Sinecatechins (Polyphenon E) ointment for treatment of external genital warts and possible future indications

Bibliography

• Reuter J, Merfort I, Schempp CM. Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010;11:247-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEREGEN (Sinecatechins) Ointment, 15%. Available from: www.veregen.com
   Google Scholar
• Tyring SK. Sinecatechins. Effects on HPV-induced enzymes involved in inflammatory mediator generation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012;5:19-26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunne EF, Friedmann A, Datta D, et al. Updates on human papillomavirus and genital warts and counselling messages from the 2010 sexually transmitted disease guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(Suppl 3):S143-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacey CJ, Woodhall SC, Wikstrom A, Ross J. 2012 European guideline for the management of anogenital warts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:e263-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am J Med 1997;102:3-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodhall S, Ramsay T, Cai C, et al. Estimation of the impact of genital warts on health-related quality of life. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:161-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC): 2010 STD treatment guidelines. MMWR 2010;59:no RR-12. Available from: www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010
   Google Scholar
• Gross G, Meyer KG, Pres H, et al. A randomized, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase II/III study to investigate the clinical efficacy of two galenic formulations of Polyphenon E in the treatment of external genital warts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1404-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockfleth E, Beti H, Orasan R, et al. Topical Polyphenon E in the Treatment of external genital and perianal warts: a randomized controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1329-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatti S, Swinehart JM, Thielert C, et al. Sinecatechins, a defined green tea extract, in the treatment of external anogenital warts: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:1371-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatti S, Stockfleth E, Beutner KR, et al. Polyphenon E: a new treatment for external anogenital warts. Br J Dermatol 2010;162:176-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy SM. Polyphenon E 10% ointment in immunocompetent adults with external genital and perianal warts. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:275-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer SM, Monk BJ, Tewari KS. Green tea catechins for treatment of external genital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:233.e1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman B, Wolf J. The role of Imiquimod 3.75% cream in the treatment of external genital warts. Skin Therapy Lett 2012;17:5-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker DA, Ferris DG, Martens MG, et al. Imiquimod 3.75% cream applied daily to treat anogenital warts: combined results from women in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:806105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh BN, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82:1807-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley M. Immune responses to human papillomaviruses. Indian J Med Res 2009;130:266-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland SM. Imiquimod. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:85-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Labrecque S, Gauzzi MC, et al. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E6 oncoprotein physically interacts with Tyk2 and impairs Jak-STAT activation by interferon-alpha. Oncogene 1999;18:5727-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockfleth E, Meyer T. The use of sinecatechins (polyphenon E) ointment for treatment of external genital warts. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012;12:783-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EK, Choi EJ. Pathological roles of MAPK signalling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1802:396-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah JF, Sivaprakasam B, Eckert RL, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway. J Biol Chem 2004;279:12755-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen CA, Dashwood RH, Bisson WH. Tea catechins as inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases: mechanistic insights and human relevance. Pharmacol Res 2010;62:457-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe-Seyler F, Butz K. Cellular control of human papillomavirus oncogene transcription. Mol Carcinog 1994;10:134-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu JH, Lin BY, Deng W, et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinases activate the nuclear localization sequence of human papillomavirus type 11 E1 DNA helicase to promote efficient nuclear import. J Virol 2007;81:5066-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu M, Adachi S, Masuda M, et al. Cancer chemoprevention with green tea catechins by targeting receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011;55:832-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Ann Rev Immunol 2011;29:235-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2003;3:234-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clouth A, Schöfer H. Treatment of recalcitrant facial verrucae vulgares with sinecatechins (greentea catechins) ointment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013. [ Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Rodriguez E, Andikyan V, et al. A case report of vulvar carcinoma in situ treated with sinecatechins with complete response. Gynecol Oncol Case Rep 2013;6:10-12
   Google Scholar
• Proby CM, Harwood CA, Neale RE, et al. A case-control study of beta papillomavirus infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2011;11:1498-508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwes Bavinck JN, Neale RE, Abeni D, et al. Multicenter study of the association between beta papillomavirus infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2010;70:9777-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden GT. Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:23-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giampieri S, Storey A. Repair of UV-induced thymine dimers is compromised in cells expressing E6 protein from human papillomavirus types 5 and 18. Br J Cancer 2004;90:1425-6
   Google Scholar
• Jackson S, Harwood C, Thomas M, et al. Role of Bak in UV-induced apoptosis in skin cancer and abrogation by HPV E6 proteins. Genes Dev 2000;14:3065-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muschik D, Braspenning-Wesch I, Stockfleth E, et al. Cutaneous HPV23 E6 prevents p53 phosphorylation through interaction with HIPK2. PLoS One 2011;6:e27655
   Google Scholar
• Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Meyer T, et al. Skin diseases following transplantation – risk factors and new therapeutic approaches. Transplant Proc 2001;33:1848-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz T, Beissert S. Milestones in photoimmunology. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:E7-E10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouret S, Baudouin C, Charveron M, et al. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are predominant DNA lesions in whole human skin exposed to UVA radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:13765-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielbassa C, Roza L, Epe B. Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:811-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiloh Y. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:155-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishigori C. Cellular aspects of photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006;5:208-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valencia A, Kochevar IE. Nox1-based NADPH oxidase is the major source of UVA-induced reactive oxygen species in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:214-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostyuk V, Potapovich A, Stancato A, et al. Photo-oxidation products of skin surface squalene mediate metabolic and inflammatory responses to solar UV in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2012;7:8e44472
   Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Shao Y, Zhou J, et al. Ultraviolet irradiation-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nuclear transition in human keratinocytes. J Cell Biochem 2009;107:873-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Bowden GT. Activation of p38 MAP kinase and JNK pathways by UVA irradiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012;11:54-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard JJ, Cowing-Zitron C, Nakatsuji T, et al. Ultraviolet radiation damages self noncoding RNA and is detected by TLR3. Nat Med 2012;18:1286-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani A, Alavena P, Sica A, Balkwell F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008;454:436-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz A, Navid F, Sparwasser T, et al. In vivo reprogramming of UV radiation-induced regulatory T-cell migration to inhibit the elicitation of contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:826-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beissert S, Schwarz T. Ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression: implications for photocarcinogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2009;146:109-21
   Google Scholar
• Hofbauer GFL, Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Euvrard S. Organ transplantation and skin cancer: basic problems and new perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:473-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaporis HG, Guttman-Yassky E, Lowell MA, et al. Human basal cell carcinoma is associated with Foxp3 T-cells in a Th2 dominant microenvironment. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:2391-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SJ, Hijnen D, Murphy GF, et al. Imiquimod enhances IFN-gamma production and effector function of T-cells infiltrating human squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2676-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ZY, Agarwal R, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1991;12:1527-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK, Mohan RR, Agarwal R, et al. Protection against induction of mouse skin papillomas with low and high risk of conversion to malignancy by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:497-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal A, Piyathilake C, Hara Y, et al. Exceptionally high protection of photocarcinogensis by topical application of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in hydrophilic cream in SKH-1 hairless mouse model: relationship to inhibition of UVB-induced global DNA hypomethylation. Neoplasia 2003;5:555-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeran SM, Akhtar S, Katiyar SK. Inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by drinking green tea polyphenols is mediated through DNA repair and subsequent inhibition of inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:1258-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ZY, Huang MT, Ho CT, et al. Inhibitory effect of green tea on the growth of established skin papillomas in mice. Cancer Res 1992;52:6657-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afaq F, Adami VN, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Oncogene 2003;22:1035-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthelman M, Bair WB III, Strickland KK, et al. (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activity. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:2201-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Suppression of UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B by green tea polyphenol in SKH-1 in hairless mice. Oncogene 2003;22:9254-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayalil PK, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Treatment of green tea polyphenols in hydrophilic cream prevents UVB-induced oxidation of lipids and proteins, depletion of antioxidant enzymes and phosphorylation of MAPK proteins in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 2003;24:927-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro C, Zazzeroni F, Papa S, et al. The NF kappa B transcription factor pathway as a therapeutic target in cancer: methods for detection of NF kappa B activity. Methods Mol Biol 2009;512:169-207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols JA, Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:71-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen presenting cells and oxidative stress. J Leukoc Biol 2001;69:719-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Elmets CA, et al. Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Photochem Photobiol 1999;69:148-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK, Challa A, McCormick TS, et al. Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice by the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be associated with alterations in IL-10 and IL-12 production. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:2117-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morre DJ, Geilen CC, Welch AM, Morre DM. Response of carcinoma in situ (actinic keratosis) to green tea concentrate plus capsicum. J Diet Suppl 2009;6:385-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Solar (actinic) keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:9-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glogau RG. The risk to progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:23-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockfleth E, Terhorst D, Braathen L, et al. On behalf of the European Dermatology Forum. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses – update 2011. EDF. 2011. Available from: http://www.euroderm.org/images/stories/guidelines/guideline_Management_Actinic_Keratoses-update2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Frei B, Higdon JV. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr 2003;133:S3275-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raza H, John A. In vitro effects of tea polyphenols on redox metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1138:358-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz A, Maeda A, Gan D, et al. Green tea phenol extracts reduce UVB-induced DNA damage in human cells via interleukin-12. Photochem Photobiol 2008;84:350-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz A, Maeda A, Kernebeck K, et al. Prevention of UV radiation-induced immunosuppression by IL-12 is dependent on DNA repair. J Exp Med 2005;201:173-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz A, Stander S, Berneburg M, et al. Interleukin-12 suppresses ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis by inducing DNA repair. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:26-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf N, Irby C, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007;23:48-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmets CA, Singh D, Tubesing K, et al. Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea phenols. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:325-32
   Google Scholar
• Wang SQ, Dusza SW. Assessment of sunscreen knowledge: a pilot survey. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(Suppl 3):28-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surber C, Ulrich C, Hinrichs B, Stockfleth E. Photoprotection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(Suppl 2):85-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santamaria L, Bianchi A, Arnaboldi A, et al. Chemoprevention of indirect and direct chemical carcinogenesis by carotenoids as oxygen radical quenchers. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;534:584-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:723-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieling UM, Schaumberg DA, Kupper TS, et al. A randomized, 12-year primary-prevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the physicians´ health study. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:179-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes PE, Hamzavi I, Lebwohl M, et al. The efficacy of afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for repigmentation of vitiligo. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:68-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harms J, Lautenschlager S, Minder CE, Minder EI. An alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue in erythrpoietic protoporphyria. N Engl J Med 2009;360:306-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00829192
   Google Scholar
• Bode AM, Dong Z. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate and green tea catechins: united they work, divided they fail. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009;2:514-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich U, Moore CE, de Spirt S, et al. Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women. J Nutr 2011;141:1202-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkina L, de Luca C, Pastore S. Plant polyphenols and human skin: friends or foes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012;1259:77-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British association of sexual health and HIV (BASHH). UK national guideline on the management of anogenital warts. 2007. Available from: www.bashh.org/guidelines
   Google Scholar
• Gross G, Ikenberg H, Petry KU, et al. Condylomata acuminata und other HPV-associated disease pictures of the genitals, anus and urethra. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008;6:153-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyring S, Edwards L, Cherry LK, et al. Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:33-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutner KR, Conant MA, Friedman-Kien AE, et al. Patient-applied Podofilox for treatment of genital warts. Lancet 1989;15:831-4
   Google Scholar
• Syed TA, Lundin S, Ahmad SA. Topical 0.3% and 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream for self-treatment of condylomata acuminate in women: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Dermatology 1994;189:142-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby P, Dunne A, King DH, Corey L. Double-blind randomized clinical trial to self-administered podofilox solution versus vehicle in the treatment of genital warts. Am J Med 1990;88:465-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards L, Ferenczy A, Eron L, et al. Self-administered topical 5% Imiquimod Cream for external anogenital warts. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:25-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, et al. Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune-response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:789-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan J, Chen SL, Wang HN, Wu TX. Meta-analysis of 5% imiquimod and 0.5% podophyllotoxin in the treatment of condylomata acuminata. Dermatology 2006;213:218-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar