An update on the pharmacotherapy options for pediatric diabetes

Bibliography

• American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2012;35(Suppl 1):S64-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyurus E, et al. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet 2009;373:2027-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDF Diabetes Atlas 6th edition. Available from: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas
   Google Scholar
• D'Adamo E, Caprio S. Type 2 diabetes in youth: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl 2):S161-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liese AD, D'Agostino RB Jr, Hamman RF, et al. The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2006;118:1510-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt DJ, Talton J, Dabelea D, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in U.S. youth in 2009: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Amemiya S, et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2009;10(Suppl 12):17-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MM, et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia 2013;56:1471-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005;28:186-212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb L, et al. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabeted 2009;10(Suppl 12):82-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA 2003;290:2159-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J Pediatr 1994;125:177-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holl RW, Swift PG, Mortensen HB, et al. Insulin injection regimens and metabolic control in an international survey of adolescents with type 1 diabetes over 3 years: results from the Hvidore study group. Eur J Pediatr 2003;162:22-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, et al. Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J 1922;12:141-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polonsky KS. The past 200 years in diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1332-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrotti A, Chiuri RM, Blasetti A, et al. Treatment options for paediatric diabetes. Expert Opin Pharm 2010;11:2483-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch IB. Insulin analogues. N Engl J Med 2005;352:174-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Stergidou D. Insulin analogues for type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Drugs Today (Barc) 2012;48:795-809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Ellis SL, Ulrich H. Insulin glulisine: a new rapid-acting insulin analogue for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin Pharm 2005;6:643-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danne T. Flexibility of rapid-acting insulin analogues in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2007;29(Suppl D):S145-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danne T, Aman J, Schober E, et al. A comparison of postprandial and preprandial administration of insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2359-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies PS, Figgitt DP, Lamb HM. Insulin glargine. Drugs 2000;59:253-60; discussion 252-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg S, Moser E, Dain MP, Rodionova A. Clinical experience with insulin glargine in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12:835-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH human insulin in type 1 diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11:372-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennagels N, Werner U. The metabolic and mitogenic properties of basal insulin analogues. Arch Phys Biochem 2013;119:1-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating GM. Insulin detemir: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2012;72:2255-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danne T, Lupke K, Walte K, et al. Insulin detemir is characterized by a consistent pharmacokinetic profile across age-groups in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3087-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson KJ, Schoenle E, Gucev Z, et al. Insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2007;24:27-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalange N, Bereket A, Larsen J, et al. Insulin analogues in children with type 1 diabetes: a 52-week randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med 2013;30:216-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalange N, Bereket A, Larsen J, et al. Treatment with insulin detemir or NPH insulin in children aged 2-5 yr with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2011;12:632-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Surh J, Kaur M. Insulin degludec as an ultralong-acting basal insulin once a day: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012;5:191-204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caparrotta TM, Evans M. PEGylated insulin lispro, (LY2605541)-a new basal insulin analogue. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller S, Buse J, Fisher M, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 1): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;379:1489-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendell M. Insulin degludec: a long-acting modern insulin analogue with a predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile. Drugs Today (Barc) 2013;49:387-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (BEGIN™). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01513473
   Google Scholar
• Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Danne T. Treatment of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents using modern insulin pumps. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;93(Suppl 1):S118-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H, et al. Use of insulin pump therapy in the pediatric age-group: consensus statement from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1653-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Jones TW, Davis EA. Long-term outcome of insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes assessed in a large population-based case-control study. Diabetologia 2013;56:2392-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battelino T, Conget I, Olsen B, et al. The use and efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2012;55:3155-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovorka R. Closed-loop insulin delivery: from bench to clinical practice. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;7:385-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobelli C, Renard E, Kovatchev B. Artificial pancreas: past, present, future. Diabetes 2011;60:2672-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elleri D, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Closed-loop insulin delivery for treatment of type 1 diabetes. BMC Med 2011;9:120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyka K, Ford-Adams M, Dunger DB. Hypoglycaemia and counterregulation during childhood. Horm Res 2002;57(Suppl 1):85-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillip M, Battelino T, Atlas E, et al. Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp. N Engl J Med 2013;368:824-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RM, Dunger DB. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:440-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heptulla RA, Rodriguez LM, Bomgaars L, Haymond MW. The role of amylin and glucagon in the dampening of glycemic excursions in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005;54:1100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George P, McCrimmon RJ. Potential role of non-insulin adjunct therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2013;30:179-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brufani C, Fintini D, Nobili V, et al. Use of metformin in pediatric age. Pediatr Diabetes 2011;12:580-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunger DB. Diabetes in puberty. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:569-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella S, Buetow L, Royle P, et al. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia 2010;53:809-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelghaffar S, Attia AM. Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD006691
   Google Scholar
• Anderson J, Pena AS, Sullivan T, et al. Does metformin improve vascular heath in children with type 1 diabetes? Protocol for a one year, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2013;13:108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, et al. A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:724-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez LM, Mason KJ, Haymond MW, Heptulla RA. The role of prandial pramlintide in the treatment of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Res 2007;62:746-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase HP, Lutz K, Pencek R, et al. Pramlintide lowered glucose excursions and was well-tolerated in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Pediatr 2009;155:369-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa CM, Azar ST. Possible role of GLP-1 and its agonists in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rep 2012;12:560-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielgast U, Krarup T, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Four weeks of treatment with liraglutide reduces insulin dose without loss of glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients with and without residual beta-cell function. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1463-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varanasi A, Bellini N, Rawal D, et al. Liraglutide as additional treatment for type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:77-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merani S, Truong W, Emamaullee JA, et al. Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, improves glucose homeostasis in marginal mass islet transplantation in mice. Endocrinology 2008;149:4322-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudaliar S, Henry RR. Effects of incretin hormones on beta-cell mass and function, body weight, and hepatic and myocardial function. Am J Med 2010;123:S19-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu G, Stoffers DA, Habener JF, Bonner-Weir S. Exendin-4 stimulates both beta-cell replication and neogenesis, resulting in increased beta-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Diabetes 1999;48:2270-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis SL, Moser EG, Snell-Bergeon JK, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on glucose control in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Diabet Med 2011;28:1176-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raman VS, Mason KJ, Rodriguez LM, et al. The role of adjunctive exenatide therapy in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1294-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rewers M, Gottlieb P. Immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes: human trials and a look into the future. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1769-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyler JS, Ricordi C. Stopping type 1 diabetes: attempts to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes in man. Diabetes 2011;60:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson J, Faresjo M, Hjorth M, et al. GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1909-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandrup-Poulsen T, Pickersgill L, Donath MY. Blockade of interleukin 1 in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6:158-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran A, Bundy B, Becker DJ, et al. Interleukin-1 antagonism in type 1 diabetes of recent onset: two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 2013;381:1905-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart AB, Martens PJ, Rigatto C, et al. Earlier onset of complications in youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flint A, Arslanian S. Treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl 2):S177-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaidyanathan J, Choe S, Sahajwalla CG. Type 2 diabetes in pediatrics and adults: thoughts from a clinical pharmacology perspective. J Pharm Sci 2012;101:1659-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2013;131:364-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinehr T, Schober E, Roth CL, et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res 2008;69:107-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, et al. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002;25:89-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A, Cara JF. Glimepiride versus metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, single-blind comparative study. Diabetes Care 2007;30:790-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman SL, Lessem J. Mechanisms and clinical effects of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1997;6:1025-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebovitz HE, Dole JF, Patwardhan R, et al. Rosiglitazone monotherapy is effective in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:280-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung J, Henry RR. Thiazolidinedione safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012;11:565-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1191-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colmers IN, Bowker SL, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA. Use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of bladder cancer among people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2012;184:E675-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein SA, Lamos EM, Davis SN. A review of the efficacy and safety of oral antidiabetic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013;12:153-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, et al. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2247-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar