Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Volume 4, 2004 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
67
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Particle-mediated DNA vaccine delivery to the skin

Joel R Haynes PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA. [email protected]
Pages 889-900 | Published online: 23 Feb 2005

  • ••
  • CHRISTOU P, MCCABE DE, SWAIN WF: Stable transformation of soybean callus by DNA-coated gold particles. Plant Physiol (1988) 87:671–674.
  • KLEIN RM, WOLF ED, WU R, SANFORD JC: High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells. 1987. Biotechnology (1992) 24:384–386.
  • SANFORD JC: The biolistic process. Trends Biotech. (1988) 6:299–302.
  • FITZPATRICK-MCELLIGOTT S: Gene transfer to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and other mammalian somatic cells by microprojectile bombardment. Biotechnology (NI9 (1992) 10:1036–1040.
  • WILLIAMS RS, JOHNSTON SA, RIEDY M, DEVIT MJ,
  • MCELLIGOTT SG, SANFORD JC: Introduction of foreign genes into tissues of living mice by DNA-coated microprojectiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88:2726–2730.
  • YANG NS, BURKHOLDER J, ROBERTS B, MARTINELL B, MCCABE D: In vivoand in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. Proc. Nail Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:9568–9572.
  • TANG DC, DEVIT M, JOHNSTON SA: Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature (1992) 356:152–154.
  • ••First DNA vaccine and particle-mediatedDNA vaccine publication.
  • HAYNES JR, FULLER DH, MCCABE D, SWAIN WF, WIDERA G: Induction and characterization of humoral and cellular immune responses elicited via gene gun-mediated nucleic acid immunization. Adv. Drug Deify. Rev (1996) 21:3–18.
  • PAYNE LG, FULLER DH, HAYNES JR: Particle-mediated DNA vaccination of mice, monkeys and men: looking beyond the dogma. Carr: Opin. Mol. The]: (2002) 4:459–466.
  • •Important review article focusing on the truth and dogma regarding the types of responses elicited with DNA vaccines via the PMED route.
  • MCCLUSKIE MJ, BRAZOLOT MILLAN CL, GRAMZINSKI RA et al.: Route and method of delivery of DNA vaccine influence immune responses in mice and non-human primates. Ma Med. (1999) 5:287–300.
  • FYNAN EF, WEBSTER RG, FULLER DH, HAYNES JR, SANTORO JC, ROBINSON HL: DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:11478–11482.
  • PERTMER TM, EISENBRAUN MD, MCCABE D, PRAYAGA SK, FULLER DH, HAYNES JR: Gene gun-based nucleic acid immunization: elicitation of humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses following epidermal delivery of nanogram quantities of DNA. Vaccine (1995) 13:1427–1430.
  • YOSHIDA A, NAGATA T, UCHIJIMA M, HIGASHI T, KOIDE Y: Advantage of gene gun-mediated over intramuscular inoculation of plasmid DNA vaccine in reproducible induction of specific immune responses. Vaccine (2000) 18:1725–1729.
  • EISENBRAUN MD, FULLER DH, HAYNES JR: Examination of parameters affecting the elicitation of humoral immune responses by particle bombardment-mediated genetic immunization. DNA Cell Biol. (1993) 12:791–797.
  • BENVENISTI L, ROGEL A, KUZNETZOVA L, BUJANOVER S, BECKER Y, STRAM Y: Gene gun-mediate DNA vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine (2001) 19:3885–3895.
  • FULLER DH, RAJAKUMAR PA, WILSON LA et al.: Induction of mucosal protection against primary, heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus by a DNA vaccine. J. Viral. (2002) 76:3309–3317.
  • MACKLIN MD, MCCABE D, MCGREGOR MW et al: Immunization of pigs with a particle-mediated DNA vaccine to influenza A virus protects against challenge with homologous virus. J. Viro/. (1998) 72:1491–1496.
  • FULLER JT, FULLER DH, MCCABE D, HAYNES JR, WIDERA G: Immune responses to hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens in mice, monkeys, and pigs after Accell particle-mediated DNA immunization. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1995) 772:282–284.
  • MACGREGOR RR, BOYER JD, CICCARELLI RB, GINSBERG RS, WEINER DB: Safety and immune responses to a DNA-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type I env/ rev vaccine in HIV-infected recipients: follow-up data. Infect. Dis. (2000) 181:406.
  • BOYER JD, COHEN AD, VOGT S et al: Vaccination of seronegative volunteers with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env/rev DNA vaccine induces antigen-specific proliferation and lymphocyte production of beta-chemokines. I Infect. Dis. (2000) 181:476–483.
  • WANG R, DOOLAN DL, LE TP et al: Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine. Science (1998) 282:476–480.
  • WANG R, EPSTEIN J, BARACEROS FM et al.: Induction of CD4(+) T cell-dependent CD8(+) type 1 responses in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine. Proc. Nat] Acad. ScL USA (2001) 98:10817–10822.
  • LE TP, COONAN KM, HEDSTROM RC et al.: Safety, tolerability and humoral immune responses after intramuscular administration of a malaria DNA vaccine to healthy adult volunteers. Vaccine (2000) 18:1893–1901.
  • MACGREGOR RR, BOYER JD, UGEN KE et al.: First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: safety and host response. J. Infect. Dis. (1998) 178:92–100.
  • UGEN KE, NYLAND SB, BOYER JD et al.: DNA vaccination with HIV-1 expressing constructs elicits immune responses in humans. Vaccine (1998) 16: 1818-1821.
  • BOYER JD, CHATTERGOON MA, UGEN KE et al.: Enhancement of cellular immune response in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: A DNA-based trial. Gifu. Iininunol. (1999) 90:100–107.
  • MACGREGOR RR, GINSBERG R, UGEN KE et al.: T-cell responses induced in normal volunteers immunized with a DNA-based vaccine containing HIV-1 env and rev. AIDS (2002) 16:2137–2143.
  • ROY MJ, WU MS, BARR LJ et al.: Induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, T helper cells, and protective levels of antibody in humans by particle-mediated administration of a hepatitis B virus DNA vaccine. Vaccine (2000) 19:764–778.
  • ••First published PMED DNA vaccineimmunogenicity trial in humans.
  • ••
  • ROTTINGHAUS ST, POLAND GA, JACOBSON RM, BARR LJ, ROY MJ: Hepatitis B DNA vaccine induces protective antibody responses in human non-responders to conventional vaccination. Vaccine (2003) 21:4604–4608.
  • ••Positive human clinical data of ahepatitis B PMED DNA vaccine in hepatitis B non-responder patients.
  • RIEMENSCHNEIDER J, GARRISON A, GEISBERT J et al.: Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthmcis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine (2003) 21:4071–4080.
  • LOCHER CP, SYKES KF, BLACKBOURN DJ, JOHNSTON SA: Immune responses in baboons vaccinated with HIV-2 genetic expression libraries. J. Med. Primatol. (2002) 31:323–329.
  • BARRY MA, LAI WC, JOHNSTON SA: Protection against mycoplasma infection using expression-library immunization. Nature (1995) 377:632–635.
  • SYKES KF, LEWIS MG, SQUIRES B, JOHNSTON SA: Evaluation of SIV library vaccines with genetic cytokines in a macaque challenge. Vaccine (2002) 20:2382–2395.
  • JOHNSTON SA, QU BX, MCGUIRE M, STEMKE-HALE K, SYKES K: Applications of, and future challenges for, genetic vaccines. Dev. Biol. (Basel) (2000) 104:3–8.
  • JOHNSTON SA, BARRY MA: Genetic to genomic vaccination. Vaccine (1997) 15:808–809.
  • IVEY FD, MAGEE DM, WOITASKE MD, JOHNSTON SA, COX RA: Identification of a protective antigen of Coccidinides inanitisby expression library immunization. Vaccine (2003) 21:4359–4367.
  • CONDON C, WATKINS SC, CELLUZZI CM, THOMPSON K, FALO LD JR: DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. (1996) 2:1122–1128.
  • •First demonstration of antigen expression in trafficking DCs following PMED.
  • BOYLE CM, ROBINSON HL: Basic mechanisms of DNA-raised antibody responses to intramuscular and gene gun immunizations. DNA Cell Biol. (2000) 19:157–165.
  • PORGADOR A, IRVINE KR, IWASAKI A, BARBER BH, RESTIFO NP, GERMAIN RN: Predominant role for directly transfected dendritic cells in antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells after gene gun immunization. I Exp. Med. (1998) 188:1075–1082.
  • LARREGINA AT, WATKINS SC, ERDOS G et al.: Direct transfection and activation of human cutaneous dendritic cells. Gene Titer. (2001) 8:608–617.
  • TIMARES L, SAFER KM, QU B, TAKASHIMA A, JOHNSTON SA: Drug-inducible, dendritic cell-based genetic immunization. J. Irninunol. (2003) 170:5483–5490.
  • IWASAKI A, TORRES CA, OHASHI PS, ROBINSON HL, BARBER BH: The dominant role of bone marrow-derived cells in CTL induction following plasmid DNA immunization at different sites." Inanunol. (1997) 159:11–14.
  • KLINMAN DM, SECHLER JM, CONOVER J, GUM, ROSENBERG AS: Contribution of cells at the site of DNA vaccination to the generation of antigen-specific immunity and memory.' Inanunol. (1998) 160:2388–2392.
  • TORRES CA, IWASAKI A, BARBER BH, ROBINSON HL: Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations. Inanunol. (1997) 158:4529–4532.
  • CHO JH, YOUN JW, SUNG YC: Cross-priming as a predominant mechanism for inducing CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization. Inanunol. (2001) 167:5549–5557.
  • TIMARES L, TAKASHIMA A, JOHNSTON SA: Quantitative analysis of the immunopotency of genetically transfected dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:13147–13152.
  • GARG S, ORAN A, WAJCHMAN Jet al.: Genetic tagging shows increased frequency and longevity of antigen-presenting, skin-derived dendritic cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. (2003) 4:907–912.
  • •Use of a sensitive genetic tagging approach to demonstrate that many more transgenic DCs migrate from the skin to the DLNs than originally thought.
  • FELTQUATE DM, HEANEY S, WEBSTER RG, ROBINSON HL: Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunization. I Innnunol. (1997) 158:2278–2284.
  • PERTMER TM, ROBERTS TR, HAYNES JR: Influenza virus nucleoprotein-specific immunoglobulin G subclass and cytokine responses elicited by DNA vaccination are dependent on the route of vector DNA delivery. J. Virol (1996) 70:6119–6125.
  • ORAN AE, ROBINSON HL: DNA vaccines, combining form of antigen and method of delivery to raise a spectrum of IFN-gamma and IL-4-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J. Innnunol. (2003) 171:1999–2005.
  • MOREL PA, FALKNER D, PLOWEY J,LARREGINA AT, FALO LD: DNA immunisation: altering the cellular localisation of expressed protein and the immunisation route allows manipulation of the immune response. Vaccine (2004) 22:447–456.
  • LEITNER WW, SEGUIN MC, BALLOU WR et al.: Immune responses induced by intramuscular or gene gun injection of protective deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines that express the circumsporozoite protein from Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites.Innnunol. (1997) 159:6112–6119.
  • FRELIN L, ALHEIM M, CHEN A et al: Low dose and gene gun immunization with a hepatitis C virus nonstructural (NS) 3 DNA-based vaccine containing NS4A inhibit N53/4A-expressing tumors in vivo. Gene Titer. (2003) 10:686–699.
  • TRIMBLE C, LIN CT, HUNG CF et al: Comparison of the CD8+ T cell responses and antitumor effects generated by DNA vaccine administered through gene gun, biojector, and syringe. Vaccine (2003) 21:4036–4042.
  • KENT SJ, ZHAO A, BEST SJ, CHANDLER JD, BOYLE DB, RAMSHAW IA: Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine regimen consisting of consecutive priming with DNA and boosting with recombinant fowlpox virus. J. Viral. (1998) 72:10180–10188.
  • HORTON H, VOGEL TU, CARTER DK et al.: Immunization of rhesus macaques with a DNA prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara boost regimen induces broad simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T-cell responses and reduces initial viral replication but does not prevent disease progression following challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239.1 Virol (2002) 76:7187–7202.
  • ALLEN TM, VOGEL TU, FULLER DH et al: Induction of AIDS virus-specific CTL activity in fresh, unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus macaques vaccinated with a DNA prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara boost regimen. .1 Immunol (2000) 164:4968–4978.
  • HANKE T, NEUMANN VC, BLANCHARD TJ et al.: Effective induction of HIV-specific CTL by multi-epitope using gene gun in a combined vaccination regime. Vaccine (1999) 17:589–596.
  • PRAYAGA SK, FORD MJ, HAYNES JR: Manipulation of HIV-1 gp120-specific immune responses elicited via gene gun-based DNA immunization. Vaccine (1997) 15:1349–1352.
  • FULLER DH, CORB MM, BARNETT S, STEIMER K, HAYNES JR: Enhancement of immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in DNA-immunized rhesus macaques. Vaccine (1997) 15:924–926.
  • FULLER DH, MURPHEY-CORB M, CLEMENTS J, BARNETT S, HAYNES JR: Induction of immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in rhesus monkeys following gene gun-mediated DNA vaccination. J. Med. Primatol (1996) 25:236–241.
  • WEISS R, SCHEIBLHOFER S, FREUND J, FERREIRA F, LIVEY I, THALHAMERJ: Gene gun bombardment with gold particles displays a particular Th2-promoting signal that over-rules the Thl-inducing effect of immunostimulatory CpG motifs in DNA vaccines. Vaccine (2002) 20:3148–3154.
  • SAKAI T, HISAEDA H, NAKANO Y et al.: Gene gun-based co-immunization of merozoite surface protein-1 cDNA with IL-12 expression plasmid confers protection against lethal Plasmodium yoeliiin A/J mice. Vaccine (2003) 21:1432–1444.
  • RAINCZUK A, SMOOKER PM, KEDZIERSKI L, BLACK CG, COPPEL RL, SPITHILL TW: The protective efficacy of MSP4/5 against lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami challenge is dependent on the type of DNA vaccine vector and vaccination protocol. Vaccine (2003) 21:3030–3042.
  • WEISS R, LEITNER WW, SCHEIBLHOFER S et al: Genetic vaccination against malaria infection by intradermal and epidermal injections of a plasmid containing the gene encoding the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein. Infect. Inman. (2000) 68:5914–5919.
  • HOOPER JW, CUSTER DM, THOMPSON E, SCHMALJOHN CS: DNA vaccination with the Hantaan virus M gene protects Hamsters against three of four HFRS hantaviruses and elicits a high-titer neutralizing antibody response in Rhesus monkeys. J. Virol (2001) 75:8469–8477.
  • CUSTER DM, THOMPSON E, SCHMALJOHN CS, KSIAZEK TG, HOOPER JW: Active and passive vaccination against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with Andes virus M genome segment-based DNA vaccine. Ora (2003) 77:9894–9905.
  • MOORE RA, NICHOLLS PK, SANTOS EB, GOUGH GW, STANLEY MA: Absence of canine oral papillomavirus DNA following prophylactic Li particle-mediated immunotherapeutic delivery vaccination. J. Gen. Virol (2002) 83:2299–2301.
  • STANLEY MA, MOORE RA, NICHOLLS PK et al.: Intra-epithelial vaccination with COPV Li DNA by particle-mediated DNA delivery protects against mucosal challenge with infectious COPV in beagle dogs. Vaccine (2001) 19:2783–2792.
  • SUNDARAM P, TIGELAAR RE, BRANDSMA JL: Intracutaneous vaccination of rabbits with the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) Li gene protects against virus challenge. Vaccine (1997) 15:664–671.
  • SCHMALJOHN C, VANDERZANDEN L, BRAY M et al.: Naked DNA vaccines expressing the prM and E genes of Russian spring summer encephalitis virus and Central European encephalitis virus protect mice from homologous and heterologous challenge. J. Virol (1997) 71:9563–9569.
  • SCHMALJOHN C, CUSTER D, VANDERZANDEN L, SPIK K, ROSSI C, BRAY M: Evaluation of tick-borne encephalitis DNA vaccines in monkeys. Virology (1999) 263:166–174.
  • PUTNAK R, FULLER J, VANDERZANDEN L, INNIS BL, VAUGHN DW: Vaccination of rhesus macaques against dengue-2 virus with a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the viral pre-membrane and envelope genes. kn.,/ Bop. Med. Hyg. (2003) 68:469–476.
  • LODMELL DL, PARNELL MJ, BAILEY JR, EWALT LC, HANLON CA: One-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination. Vaccine (2001) 20:838–844.
  • LODMELL DL, PARNELL MJ, BAILEY JR, EWALT LC, HANLON CA: Rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers. Vaccine (2002) 20:2221–2228.
  • WEBSTER RG, FYNAN EF, SANTORO JC, ROBINSON H: Protection of ferrets against influenza challenge with a DNA vaccine to the haemagglutinin. Vaccine (1994) 12:1495–1498.
  • KODIHALLI S, HAYNES JR, ROBINSON HL, WEBSTER RG: Cross-protection among lethal H5N2 influenza viruses induced by DNA vaccine to the hemagglutinin. Virol (1997) 71:3391–3396.
  • HOOPER JW, CUSTER DM, SCHMALJOHN CS, SCHMALJOHN AL: DNA vaccination with vaccinia virus L1R and A33R genes protects mice against a lethal poxvirus challenge. Virology (2000) 266:329–339.
  • HOOPER JW, CUSTER DM, THOMPSON E: Four-gene-combination DNA vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicits appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. Virology (2003) 306:181–195.
  • FULLER DH, SIMPSON L, COLE KS et al.: Gene gun-based nucleic acid immunization alone or in combination with recombinant vaccinia vectors suppresses virus burden in rhesus macaques challenged with a heterologous SIV. Immunol Cell Biol. (1997) 75:389–396.
  • VANDERZANDEN L, BRAY M, FULLER D et al.: DNA vaccines expressing either the GP or NP genes of Ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. Virology (1998) 246:134–144.
  • KLINMAN DM: CpG DNA as a vaccineadjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines (2003) 2:305–315.
  • KRIEG AM: CpG motifs: the active ingredient in bacterial extracts? Nat. Med. (2003) 9:831–835.
  • SATO Y, ROMAN M, TIGHE H et al: Immunostimulatory DNA sequences necessary for effective intradermal gene immunization. Science (1996) 273:352–354.
  • ZELENAY S, ELIAS F, FLO J: Immunostimulatory effects of plasmid DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. Eur.j Immunol (2003) 33:1382–1392.
  • MA X, FORNS X, GUTIERREZ R et al.: DNA-based vaccination against hepatitis C virus (HCV): effect of expressing different forms of HCV E2 protein and use of CpG-optimized vectors in mice. Vaccine (2002) 20:3263–3271.
  • KOJIMA Y, XIN KQ, OOKI T et al.: Adjuvant effect of multi-CpG motifs on an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine (2002) 20:2857–2865.
  • FELTQUATE DM, ROBINSON HL: Effect of CpG methylation on isotype and magnitude of antibody responses to influenza hemagglutinin-expressing plasmid. DNA Cell Biol. (1999) 18:663–670.
  • SCHIRMBECK R, REIMANN J: Modulation of gene-gun-mediated Th2 immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen by bacterial CpG motifs or IL-12. Intervirology (2001) 44:115–123.
  • ZHOU X, ZHENG L, LIU L, XIANG L, YUAN Z: T helper 2 immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen primed by gene-gun-mediated DNA vaccination can be shifted towards T helper 1 immunity by codelivery of CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Scand. Immunol (2003) 58:350–357.
  • KRUSKALL MS, ALPER CA, AWDEH Z, YUNIS EJ, MARCUS-BAGLEY D: The immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in humans: inheritance patterns in families. J. Exp. Med. (1992) 175:495–502.
  • SALAZAR M, DEULOFEUT H, GRANJA C et al.: Normal HBsAg presentation and T-cell defect in the immune response of nonresponders. Immunogenetics (1995) 41:366–374.
  • DESOMBERE I, HAUSER P, ROSSAU R, PARADIJS J, LEROUX-ROELS G: Nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine can present envelope particles to T lymphocytes. Immunol. (1995) 154:520–529.
  • CHEDID MG, DEULOFEUT H, YUNIS DE et al.: Defect in Thl-like cells of nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine. Hum. Immunol (1997) 58:42–51.
  • SCHIRMBECK R, BOHM W, ANDO K, CHISARI FV, REIMANN J: Nucleic acid vaccination primes hepatitis B virus surface antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in nonresponder mice. Viral. (1995) 69:5929–5934.
  • MCCONKEY SJ, REECE WH, MOORTHY VS et al: Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines boosted by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara in humans. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:729–735.
  • LEUTENEGGER CM, BORETTI FS, MISLIN CN et al.: Immunization of cats against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection by using minimalistic immunogenic defined gene expression vector vaccines expressing FIV gp140 alone or with feline interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-16, or a CpG motif. J. Viral. (2000) 74:10447–10457.
  • SIEGEL F, LU M, ROGGENDORF M: Coadministration of gamma interferon with DNA vaccine expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) core antigen enhances the specific immune response and protects against WHV infection. .1 Viro/. (2001) 75:5036–5042.
  • CONRY RM, WIDERA G, LOBUGLIO AF et al.: Selected strategies to augment polynucleotide immunization. Gene Ther: (1996) 3:67–74.
  • SASAKI S, AMARA RR, YEOW WS, PITHA PM, ROBINSON HL: Regulation of DNA-raised immune responses by cotransfected interferon regulatory factors. Viral. (2002) 76:6652–6659.
  • ARRINGTON J, BRAUN RP, DONG L et al.: Plasmid vectors encoding cholera toxin or the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coil are strong adjuvants for DNA vaccines. .1 Viral. (2002) 76:4536–4546.
  • ••Strong DNA vaccine adjuvant effects demonstrated via the use of plasmid vectors encoding CT and LT.
  • PIZZA M, GIULIANI MM, FONTANA MR et al.: Mucosal vaccines: non toxic derivatives of LT and CT as mucosal adjuvants. Vaccine (2001) 19:2534–2541.
  • SASAKI S, AMARA RR, ORAN AE, SMITH JM, ROBINSON HL: Apoptosis-mediated enhancement of DNA-raised immune responses by mutant caspases. Nat. Biotechnol (2001) 19:543–547.
  • SASAKI S, XIN KQ, OKUDELA K, OKUDA K, ISHII N: Immunomodulation by apoptosis-inducing caspases for an influenza DNA vaccine delivered by gene gun. Gene Ther: (2002) 9:828–831.
  • RESTIFO NP: Vaccines to die for. Nat. Biotechnol (2001) 19:527–528.
  • LEITNER WW, HWANG LN, DEVEER MJ et al.: Alphavirus-based DNA vaccine breaks immunological tolerance by activating innate antiviral pathways. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:33–39.
  • •PMED of an alphavirus vector yields enhanced responses due to the induction of dsRNA production and activation of innate immunity.
  • KIM TW, HUNG CF, LING M et al: Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by coadministration of DNA encoding antiapoptotic proteins. Clin. Invest. (2003) 112:109–117.
  • JI H, WANG TL, CHEN CH et al: Targeting human papillomavirus type 16 E7 to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment enhances the antitumor immunity of DNA vaccines against murine human papillomavirus type 16 E7-expressing tumors. Hum. Gene Ther: (1999) 10:2727–2740.
  • KIM TW, HUNG CF, BOYD D et al.: Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by combining a strategy to prolong dendritic cell life with intracellular targeting strategies. J. Immunol (2003) 171:2970–2976.
  • CHEN CH, WANG TL, HUNG CF et al: Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by linkage of antigen gene to an HSP70 gene. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:1035–1042.
  • HUNG CE CHENG WE HSU KF et al.: Cancer immunotherapy using a DNA vaccine encoding the translocation domain of a bacterial toxin linked to a tumor antigen. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:3698–3703.
  • CHENG WF, HUNG CE CHAI CY et al: Tumor-specific immunity and antiangiogenesis generated by a DNA vaccine encoding calreticulin linked to a tumor antigen. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 108:669–678.
  • NAYAK BP, SAILAJA G, JABBAR AM: Enhancement of gp120-specific immune responses by genetic vaccination with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene fused to the gene coding for soluble CTLA4. Vim/. (2003) 77:10850–10861.
  • TACHEDJIAN M, BOYLE JS, LEW AM et al.: Gene gun immunization in a preclinical model is enhanced by B7 targeting. Vaccine (2003) 21:2900–2905.
  • HUNG CE CHENG WE CHAT CY et al: Improving vaccine potency through intercellular spreading and enhanced MHC class I presentation of antigen.' Irninunol. (2001) 166:5733–5740.
  • HUNG CF, HE L, JUANG J, UN TJ, LING M, WU TC: Improving DNA vaccine potency by linking Marek's disease virus type 1 VP22 to an antigen.' Vim/. (2002) 76:2676–2682.
  • BARNETT SW, RAJASEKAR S, LEGG H et al: Vaccination with HIV-1 gp120 DNA induces immune responses that are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine (1997) 15:869–873.
  • RAMSAY AJ, LEONG KH, RAMSHAW IA: DNA vaccination against virus infection and enhancement of antiviral immunity following consecutive immunization with DNA and viral vectors. Immunol. Cell Biol. (1997) 75:382–388.
  • SCHNEIDER J, GILBERT SC, HANNAN CM et al: Induction of CD8+ T cells using heterologous prime-boost immunisation strategies. Immunol. Rev (1999) 170:29–38.
  • AMARA RR, VILLINGER F, ALTMAN JD et al.: Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA/MVA vaccine. Science (2001) 292:69–74.
  • SHIVER JVV, FU TM, CHEN L et al.: Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity. Nature (2002) 415:331–335.
  • SCHNEIDER J, GILBERT SC, BLANCHARD TJ et aL: Enhanced immunogenicity for CD8+ T cell induction and complete protective efficacy of malaria DNA vaccination by boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Nat. Med. (1998) 4:397–402.
  • MCSHANE H, BROOKES R, GILBERT SC, HILL AV: Enhanced immunogenicity of CD4(+) t-cell responses and protective efficacy of a DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara prime-boost vaccination regimen for murine tuberculosis. Infect. Inman. (2001) 69:681–686.
  • IRVINE KR, CHAMBERLAIN RS, SHULMAN EP, SURMAN DR, ROSENBERG SA, RESTIFO NP: Enhancing efficacy of recombinant anticancer vaccines with prime/boost regimens that use two different vectors. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1997) 89:1595–1601.
  • AMARA RR, VILLINGERF, STAPRANS SI et al.: Different patterns of immune responses but similar control of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P mucosal challenge by modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and DNA/MVA vaccines. J. Viral. (2002) 76:7625–7631.
  • ROBINSON HL, MONTEFIORI DC, JOHNSON RP et al.: Neutralizing antibody-independent containment of immunodeficiency virus challenges by DNA priming and recombinant pox virus booster immunizations. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:526–534.
  • DORIA-ROSE NA, PIERCE CC, HENSEL MT et al.: Multigene DNA prime-boost vaccines for 5HIV89.6P. Med. Primatol. (2003) 32:218–228.
  • HANKE T, MCMICHAEL A: Pre-clinical development of a multi-CTL epitope-based DNA prime MVA boost vaccine for AIDS. Irninunol. Lett. (1999) 66:177–181.
  • DEGANO P, SCHNEIDER J, HANNAN CM, GILBERT SC, HILL AV: Gene gun intradermal DNA immunization followed by boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara: enhanced CD8+ T cell immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the influenza and malaria models. Vaccine (1999) 18:623–632.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.