Novel monoclonal antibodies for therapy of multiple sclerosis

Bibliography

• Feldman M, Taylor P, Paleolog E, et al. Anti-TNF alpha therapy is useful in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease: analysis of the mechanism of action predicts utility in other diseases. Transplant Proc 1998;30(8):4126-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornbluth A. Infliximab approved for use in Crohn's disease: a report on the FDA GI Advisory Committee conference. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1998;4(4):328-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarland HF, Martin R. Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2007;8(9):913-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008;372(9648):1502-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selewski DT, Shah GV, Segal BM, et al. Natalizumab (Tysabri). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31(9):1588-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354(9):899-910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354(9):911-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C, et al. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2012;366(20):1870-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: https://cmscactrims.confex.com/cmscactrims/2013/webprogram/Handout/Paper1642/Plavina_Tysabri%20JCV%20Ab%20Index_2013%20CMSC%20Poster_FINAL.pdf [Accessed on 15 December 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Posevitz V, et al. L-Selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Neurology 2013;81(10):865-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havla J, Kleiter I, Kumpfel T. Bridging, switching or drug holidays - how to treat a patient who stops natalizumab? Ther Clin Risk Manag 2013;9:361-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JW, Coles AJ. Alemtuzumab: evidence for its potential in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013;7:131-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox AL, Thompson SA, Jones JL, et al. Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2005;35(11):3332-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson SA, Jones JL, Cox AL, et al. B-cell reconstitution and BAFF after alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2010;30(1):99-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1819-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1829-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators CT, Coles AJ, Compston DA, et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359(17):1786-801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clatworthy MR, Wallin EF, Jayne DR. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease after alemtuzumab. N Engl J Med 2008;359(7):768-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JI, Lee JS. More on anti-glomerular basement membrane disease after alemtuzumab. N Engl J Med 2008;359(23):2501-2; author reply 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JL, Phuah CL, Cox AL, et al. IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). J Clin Invest 2009;119(7):2052-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disanto G, Morahan JM, Barnett MH, et al. The evidence for a role of B cells in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2012;78(11):823-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann MK, Ray A, Basu S, et al. Pathogenic and regulatory roles for B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2012;45(5):388-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy K. Janeway's immunobiology. 8th edition. Taylor & Francis Ltd, New York, NY, USA, Abingdon, UK; 2011
   Google Scholar
• Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(7):676-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo-Trivino T, Braithwaite D, Bacchetti P, Waubant E. Rituximab in relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e66308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray A, Mann MK, Basu S, Dittel BN. A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011;230(1-2):1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina F, Segundo C, Campos-Caro A, et al. The heterogeneity shown by human plasma cells from tonsil, blood, and bone marrow reveals graded stages of increasing maturity, but local profiles of adhesion molecule expression. Blood 2002;99(6):2154-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei HE, Schmidt S, Dorner T. Rationale of anti-CD19 immunotherapy: an option to target autoreactive plasma cells in autoimmunity. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14(Suppl 5):S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierda WG, Padmanabhan S, Chan GW, et al. Ofatumumab is active in patients with fludarabine-refractory CLL irrespective of prior rituximab: results from the phase 2 international study. Blood 2011;118(19):5126-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore GL, Chen H, Karki S, Lazar GA. Engineered Fc variant antibodies with enhanced ability to recruit complement and mediate effector functions. mAbs 2010;2(2):181-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, et al. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(9):2652-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-Group Study To Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ocrelizumab in Comparison to Interferon Beta-1a (Rebif®) in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01247324?term=ocrelizumab&rank=1 [Accessed 25 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-Group Study To Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ocrelizumab in Comparison to Interferon Beta-1a (Rebif®) in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01412333?term=ocrelizumab&rank=2 [Accessed 25 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Phase III, Multicentre, Randomized, Parallel-group, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ocrelizumab in Adults With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01194570?term=ocrelizumab&rank=6 [Accessed 25 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Li D, Calabresi PA, et al. Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2011;378(9805):1779-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez O, Arnal-Garcia C, Arroyo-Gonzalez R, et al. Review of the novelties presented at the 28th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) (I). Rev Neurol 2013;57(5):217-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009;113(20):4834-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta IV, Jewell RC. Ofatumumab, the first human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of B cell hematologic malignancies. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012;1263:43-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Quattrocchi E, Mallett S, et al. Ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in biological-naive, rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(12):2119-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose-Ranging Study to Investigate the MRI Efficacy and Safety of Six Months' Administration of Ofatumumab in Subjects With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01457924?term=NCT01457924&rank=1 [Accessed on 25 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Herbst R, Wang Y, Gallagher S, et al. B-cell depletion in vitro and in vivo with an afucosylated anti-CD19 antibody. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010;335(1):213-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward E, Mittereder N, Kuta E, et al. A glycoengineered anti-CD19 antibody with potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity in vitro and lymphoma growth inhibition in vivo. Br J Haematol 2011;155(4):426-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Phase 1 Randomized Study of MEDI-551 in Subjects With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01585766?term=Medimmune+AND+%22multiple+sclerosis%22&rank=1 [Accessed on 15 December 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Bojin S, Biagini IM, et al. Tabalumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate and naive to biologic therapy: a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(4):880-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boneparth A, Davidson A. B-cell activating factor targeted therapy and lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14(Suppl 4):S2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genovese M, Silverman GJ, Emery P, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous administration of tabalumab, an anti-B cell activating factor monoclonal antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blind study [abstract]. Presented on ACR/ARHP Meeting; 28 October 2013
   Google Scholar
• Lilly Discontinues Phase 3 Rheumatoid Arthritis Program for Tabalumab Based on Efficacy results. Available from: https://investorlillycom/releasedetailcfm?releaseid=738769 [Accessed on 25 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Multiple Subcutaneous Doses of LY2127399, an Anti-BAFF Human Antibody, in Subjects With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT00882999?term=Tabalumab&rank=11 [Accessed on 21 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Hartung HP, Kieseier BC. Atacicept: targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2010;3(4):205-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantrell DA, Smith KA. The interleukin-2 T-cell system: a new cell growth model. Science 1984;224(4655):1312-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickert M, Boulanger MJ, Goriatcheva N, Garcia KC. Compensatory energetic mechanisms mediating the assembly of signaling complexes between interleukin-2 and its alpha, beta, and gamma(c) receptors. J Mol Biol 2004;339(5):1115-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hoogen MW, Hilbrands LB. Use of monoclonal antibodies in renal transplantation. Immunotherapy 2011;3(7):871-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuest SC, Edwan JH, Martin JF, et al. A role for interleukin-2 trans-presentation in dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in humans, as revealed by daclizumab therapy. Nat Med 2011;17(5):604-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JF, Perry JS, Jakhete NR, et al. An IL-2 paradox: blocking CD25 on T cells induces IL-2-driven activation of CD56(bright) NK cells. J Immunol 2010;185(2):1311-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S, et al. Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(15):5941-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielekova B, Howard T, Packer AN, et al. Effect of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab in the inhibition of inflammation and stabilization of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2009;66(4):483-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-group, Monotherapy, Active-control Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Daclizumab High Yield Process (DAC HYP) Versus Avonex® (Interferon beta 1a) in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT01064401 [Accessed on 24 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Wynn D, Kaufman M, Montalban X, et al. Daclizumab in active relapsing multiple sclerosis (CHOICE study): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on trial with interferon beta. Lancet Neurol 2010;9(4):381-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold R, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, et al. Daclizumab high-yield process in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SELECT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381(9884):2167-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.mstrust.org.uk/research/drugsindevelopment/daclizumab.jsp [Accessed 16 December 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Baeten D, Baraliakos X, Braun J, et al. Anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2013;382(9906):1705-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten DL, Kuchroo VK. How cytokine networks fuel inflammation: interleukin-17 and a tale of two autoimmune diseases. Nat Med 2013;19(7):824-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:485-517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A 1-year Open Label Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of AIN457 in Patients With Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT01433250 [Accessed 24 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel Group, Placebo-controlled, Adaptive Dose-ranging Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AIN457 (Secukinumab) in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT01874340 [Accessed 24 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez O, Alvarez-Cermeno JC, Arroyo-Gonzalez R, et al. Review of the novelties presented at the 27th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) (II). Rev Neurol 2012;54(12):734-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez O, Alvarez-Cermeno JC, Arroyo-Gonzalez R, et al. Review of the novelties presented at the 27th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) (I). Rev Neurol 2012;54(11):677-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes IB, Sieper J, Braun J, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriatic arthritis: a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II proof-of-concept trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(2):349-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Durez P, Richards HB, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II, dose-finding, double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(6):863-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Langley RG, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II dose-ranging study. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(2):412-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber W, Sands BE, Lewitzky S, et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn's disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gut 2012;61(12):1693-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Morcos PN, Saito T, Terao K. Clinical pharmacology of tocilizumab for the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013;6(2):123-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Millan I, Singh JA, Curtis JR. Systematic review of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis: a new biologic agent targeting the interleukin-6 receptor. Clin Ther 2012;34(4):788-802. e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijbels K, Van Damme J, Proost P, et al. Interleukin 6 production in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 1990;20(1):233-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijbels K, Brocke S, Abrams JS, Steinman L. Administration of neutralizing antibodies to interleukin-6 (IL-6) reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and is associated with elevated levels of IL-6 bioactivity in central nervous system and circulation. Mol Med 1995;1(7):795-805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda Y, Sakoda S, Bernard CC, et al. IL-6-deficient mice are resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis provoked by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Int Immunol 1998;10(5):703-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maimone D, Guazzi GC, Annunziata P. IL-6 detection in multiple sclerosis brain. J Neurol Sci 1997;146(1):59-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmestrom C, Andersson BA, Haghighi S, Lycke J. IL-6 and CCL2 levels in CSF are associated with the clinical course of MS: implications for their possible immunopathogenic roles. J Neuroimmunol 2006;175(1-2):176-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006;441(7090):235-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W, et al. Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(9):3701-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieseier BC, Stuve O, Dehmel T, et al. Disease amelioration with tocilizumab in a treatment-resistant patient with neuromyelitis optica: implication for cellular immune responses. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(3):390-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Schroder A, et al. Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(3):394-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton JA. Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(7):533-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQualter JL, Darwiche R, Ewing C, et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a new putative therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2001;194(7):873-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase Ib Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of MOR103, a Human Antibody to GM-CSF, in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01517282?term=MOR103&rank=2 [Accessed on 15 December 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Rudick RA, Mi S, Sandrock AW Jr. LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8(10):1561-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi S, Miller RH, Lee X, et al. LINGO-1 negatively regulates myelination by oligodendrocytes. Nat Neurosci 2005;8(6):745-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi S, Hu B, Hahm K, et al. LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2007;13(10):1228-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi S, Miller RH, Tang W, et al. Promotion of central nervous system remyelination by induced differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Ann Neurol 2009;65(3):304-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cen J, Wu H, Wang J, et al. Local injection of lentivirus encoding LINGO-1 shRNA promotes functional recovery in rats with complete spinal cord transaction. Spine 2013;38(19):1632-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv J, Xu RX, Jiang XD, et al. Passive immunization with LINGO-1 polyclonal antiserum afforded neuroprotection and promoted functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010;17(4):270-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran J, Palaparthy R, Zhao J, et al. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the anti-LINGO-1 monoclonal antibody BIIB033 in healthy volunteers and subjects with multiple sclerosis [abstract Session P4: neural Repair/ Neuroregeneration]. Neurology 2012;78:P0021
   Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of BIIB033 in Subjects With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis When Used Concurrently With Avonex. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01864148?term=BIIB033&rank=2 [Accessed on 20 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of BIIB033 in Subjects With First Episode of Acute Optic Neuritis. Available from: http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01721161?term=BIIB033&rank=4 [Accessed on 20 November 2013]
   Google Scholar