is a humoral regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis. Nature 1994;369(6481):571-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezumi Y, Takayama H, Okuma M. Thrombopoietin, c-Mpl ligand, induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk2, JAK2, and STAT3, and enhances agonists-induced aggregation in platelets in vitro. FEBS Lett 1995;374(1):48-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel R, Wiestner A, Skoda RC. Thrombopoietin in thrombocytopenic mice: evidence against regulation at the mRNA level and for a direct regulatory role of platelets. Blood 1996;87(2):567-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons RV, Reid DM, Cohen RL, et al. Human thrombopoietin levels are high when thrombocytopenia is due to megakaryocyte deficiency and low when due to increased platelet destruction. Blood 1996;87(10):4068-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Rosenberg RD. The reciprocal relationship of thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand) to changes in the platelet mass during busulfan-induced thrombocytopenia in the rabbit. Blood 1995;85(10):2720-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol JL. Thrombopoietin levels after chemotherapy and in naturally occurring human diseases. Curr Opin Hematol 1998;5(3):203-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aledort LM, Hayward CP, Chen MG, et al. Prospective screening of 205 patients with ITP, including diagnosis, serological markers, and the relationship between platelet counts, endogenous thrombopoietin, and circulating antithrombopoietin antibodies. Am J Hematol 2004;76(3):205-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwana M, Okazaki Y, Satoh T, et al. Initial laboratory findings useful for predicting the diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 2005;118(9):1026-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Begley CG. Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood 2002;100(10):3457-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Yang C, Xia Y, et al. Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin. Blood 2001;98(12):3241-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwirla SE, Balasubramanian P, Duffin DJ, et al. Peptide agonist of the thrombopoietin receptor as potent as the natural cytokine. Science 1997;276(5319):1696-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy KJ, Darcy MG, Delorme E, et al. Hydrazinonaphthalene and azonaphthalene thrombopoietin mimics are nonpeptidyl promoters of megakaryocytopoiesis. J Med Chem 2001;44(22):3730-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luengo JI, Duffy KJ, Shaw AN, et al. Discovery of SB-497115, a small-molecule thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2004;104:2910
   Google Scholar
• Erickson-Miller CL, DeLorme E, Tian SS, et al. Discovery and characterization of a selective, nonpeptidyl thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Exp Hematol 2005;33(1):85-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins JM, Williams D, Deng Y, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of eltrombopag, an oral, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Blood 2007;109(11):4739-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ. New thrombopoietic growth factors. Blood 2007;109(11):4607-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussel J, Provan D, Shamsi T, et al. Eltrombopag raises platelet count and reduces bleeding compared with placebo during short-term treatment in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a phase II study. Haematologica 2007;0390
   Google Scholar
• Cheng G, Saleh MN, Marcher C, et al. Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): a 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet 2011;377(9763):393-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh MN, Bussel JB, Cheng G, et al. Safety and efficacy of eltrombopag for treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: results of the long-term, open-label EXTEND study. Blood 2013;121(3):537-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broudy VC, Lin NL. AMG531 stimulates megakaryopoiesis in vitro by binding to Mpl. Cytokine 2004;25(2):52-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley C, McElroy T, Molineux G, Begley G. The novel thrombopoietic agent AMG 531 is effective in pre-clinical models of chemo/radiotherapy induced thrombocytopenia. AACR Meeting Abstracts; 2005. p. 286-d-287
   Google Scholar
• Cuker A. Toxicities of the thrombopoietic growth factors. Semin Hematol 2010;47(3):289-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozaki R, Murata S, Nowatari T, et al. Effects of thrombopoietin on growth of hepatocellular carcinoma: is thrombopoietin therapy for liver disease safe or not? Hepatol Res 2012; Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• Wang B, Nichol JL, Sullivan JT. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of AMG 531, a novel thrombopoietin receptor ligand. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76(6):628-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai Y, Fujita T, Ozaki M, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of AMG 531, a thrombopoiesis-stimulating peptibody, in healthy Japanese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47(12):1489-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, George JN, et al. AMG 531, a thrombopoiesis-stimulating protein, for chronic ITP. N Engl J Med 2006;355(16):1672-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland A, Caulier MT, Kappers-Klunne M, et al. An open-label, unit dose-finding study of AMG 531, a novel thrombopoiesis-stimulating peptibody, in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2006;135(4):547-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Lyons RM, et al. Efficacy of romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9610):395-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullarkat VA, Gernsheimer TB, Wasser JS, et al. Quantifying the reduction in immunoglobulin use over time in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura receiving romiplostim (AMG 531). Am J Hematol 2009;84(8):538-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirasugi Y, Ando K, Miyazaki K, et al. Romiplostim for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia in adult Japanese patients: a double-blind, randomized Phase III clinical trial. Int J Hematol 2011;94(1):71-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussel JB, Buchanan GR, Nugent DJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of romiplostim to determine its safety and efficacy in children with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011;118(1):28-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Newland AC, et al. Long-term Treatment with Romiplostim in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): safety and Efficacy. Br J Haematol 2013;161(3):411-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussel J, Rodeghiero F, Lyons R, et al. Sustained hemostatic platelet counts in adults with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) following cessation of treatment with the TPO receptor agonist romoiplostim: report of 9 cases. Blood 2011;118:3281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland A, Cervinek L, Eggerman J, et al. Sustained Hemostatic Platelet Counts in Adult Patients With Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Following Cessation of Romiplostim – Four European Case Studies. Haematologica 2011;96(2):98
   Google Scholar
• Cooper N, Terrinoni I, Newland A. The efficacy and safety of romiplostim in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Ther Adv Hematol 2012;3(5):291-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bao W, Bussel JB, Heck S, et al. Improved regulatory T-cell activity in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with thrombopoietic agents. Blood 2010;116(22):4639-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias SD, Gao SK, Miller KL, et al. Impact of chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) on health-related quality of life: a conceptual model starting with the patient perspective. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2008;6:13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder CF, Mathias SD, Cella D, et al. Health-related quality of life of immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients: results from a web-based survey. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(10):2767-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantino MD, Bolton-Maggs PH. Update on the management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Curr Opin Hematol 2007;14(5):526-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ, Mathias SD, Rummel M, et al. Health-related quality of life in nonsplenectomized immune thrombocytopenia patients receiving romiplostim or medical standard of care. Am J Hematol 2012;87(5):558-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JN, Mathias SD, Go RS, et al. Improved quality of life for romiplostim-treated patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: results from two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Br J Haematol 2009;144(3):409-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz MA, Aledort L, Mathias SD, et al. Analysis of EQ-5D scores from two phase 3 clinical trials of romiplostim in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Value Health 2011;14(1):90-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima-Shintani M, Suzuki K, Iwatsuki Y, et al. AKR-501 (YM477) in combination with thrombopoietin enhances human megakaryocytopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2008;36(10):1337-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima-Shintani M, Suzuki K, Iwatsuki Y, et al. AKR-501 (YM477) a novel orally-active thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Eur J Haematol 2009;82(4):247-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziewanowska ZE, Matsumoto RM, Zhang JK, et al. Single and multiple oral doses of LGD-4665, a small molecule thrombopoietin receptor agonist, increase platelet counts in healthy male subjects. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2007;110:1298
   Google Scholar
• Nogami W, Yoshida H, Koizumi K, et al. The effect of a novel, small non-peptidyl molecule butyzamide on human thrombopoietin receptor and megakaryopoiesis. Haematologica 2008;93(10):1495-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid R, Bennett JM, Becker M, et al. Use of eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, in post-transplantation thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 2012;87(7):743-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuter DJ. What is the potential for thrombopoietic agents in acute leukemia? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011;24(4):553-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voican CS, Naveau S, Perlemuter G. Successful antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-induced cirrhosis after an increase in the platelet count with romiplostim: two case reports. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24(12):1455-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afdhal NH, Giannini EG, Tayyab G, et al. for the ELEVATE Study Group. Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:716-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar