Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Volume 7, 2007 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
229
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

miRNA genetic alterations in human cancers

Antonis Giannakakis University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer, Rm1209 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA +1 215 573 4780; +1 215 573 7627; [email protected]; Democritus University of Thrace, Laboratory of Gene Expression, Molecular Diagnostics and Modern Therapeutics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
,
George Coukos University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer, Rm1209 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA +1 215 573 4780; +1 215 573 7627; [email protected]; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
,
Artemis Hatzigeorgiou University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Bioinformatics, and Computer and Information Science and Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
,
Raphael Sandaltzopoulos Democritus University of Thrace, Laboratory of Gene Expression, Molecular Diagnostics and Modern Therapeutics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
&
Lin Zhang University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer, Rm1209 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA +1 215 573 4780; +1 215 573 7627; [email protected]; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
, MD
Pages 1375-1386 | Published online: 29 Aug 2007

Bibliography

  • LEE RC, FEINBAUM RL, AMBROS V: The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell (1993) 75(5):843-854.
  • REINHART BJ, SLACK FJ, BASSON M et al.: The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature (2000) 403(6772):901-906.
  • BRENNECKE J, HIPFNER D, STARK A, RUSSELL RB, COHEN S: Bantam encodes a developmentally regulated microRNA that controls cell proliferation and regulates the proapoptotic gene hid in Drosophila. Cell (2002) 113(1):25-36.
  • LEE Y, JEON K, LEE J-T, KIM S, KIM VN: MicroRNA maturation: stepwise processing and subcellular localization. EMBO J. (2002) 21(17):4663-4670.
  • PASQUINELLI AE, REINHART BJ, SLACK F et al.: Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature (2000) 408(6808):86.
  • LAGOS-QUINTANA M, RAUHUT R, LENDECKEL W, TUSCHL T: Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science (2001) 294(5543):853-858.
  • LAU NC, LEE L, WEINSTEIN E, BARTEL DP: An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science (2001) 294(5543):858-862.
  • LEE RC, AMBROS V: An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science (2001) 294(5543):862-864.
  • LAGOS-QUINTANA M, RAUHUT R, YALCIN A et al.: Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse. Curr. Biol. (2002) 12(9):735-739.
  • ARAVIN AA, LAGOS-QUINTANA M, YALCIN A et al.: The small RNA profile during Drosophila melanogaster development. Cell (2003) 5(2):337-350.
  • JOHNSTON RJ Jr, HOBERT O: A microRNA controlling left/right neuronal asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature (2003) 426(6968):845-849.
  • LAI E, TOMANCAK P, WILLIAMS R, RUBIN G: Computational identification of Drosophila microRNA genes. Genome Biol. (2003) 4(7):R42.
  • LIM LP, GLASNER ME, YEKTA S, BURGE CB, BARTEL DP: Vertebrate microRNA genes. Science (2003) 299(5612):1540.
  • LIM LP, LAU NC, WEINSTEIN EG et al.: The microRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev. (2003) 17(8):991-1008.
  • XU P, VERNOOY SY, GUO B, HAY BA: The Drosophila microRNA mir-14 suppresses cell death and is required for normal fat metabolism. Curr. Biol. (2003) 13(9):790-795.
  • SEMPERE L, FREEMANTLE S, PITHA-ROWE I et al.: Expression profiling of mammalian microRNAs uncovers a subset of brain-expressed microRNAs with possible roles in murine and human neuronal differentiation. Genome Biol. (2004) 5(3):R13.
  • CHEN C-Z: MicroRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353(17):1768-1771.
  • KRUTZFELDT J, RAJEWSKY N, BRAICH R et al.: Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with antagomirs. (2005) 438(7068):685-689.
  • ZAMORE PD, HALEY B: Ribo-gnome: the big world of small RNAs. Science (2005) 309(5740):1519-1524.
  • BARTEL DP: MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell (2004) 116(2):281-297.
  • GRIFFITHS-JONES S GR, VAN DONGEN S, BATEMAN A, ENRIGHT AJ: miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. (2006) 34(Database issue):D140-D144.
  • EUGENE BEREZIKOV VG, JOSÉ VAN DE BELT, ERNO WIENHOLDS, RONALD H, PLASTERK A, EDWIN CUPPEN: Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell (2005) 120(1):21-24.
  • BENTWICH I, AVNIEL A, KAROV Y et al.: Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human microRNAs. Nat. Genet. (2005) 37(7):766-770.
  • LIM LP, LAU NC, GARRETT-ENGELE P et al.: Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature (2005) 433(7027):769-773.
  • GROSSHANS H, JOHNSON T, REINERT KL, GERSTEIN M, SLACK FJ: The temporal patterning microRNA let-7 regulates several transcription factors at the larval to adult transition in C. elegans. Devel. Cell (2005) 8(3):321-330.
  • REHMSMEIER M, STEFFEN P, HOCHSMANN M, GIEGERICH R: Fast and effective prediction of microRNA/target duplexes. RNA (2004) 10(10):1507-1517.
  • LEWIS BP, SHIH I-H, JONES-RHOADES MW, BARTEL DP, BURGE CB: Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell (2003) 115(7):787-798.
  • DOENCH JG, SHARP PA: Specificity of microRNA target selection in translational repression. Genes Dev. (2004) 18(5):504-511.
  • VELLA MC, CHOI E-Y, LIN S-Y, REINERT K, SLACK FJ: The C. elegans microRNA let-7 binds to imperfect let-7 complementary sites from the lin-41 3′UTR. Genes Dev. (2004) 18(2):132-137.
  • BRENNECKE J, STARK A, RUSSELL RB, COHEN SM: Principles of microRNA-target recognition. PLoS Biol. (2005) 3(3):E85.
  • KREK A, GRUN D, POY MN et al.: Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat. Genet. (2005) 37(5):495-500.
  • JOHN B, ENRIGHT AJ, ARAVIN A et al.: Human microRNA targets. PLoS Biol. (2004) 2(11):E363.
  • KIRIAKIDOU M, NELSON PT, KOURANOV A et al.: A combined computational-experimental approach predicts human microRNA targets. Genes Dev. (2004) 18(10):1165-1178.
  • LEWIS BP, BURGE CB, BARTEL DP: Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell (2005) 120(1):15-20.
  • DALMAY T, EDWARDS DR: MicroRNAs and the hallmarks of cancer. Oncogene (2006) 25(46):6170-6175.
  • LIU C-G, CALIN GA, MELOON B et al.: An oligonucleotide microchip for genome-wide microRNA profiling in human and mouse tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(26):9740-9744.
  • THOMSON JM, PARKER J, PEROU CM, HAMMOND SM: A custom microarray platform for analysis of microRNA gene expression. (2004) 1(1):47-53.
  • CASTOLDI M, SCHMIDT S, BENES V et al.: A sensitive array for microRNA expression profiling (miChip) based on locked nucleic acids (LNA). RNA (2006) 12(5):913-920.
  • LU J, GETZ G, MISKA EA et al.: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. (2005) 435(7043):834-838.
  • CHEN C, RIDZON DA, BROOMER AJ et al.: Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nuclic Acids Res. (2005) 33(20):E179-.
  • JIANG J, LEE EJ, GUSEV Y, SCHMITTGEN TD: Real-time expression profiling of microRNA precursors in human cancer cell lines. Nuclic Acids Res. (2005) 33(17):5394-5403.
  • CUMMINS JM, HE Y, LEARY RJ et al.: The colorectal microRNAome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(10):3687-3692.
  • NELSON PT, BALDWIN DA, SCEARCE LM, OBERHOLTZER JC, TOBIAS J, MOURELATOS Z: Microarray-based, high-throughput gene expression profiling of microRNAs. Nat. Methods (2004) 1:155-161.
  • CALIN GA, FERRACIN M, CIMMINO A et al.: A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353(17):1793-1801.
  • CALIN GA, DUMITRU CD, SHIMIZU M et al.: Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(24):15524-15529.
  • CALIN GA, LIU C-G, SEVIGNANI C et al.: MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(32):11755-11760.
  • MICHAEL MZ, O'CONNOR SM, VAN HOLST PELLEKAAN NG, YOUNG GP, JAMES RJ: Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Mol. Cancer Res. (2003) 1(12):882-891.
  • IORIO MV, FERRACIN M, LIU C-G et al.: MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(16):7065-7070.
  • VOLINIA S, CALIN GA, LIU C-G et al.: A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(7):2257-2261.
  • HE H, JAZDZEWSKI K, LI W et al.: The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(52):19075-19080.
  • MURAKAMI Y, YASUDA T, SAIGO K et al.: Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissues. (2005) 25(17):2537-2545.
  • COSTINEAN S, ZANESI N, PEKARSKY Y et al.: Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E{micro}-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(18):7024-7029.
  • MATTIE MD BC, BOWERS J, SENSINGER K et al.: Optimized high-throughput microRNA expression profiling provides novel biomarker assessment of clinical prostate and breast cancer biopsies. Mol. Cancer (2006) 5(24).
  • CIAFRE SA, GALARDI S, MANGIOLA A et al.: Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2005) 334(4):1351-1358.
  • KLUIVER J, SIBRAND P, DE JONG D et al.: BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. J. Pathol. (2005) 207(2):243-249.
  • O'DONNELL KA, WENTZEL EA, ZELLER KI, DANG CV, MENDELL JT: c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature (2005) 435(7043):839-843.
  • EIS PS, TAM W, SUN L et al.: Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(10):3627-3632.
  • METZLER M, WILDA M, BUSCH K, VIEHMANN K, BORKHARDT A: High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (2004) 39(2):167-169.
  • LEE EJ, GUSEV Y, JIANG J et al.: Expression profiling identifies microRNA signature in pancreatic cancer. Intern. J. Cancer (2007) 120(5):1046-1054.
  • JIANG J, LEE EJ, SCHMITTGEN TD: Increased expression of microRNA-155 in Epstein–Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (2006) 45(1):103-106.
  • ZHANG L, HUANG J, YANG N et al.: MicroRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(24):9136-9141.
  • MILO GE: Transformation of Human Epithelial Cells: Molecular and Oncogenetic Mechanisms. Milo GE, Casto BC, Shuler CF (Eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA (1992):313-320.
  • CALIN GA, CROCE CM: MicroRNAs and chromosomal abnormalities in cancer cells. Oncogene (2006) 25(46):6202-6210.
  • RODRIGUEZ A, GRIFFITHS-JONES S, ASHURST JL, BRADLEY A: Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Res. (2004) 14(10A):1902-1910.
  • SMALHEISER N: EST analyses predict the existence of a population of chimeric microRNA precursor-mRNA transcripts expressed in normal human and mouse tissues. Genome Biol. (2003) 4(7):403.
  • BASKERVILLE S, BARTEL DP: Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes. RNA (2005) 11(3):241-247.
  • SMALHEISER NR, TORVIK VI: Mammalian microRNAs derived from genomic repeats. Trends Genet. (2005) 21(6):322-326.
  • SMALHEISER NR, TORVIK VI: Alu elements within human mRNAs are probable microRNA targets. Trends Genet. (2006) 22(10):532-536.
  • KIM VN, NAM J-W: Genomics of microRNA. Trends Genet. (2006) 22(3):165-173.
  • ELICEIRI GL: Small nucleolar RNAs. Cell Mol. Life Sci. (1999) 56(1-2):22-31.
  • LEE Y, KIM M, HAN J et al.: MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J. (2004) 23:4051-4060.
  • CAI X, HAGEDORN CH, CULLEN BR: Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. RNA (2004) 10(12):1957-1966.
  • PFEFFER S, SEWER A, LAGOS-QUINTANA M et al.: Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat. Meth. (2005) 2(4):269-276.
  • BORCHERT GM, LANIER W, DAVIDSON BL: RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. (2006) 13(12):1097-1101.
  • ZENG Y: Principles of micro-RNA production and maturation. Oncogene (2006) 25(46):6156-6162.
  • LEE Y, AHN C, HAN J et al.: The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature (2003) 425(6956):415-419.
  • GREGORY RI, YAN K-P, AMUTHAN G et al.: The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature (2004) 432(7014):235-240.
  • HAN J, LEE Y, YEOM K-H et al.: The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev. (2004) 18(24):3016-3027.
  • LANDTHALER M, YALCIN A, TUSCHL T: The human DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 and its D. melanogaster homolog are required for miRNA biogenesis. Curr. Biol. (2004) 14(23):2162-2167.
  • VATOLIN S, NAVARATNE K, WEIL RJ: A novel method to detect functional microRNA targets. J. Mol. Biol. (2006) 358(4):983-996.
  • BASYUK E, SUAVET F, DOGLIO A, BORDONNE R, BERTRAND E: Human let-7 stem-loop precursors harbor features of RNase III cleavage products. Nuclic Acids Res. (2003) 31(22):6593-6597.
  • ZENG YAN, CULLEN BR: Sequence requirements for micro RNA processing and function in human cells. RNA (2003) 9(1):112-123.
  • ZENG Y, CULLEN BR: Efficient processing of primary microRNA hairpins by Drosha requires flanking nonstructured RNA sequences. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) 280(30):27595-27603.
  • YI R, QIN Y, MACARA IG, CULLEN BR: Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev. (2003) 17(24):3011-3016.
  • LUND E, GUTTINGER S, CALADO A, DAHLBERG JE, KUTAY U: Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science (2004) 303(5654):95-98.
  • BOHNSACK MT, CZAPLINSKI K, GORLICH D: Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. RNA (2004) 10(2):185-191.
  • ZENG Y, CULLEN BR: Structural requirements for pre-microRNA binding and nuclear export by Exportin 5. Nuclic Acids Res. (2004) 32(16):4776-4785.
  • BERNSTEIN E, CAUDY AA, HAMMOND SM, HANNON GJ: Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature (2001) 409(6818):363-366.
  • HUTVAGNER G, MCLACHLAN J, PASQUINELLI AE et al.: A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA. Science (2001) 293(5531):834-838.
  • GRISHOK A, PASQUINELLI AE, CONTE D et al.: Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. elegans developmental timing. Cell (2001) 106(1):23-34.
  • KETTING RF, FISCHER SEJ, BERNSTEIN E et al.: Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev. (2001) 15(20):2654-2659.
  • CHENDRIMADA TP, GREGORY RI, KUMARASWAMY E et al.: TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing. Nature (2005) 436(7051):740-744.
  • ZHANG H, KOLB FA, JASKIEWICZ L, WESTHOF E, FILIPOWICZ W: Single processing center models for human Dicer and bacterial RNase III. Cell (2004) 118(1):57-68.
  • CHEN PYM, GUNTER: MicroRNA-guided posttranscriptional gene regulation. Biol. Chem. (2005) 386(12):1205-1218.
  • KUMAR MS, LU J, MERCER KL, GOLUB TR, JACKS T: Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Nat. Genet. (2007) 39(5):673-677.
  • HUTVAGNER G, ZAMORE PD: A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex. Science (2002) 297(5589):2056.
  • MEISTER G, LANDTHALER M, DORSETT Y, TUSCHL T: Sequence-specific inhibition of microRNA- and siRNA-induced RNA silencing. RNA (2004) 10(3):544-550.
  • WU L, FAN J, BELASCO JG: MicroRNAs direct rapid deadenylation of mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(11):4034-4039.
  • GIRALDEZ AJ, MISHIMA Y, RIHEL J et al.: Zebrafish miR-430 promotes deadenylation and clearance of maternal mRNAs. Science (2006) 312(5770):75-79.
  • PILLAI RS, BHATTACHARYYA SN, ARTUS CG et al.: Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 microRNA in human cells. Science (2005) 309(5740):1573-1576.
  • PILLAI RS, BHATTACHARYYA SN, FILIPOWICZ W: Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms? Trends Cell Biol. (2007) 17(3):118-126.
  • GRÜN D, WANG, YI-LU et al.: MicroRNA target predictions across seven Drosophila species and comparison to mammalian targets. PLoS Comput. Biol. (2005) 1(1):E13.
  • STARK A, BRENNECKE J, BUSHATI N, RUSSELL RB, COHEN SM: Animal microRNAs confer robustness to gene expression and have a significant impact on 3′UTR evolution. Cell (2005) 123(6):1133-1146.
  • SMALHEISER NR TV: Complications in mammalian microRNA target prediction methods. Mol. Biol. (2006) 342:115-128.
  • DIDIANO D, HOBERT O: Perfect seed pairing is not a generally reliable predictor for miRNA-target interactions. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. (2006) 13(9):849-851.
  • ZHU S, MIN-LI SI, HAILONG W, YIN-YUAN MO: MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1). J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282(19):14328-14336.
  • CIMMINO A, CALIN GA, FABBRI M et al.: MiR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(39):13944-13949.
  • BOTTONI A, PICCIN D, TAGLIATI F, LUCHIN A, ZATELLI MC, UBERTI ECD: MiR-15a and miR-16-1 down-regulation in pituitary adenomas. J. Cell. Physiol. (2005) 204(1):280-285.
  • CALIN GA, SEVIGNANI C, DUMITRU CD et al.: Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(9):2999-3004.
  • TAKAMIZAWA J, KONISHI H, YANAGISAWA K et al.: Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(11):3753-3756.
  • JOHNSON SM, GROSSHANS H, SHINGARA J et al.: RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell (2005) 120(5):635-647.
  • MAYR C, HEMANN MT, BARTEL DP: Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation. Science (2007) 315(5818):1576-1579.
  • BRUECKNER B, STRESEMANN C, KUNER R et al.: The human let-7a-3 locus contains an epigenetically regulated microRNA gene with oncogenic function. Cancer Res. (2007) 67(4):1419-1423.
  • SCOTT GK, MATTIE MD, BERGER CE, BENZ SC, BENZ CC: Rapid alteration of microRNA levels by histone deacetylase inhibition. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(3):1277-1281.
  • SAITO Y, LIANG G, EGGER G et al.: Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell (2006) 9(6):435-443.
  • YANAIHARA N, CAPLEN N, BOWMAN E et al.: Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell (2006) 9(3):189-198.
  • DIEDERICHS S, HABER DA: Sequence variations of microRNAs in human cancer: alterations in predicted secondary structure do not affect processing. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(12):6097-6104.
  • HE L, THOMSON JM, HEMANN MT et al.: A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. (2005) 435(7043):828-833.
  • SYLVESTRE Y, DE GUIRE V, QUERIDO E et al.: An E2F/miR-20a auto-regulatory feed-back loop. J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282(4):2135-2143.
  • WELCH C, CHEN Y, STALLINGS RL: MicroRNA-34a functions as a potential tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene (2007).
  • WOODS K, THOMSON JM, HAMMOND SM: Direct regulation of an oncogenic micro-RNA cluster by E2F transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282(4):2130-2134.
  • CLURMAN BE, HAYWARD WS: Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1989) 9(6):2657-2664.
  • TAM W, BEN-YEHUDA D, HAYWARD WS: Bic, a novel gene activated by proviral insertions in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas, is likely to function through its noncoding RNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1997) 17(3):1490-1502.
  • HAASCH D, CHEN Y-W, REILLY RM et al.: T cell activation induces a noncoding RNA transcript sensitive to inhibition by immunosuppressant drugs and encoded by the proto-oncogene, BIC. Cell. Immunol. (2002) 217(1-2):78-86.
  • VAN DEN BERG A, KROESEN BJ, KOOISTRA K et al.: High expression of B-cell receptor inducible gene BIC in all subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (2003) 37(1):20-28.
  • O'CONNELL RM, TAGANOV KD, BOLDIN MP, CHENG G, BALTIMORE D: MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2007) 104(5):1604-1609.
  • THAI T-H, CALADO DP, CASOLA S et al.: Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science (2007) 316(5824):604-608.
  • MARTIN MM, LEE EJ, BUCKENBERGER JA, SCHMITTGEN TD, ELTON TS: MicroRNA-155 regulates human angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281(27):18277-18284.
  • CHAN JA, KRICHEVSKY AM, KOSIK KS: MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(14):6029-6033.
  • MENG F, HENSON R, LANG M et al.: Involvement of human micro-RNA in growth and response to chemotherapy in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Gastroenterology (2006) 130(7):2113-2129.
  • WALDMAN SA, TERZIC A: Translating microRNA discovery into clinical biomarkers in cancer. JAMA (2007) 297(17):1923-1925.
  • JAGANNATH A, WOOD M: RNA interference based gene therapy for neurological disease. Brief Funct. Genom. Proteom. (2007)[Epub ahead of print].
  • JACKSON AL, LINSLEY PS: Noise amidst the silence: off-target effects of siRNAs? Trends Genet. (2004) 20(11):521-524.
  • KOLLER E, PROPP S, MURRAY H et al.: Competition for RISC binding predicts in vitro potency of siRNA. Nuclic Acids Res. (2006) 34(16):4467-4476.
  • GRIMM D, STREETZ KL, JOPLING CL et al.: Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature (2006) 441(7092):537-541.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.