Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Volume 8, 2008 - Issue 10
Submit an article Journal homepage
139
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

A review of current progress in gene and stem cell therapy for erectile dysfunction

Serap Gur Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-42, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA +1 504 988 7308; +1 504 988 5059; [email protected]
,
Philip J Kadowitz Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-42, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA +1 504 988 7308; +1 504 988 5059; [email protected]
&
Wayne JG Hellstrom Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-42, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA +1 504 988 7308; +1 504 988 5059; [email protected]
, MD FACS
Pages 1521-1538 | Published online: 07 Sep 2008

Bibliography

  • Ayta IA, McKinlay, Krane RJ. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int 1999;84:50-6
  • Sommer F, Engelmann U. Future options for combination therapy in the management of erectile dysfunction in older men. Drugs Aging 2004;21:555-64
  • Montorsi P, Montorsi F, Schulman CC. Is erectile dysfunction the “tip of the iceberg” of a systemic vascular disorder? Eur Urol 2003;44:352-4
  • Bai Q, Xu QQ, Jiang H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of erectile dysfunction in 3 cities of China: a community-based study. Asian J Androl 2004;6:343-8
  • Montorsi F, Briganti A, Salonia A, et al. Erectile dysfunction prevalence, time of onset and association with risk factors in 300 consecutive patients with acute chest pain and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Eur Urol 2003;44:360-4
  • Feldman HA, Johannes CB, Derby CA, et al. Erectile dysfunction and coronary risk factors: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Prev Med 2000;30:328-38
  • Sullivan ME, Thompson CS, Dashwood MR, et al. Nitric oxide and penile erection: is erectile dysfunction another manifestation of vascular disease? Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:658-65
  • Ströberg P, Frick E, Hedelin H. Is erectile dysfunction really a clinically useful predictor of cardiovascular disease? Scand J Urol Nephrol 2005;39:62-5
  • Guay AT. Relation of endothelial cell function to erectile dysfunction: implications for treatment. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:M52-6
  • Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Feldman HA, et al. Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 2000;163:460-3
  • Moinpour CM, Lovato LC, Thompson IM Jr, et al. Profile of men randomized to the prostate cancer prevention trial: baseline health-related quality of life, urinary and sexual functioning, and health behaviors. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1942-53
  • Fung MM, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease risk factors predict erectile dysfunction 25 years later: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1405-11
  • Speel TG, van Langen H, Meuleman EJ. The risk of coronary heart disease in men with erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 2003;44:366-70
  • Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ. Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev 2003;24:313-40
  • Gazzaruso C, Giordanetti S, De Amici E, et al. Relationship between erectile dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation 2004;110:22-6
  • Blumentals WA, Gomez-Caminero A, Joo S, et al. Is erectile dysfunction predictive of peripheral vascular disease? Aging Male 2003;6:217-21
  • Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, et al. Erectile dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2005;294:2996-3002
  • Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention. J Urol 2002;167:1005-10
  • Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide as a unique signaling molecule in the vascular system: a historical overview. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;53:503-14
  • Solomon H, Man J, Martin E, et al. Role of exercise treadmill testing in the management of erectile dysfunction: a joint cardiovascular/erectile dysfunction clinic. Heart 2003;89:671-2
  • Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of artreial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980;288:373-6
  • Kharbanda RK, Deanfield JE. Functions of the healthy endothelium. Coron Artery Dis 2001;12:485-91
  • Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:168-75
  • Rosenberg SA, Aebersold P, Cornetta K, et al. Gene transfer into humans – immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes modified by retroviral gene transduction. N Engl J Med 1990;323:570-8
  • Lehrman S. Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death. Nature 1999;401:517-8
  • Check E. Sanctions agreed over teenager's gene-therapy death. Nature 2005;433:674
  • Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Von Kalle C, Schmidt M, et al. LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1. Science 2003;302:415-9
  • Nishikawa M, Huang L. Non-viral vectors in the new millennium: delivery barriers in gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2001;12:861-70
  • Walther W, Stein U. Viral vectors for gene transfer: a review of their use in the treatment of human diseases. Drugs 2000;60:249-71
  • Kay MA, Glorioso JC, Naldini L. Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics. Nat Med 2001;7:33-40
  • Wilson JM. Adenoviruses as gene-delivery vehicles. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1185-7
  • Lee M, Ryu JK, Oh SM, et al. Water-soluble lipopolymer as a gene carrier to corpus cavernosum. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:326-34
  • Temin HM. Safety considerations in somatic gene therapy of human disease with retrovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1990;1:111-23
  • Magee TR, Ferrini M, Garban HJ, et al. Gene therapy of erectile dysfunction in the rat with penile neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Biol Reprod 2002;67:1033-41
  • Garban H, Marquez D, Magee T, et al. Cloning of rat and human inducible penile nitric oxide synthase. Application for gene therapy of erectile dysfunction. Biol Reprod 1997;56:954-63
  • Davila HH, Magee TR, Vernet D, et al. Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase complementary DNA regresses the fibrotic plaque in an animal model of Peyronie's disease. Biol Reprod 2004;71:1568-77
  • Christ GJ, Rehman J, Day N, et al. Intracorporal injection of hSlo cDNA in rats produces physiologically relevant alterations in penile function. Am J Physiol 1998;275(2 Pt 2):H600-8
  • Melman A, Zhao W, Davies KP, et al. The successful long-term treatment of age related erectile dysfunction with hSlo cDNA in rats in vivo. J Urol 2003;170:285-90
  • Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, Abdel-Mageed AB, et al. Gene transfer of prepro-calcitonin gene-related peptide restores erectile function in the aged rat. Biol Reprod 2001;65:1371-7
  • Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Ignarro LJ, Rajfer J. Nitric oxide and the cyclic GMP system in the penis. Mol Urol 1999;3:51-9
  • Magee TR, Kovanecz I, Davila HH, et al. Antisense and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs targeting PIN (Protein inhibitor of NOS) ameliorate aging-related erectile dysfunction in the rat. J Sex Med 2007;4:633-43
  • Bivalacqua TJ, Armstrong JS, Biggerstaff J, et al. Gene transfer of extracellular SOD to the penis reduces O2-* and improves erectile function in aged rats. Am J Physiol 2003;284:H1408-21
  • Bivalacqua TJ, Usta MF, Champion HC, et al. Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase partially restores nitric oxide synthesis and erectile function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Urol 2003;169:1911-7
  • Gholami SS, Rogers R, Chang J, et al. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and adeno-associated virus mediated brain derived neurotrophic factor on neurogenic and vasculogenic erectile dysfunction induced by hyperlipidemia. J Urol 2003;169:1577-81
  • Rogers RS, Graziottin TM, Lin CS, et al. Intracavernosal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection and adeno-associated virus-mediated VEGF gene therapy prevent and reverse venogenic erectile dysfunction in rats. Int J Impot Res 2003;15:26-37
  • Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, Usta MF, et al. RhoA/Rho-kinase suppresses endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the penis: a mechanism for diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:9121-6
  • Jin L, Liu T, Lagoda GA, et al. Elevated RhoA/Rho-kinase activity in the aged rat penis: mechanism for age-associated erectile dysfunction. FASEB J 2006;20:536-8
  • Bennet NE, Kim JH, Wolfe DP, et al. Improvement in erectile dysfunction after neurotrophic factor gene therapy in diabetic rats. J Urol 2005;173:1820-4
  • Shen ZJ, Wang H, Lu YL, et al. Gene transfer of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide into the penis improves erectile response in the diabetic rat. Br J Urol Int 2005;95:890-4
  • Melman A, Bar-Chama N, McCullough A, et al. hMaxi-K gene transfer in males with erectile dysfunction: results of the first human trial. Hum Gene Ther 2006;17:1165-76
  • Chancellor MB, Tirney S, Mattes CE, et al. Nitric oxide synthase gene transfer for erectile dysfunction in a rat model. Br J Urol Int 2003;91:691-6
  • Song YS, Lee HJ, Park IH, et al. Potential differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell transplanted in rat corpus cavernosum toward endothelial or smooth muscle cells. Int J Impot Res 2007;19:378-85
  • Bivalacqua TJ, Deng W, Kendirci M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells alone or ex vivo gene modified with endothelial nitric oxide synthase reverse age-associated erectile dysfunction. Am J Physiol 2007;292:H1278-90
  • Lin CS, Xin ZC, Deng CH, et al. Recent advances in andrology-related stem cell research. Asian J Androl 2008;10:171-5
  • Song YS, Lee HJ, Park IH, et al. Human neural crest stem cells transplanted in rat penile corpus cavernosum to repair erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2008;102:220-4
  • Song YS, Ku JH, Song ES, et al. Magnetic resonance evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells in corpus cavernosa of rats and rabbits. Asian J Androl 2007;9:361-7
  • Nolazco G, Kovanecz I, Vernet D, et al. Effect of muscle-derived stem cells on the restoration of corpora cavernosa smooth muscle and erectile function in the aged rat. Br J Urol Int 2008;101:1156-64
  • Reddy KS. Cardiovascular disease in non-Western countries. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2438-40
  • Jazwa A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. New vectors and strategies for cardiovascular gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2007;7:7-23
  • Zoldhelyi P, McNatt J, Shelat HS, et al. Thromboresistance of balloon-injured porcine carotid arteries after local gene transfer of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Circulation 2000;101:289-95
  • Luo W, Liu A, Chen Y, et al. Inhibition of accelerated graft arteriosclerosis by gene transfer of soluble fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in rat aortic transplants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1081-6
  • Glass CK, Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis the road ahead. Cell 2001;104:503-16
  • Henriksen PA, Hitt M, Xing Z, et al. Adenoviral gene delivery of elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor attenuates NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses of human endothelial cells and macrophages to atherogenic stimuli. J Immunol 2004;172:4535-44
  • Reaves PY, Beck CR, Wang HW, et al. Endothelial-independent prevention of high blood pressure in L-NAME-treated rats by angiotensin II type I receptor antisense gene therapy. Exp Physiol 2003;88:467-73
  • Shah AS, Lilly RE, Kypson AP, et al. Intracoronary adenovirus-mediated delivery and overexpression of the β2-adrenergic receptor in the heart: prospects for molecular ventricular assistance. Circulation 2000;101:408-14
  • Sugano M, Tsuchida K, Hata T, et al. In vivo transfer of soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 gene improves cardiac function and reduces infarct size after myocardial infarction in rats. FASEB J 2004;18:911-3
  • Harris MB, Ju H, Venema VJ, et al. Reciprocal phosphorylation and regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase in response to bradykinin stimulation. J Biol Chem 2001;276:16587-91
  • Laitinen M, Zachary I, Breier G, et al. VEGF gene transfer reduces intimal thickening via increased production of nitric oxide in carotid arteries. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:1737-44
  • Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, et al. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: the case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation 1998;97:381-90
  • Ueda H, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, et al. Potential cardioprotective role of hepatocyte growth factor in myocardial infarction in rats. Cardiovasc Res 2001;51:41-50
  • Chae JK, Kim I, Lim ST, et al. Coadministration of angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor enhances collateral vascularization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2573-8
  • Leppanen O, Rutanen J, Hiltunen MO, et al. Oral imatinib mesylate (STI571/gleevec) improves the efficacy of local intravascular vascular endothelial growth factor-C gene transfer in reducing neointimal growth in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation 2004;109:1140-6
  • Segers VF, Lee RT. Stem-cell therapy for cardiac disease. Nature 2008;451:937-42
  • Menasche P. Skeletal myoblasts as a therapeutic agent. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2007;50:7-17
  • Leri A, Kajstura J, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Physiol Rev 2005;85:1373-416
  • Young PP, Vaughan DE, Hatzopoulos AK. Biologic properties of endothelial progenitor cells and their potential for cell therapy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2007;49:421-9
  • Garry DJ, Olson EN. A common progenitor at the heart of development. Cell 2006;127:1101-4
  • Laflamme MA, Chen KY, Naumova AV, et al. Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nat Biotechnol 2007;25:1015-24
  • Liao R, Pfister O, Jain M, Mouquet F. The bone marrow – cardiac axis of myocardial regeneration. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2007;50:18-30
  • Yao EH, Yu Y, Fukuda N. Oxidative stress on progenitor and stem cells in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2006;7:101-8
  • Adams B, Xiao Q, Xu Q. Stem cell therapy for vascular disease. Trends Cardivasc Med 2007;17:246-51
  • Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, et al. Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med 1999;5:434-8
  • Dong C, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Endothelial progenitor cells: a promising therapeutic alternative for cardiovascular disease. J Interv Cardiol 2007;20:93-9
  • Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, et al. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med 2003;9:1370-6
  • Rafii S, Heissig B, Hattori K. Efficient mobilization and recruitment of marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic stemcells by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors. Gene Ther 2002;9:631-41
  • Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, et al. Recruitment of stem andprogenitor cells from the bone marrow niche requires MMP-9mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell 2002;109:625-37
  • Rehman J, Li J, Orschell CM, et al. Peripheral blood “endothelial progenitor cells” are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 2003;107:1164-9
  • Sakihama H, Masunaga T, Yamashita K, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and CXCR4 interaction is critical for development of transplant arteriosclerosis. Circulation 2004;110:2924-30
  • Vandervelde S, Van-Luyn MJ, Tio RA, et al. Signaling factors in stem cell-mediated repair of infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005;39:363-76
  • Dimmeler A, Aicher, Vasa M, et al. HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the P13 kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001;108:391-7
  • Reidy MA, Lindner V. Basic FGF and growth of arterial cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991;638:290-9
  • Luo W, Liu A, Chen Y, et al. Inhibition of accelerated graft arteriosclerosis by gene transfer of soluble fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in rat aortic transplants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1081-6
  • Hur J, Yoon CH, Kim HS, et al. Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:288-93
  • Duan HX, Cheng LM, Wang J, et al. Angiogenic potential difference between two types of endothelial progenitor cells from human umbilical cord blood. Cell Biol Int 2006;30:1018-27
  • Choi JH, Hur J, Yoon CH, et al. Augmentation of therapeutic angiogenesis using genetically modified human endothelial progenitor cells with altered glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity. J Biol Chem 2004;279:49430-8
  • Dobrzynski E, Wang C, Chao J, et al. Adrenomedullin gene delivery attenuates hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and renal injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2000;36:995-1001
  • Lin KF, Chao L, Chao J. Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with human nitric oxide synthase gene delivery. Hypertension 1997;30:307-13
  • Hill JM, Zalosi G, Halcox JP, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2003;348:593-600
  • Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997;275:964-7
  • Inagi R. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: a new avenue toward future therapeutic approaches. Recent Patents Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2006;1:151-9
  • Landmesser U, Harrison DG. Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension. Coron Artery Dis 2001;12:455-61
  • Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 2000;87:840-4
  • Cayette AJ, Rupin A, Oliver-Krasinski J, et al. S17834, a new inhibitor of cell adhesion and atherosclerosis that targets NADPH oxidase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1577-84
  • Weiss N, Zhang YY, Heydrick S, et al. Overexpression of cellular glutathione peroxidase rescues homocyst(e)ine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:12503-8
  • Agrawal RS, Muangman S, Layne, MD, et al. Pre-emptive gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus delivery of extracellular superoxide dismutase protects heart against ischemic reperfusion injury, improves ventricular function and prolongs survival. Gene Ther 2004;11:962-9
  • Zhu HL, Stewart AS, Taylor MD, et al. Blocking free radical production via adenoviral gene transfer decreases cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Ther 2000;2:470-5
  • Chatterjee S, Stewart AS, Bish LT, et al. Viral gene transfer of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 protects against chronic postischemic heart failure. Circulation 2002;106:I212-7
  • Dourron HM, Jacobson GM, Park JL, et al. Perivascular gene transfer of NADPH oxidase inhibitor suppresses angioplasty-induced neointimal proliferation of rat carotid artery. Am J Physiol 2005;288:H946-53
  • Melo LG, Agrawal R, Zhang L, et al. Gene therapy strategy for long-term myocardial protection using adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of heme oxygenase gene. Circulation 2002;105:602-7
  • Melo LG, Pachori AS, Kong D, et al. Gene and cell-based therapies for heart disease. FASEB J 2004;18: 648-663
  • Tanner FC, Meier P, Greutert H, et al. Nitric oxide modulates expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins: a cytostatic strategy for inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation 2000;101:1982-9
  • Tulis DA, Durante W, Liu X, et al. Adenovirus-mediated heme oxygenase-1 gene delivery inhibits injury-induced vascular neointima formation. Circulation 2001;104:2710-5
  • Pachori AS, Melo LG, Zhang L, et al. Chronic recurrent myocardial ischemic injury is significantly attenuated by pre-emptive adeno-associated virus heme oxygenase-1 gene delivery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:635-43
  • Yet SF, Tian R, Layne MD, et al. Cardiac-specific expression of heme oxygenase-1 protects against ischemia and reperfusion injury in transgenic mice. Circ Res 2001;89:168-73
  • Scott-Burden T. Regulation of nitric oxide production by tetrahydrobiopterin. Circulation 1999;91:248-50
  • Shinozaki K, Nishio Y, Okamura T, et al. Oral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin prevents endothelial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress in the aortas of insulin-resistant rats. Circ Res 2000;87:566-73
  • Zheng JS, Yang XQ, Lookingland KJ, et al. Gene transfer of human guanosine 5′-triphosphate cyclohydrolase I restores vascular tetrahydrobiopterin level and endothelial function in low renin hypertension. Circulation 2003;108:1238-45
  • Simon D, Charles MA, Nahoul K, et al. Association between plasma total testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adult men: The Telecom Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:682-5
  • Ushiyama M, Morita T, Kuramochi T, et al. Erectile dysfunction in hypertensive rats results from impairment of the relaxation evoked by neurogenic carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Hypertens Res 2004;27:253-61
  • Burnett AL, Johns DG, Kriegsfeld LJ, et al. Ejaculatory abnormalities in mice with targeted disruption of the gene for heme oxygenase-2. Nat Med 1998;4:84-7
  • Sommer F, Klotz T, Steinritz D, et al. Evaluation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a potential therapeutic agent to treat erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2006;8:159-67.
  • Azadzoi KM, SchulmanRN, Aviram M, et al. Oxidative stress in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: prophylactic role of antioxidants. J Urol 2005;174:386-93
  • Powell JD, Elstein R, Forest DJ, et al. Stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) protein in the adult rat testis following ischemic injury occurs without an increase in HIF-1a messenger RNA expression. Biol Reprod 2002;67:995-1002
  • Lopes-Martines RA, Antunes E, Oliva ML, et al. Pharmacological characterization of rabbit corpus cavernosum relaxation mediated by the tissue kallikrein-kinin system. Br J Pharmacol 1994;113:81-6
  • Seftel AD. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2005;174:656
  • Foresta C, Caretta N, Lana A, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:288-90
  • Hagen T, Di Daniel E, Culbert AA, et al. Expression and characterization of GSK-3 mutants and their effect on β-catenin phosphorylation in intact cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:23330-5
  • Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001;108:391-7
  • Bahlmann FH, De Groot K, Spandau JM, et al. Erythropoietin regulates endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 2004;103:921-6
  • Ryu JK, Shin HY, Song SU, et al. Downregulation of angiogenic factors and their downstream target molecules affects the deterioration of erectile function in a rat model of hypercholesterolemia. Urology 2006;67:1329-34
  • Nakagami H, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor as potential cardiovascular therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005;3:513-9
  • Aversa A, BascianiS, Visca P, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptors in rat corpus cavernosum: changes in expression after transient in vivo hypoxia. J Endocrinol 2001;170:395-402
  • Toblli JE, Stella I, Mazza ON, et al. Different effect of losartan and amlodipine on penile structures in male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:614-23
  • Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al. Plasma levels of angiotensin II during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology 2001;58:805-10
  • Cirino G, Sorrentino R, di Villa Bianca R, et al. Involvement of beta 3-adrenergic receptor activation via cyclic GMP- but not NO-dependent mechanisms in human corpus cavernosum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:5531-6

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.