362
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Semiconductor quantum dots: synthesis and water-solubilization for biomedical applications

Pages 1571-1581 | Published online: 07 Sep 2008

Bibliography

  • Ballou B, Lagerholm BC, Ernst LA, et al. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjugate Chem 2004;15(1):79-86
  • Li LS, Pradhan N, Wang Y, Peng X. High quality ZnSe and ZnS nanocrystals formed by activating zinc carboxylate precursors. Nano Lett 2004;4:2261-4
  • Yu WW, Peng X. Formation of high-quality CdS and other II – VI semiconductor nanocrystals in noncoordinating solvents: T unable reactivity of monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed 2002;41:2368-71
  • Murray CB, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG. Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J Am Chem Soc 1993;115:8706-15
  • Yu WW, Wang YA, Peng X. Formation and stability of size-, shape-, and structure-controlled CdTe nanocrystals: ligand effects on monomers and nanocrystals. Chem Mater 2003;15:4300-08
  • Li JJ, Tsay JM, Michalet X, Weiss S. Wavefunction engineering: from quantum wells to near-infrared type-II colloidal quantum dots synthesized by layer-by-layer colloidal epitaxy. Chem Phys 2005;318:82-90
  • Hines MA, Scholes GD. Colloidal PbS nanocrystals with size-tunable near-infrared emission: observation of post-synthesis self-narrowing of the particle size distribution. Adv Mater 2003;15:1844-9
  • Murray CB, Sun S, Gaschler W, et al. Colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals and nanocrystals superlattices. IBM J Res Dev 2001;45:47-55
  • Yu WW, Falkner JC, Shih BS, Colvin VL. Preparation and characterization of monodisperse PbSe nanocrystals in a non-coordinating solvent. Chem Mater 2004;16:3318-22
  • Zheng J, Nicovich PR, Dickson RM. Highly fluorescent noble-metal quantum dots. Ann Rev Phys Chem 2007;58:409-31
  • Fauchet PM. Light emission from Si quantum dots. Mater Today 2005;26-33
  • Petty JT, Zhang J, Hud NV, Dickson RM. DNA-templated Ag nanoclusters formation. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:5207-12
  • Nakajima A. Silicon quantum dots. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2004;9:837-57
  • Schmid G. Metal nanoclusters as quantum dots. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2004;5:387-98
  • O'Farrell N, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Silicon nanoparticles: applications in cell biology and medicine. Int J Nanomed 2006;1:451-72
  • Cao L, Wang X, Meziani MJ, et al. Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:11318-9
  • Zhou B, Lin Y, Veca LM, et al. Luminescence polarization spectroscopy study of functionalized carbon nanotubes in a polymeric matrix. J Phys Chem B 2006;110:3001-6
  • Yu WW, Chang E, Drezek R, Colvin VL. Water-soluble quantum dots for biomedical applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;348:781-6
  • Han M, Gao X, Su JZ, Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat Biotechnol 2001;19:631-5
  • Gao X, Chan Warren CW, Nie S. Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multicolor optical encoding. J Biomed Opt 2002;7:532-7
  • Chan WCW, Maxwell DJ, Gao X, et al. Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002;13:40-6
  • Wu X, Liu H, Liu J, et al. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 2003;21:41-6
  • Xu H, Sha MY, Wong EY, et al. Multiplexed SNP genotyping using the QbeadTM system: a quantum dot-encoded microsphere-based assay. Nucleic Acids Res 2003;31:e43
  • Eastman PS, Ruan W, Doctolero M, et al. Qdot nanobarcodes for multiplexed gene expression analysis. Nano Lett 2006;6:1059-64
  • Chan WCW, Nie S. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 1998;281:2016-8
  • Bruchez M Jr, Moronne M, Gin P, et al. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 1998;281:2013-6
  • Alivisatos P. The use of nanocrystals in biological detection. Nat Biotechnol 2004;22:47-52
  • Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 2005;4:435-66
  • Michalet X, Pinaud F, Lacoste TD, et al. Properties of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals and their application to biological labeling. Single Mol 2001;2:261-76
  • Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, et al. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 2005;307:538-44
  • Parak WJ, Gerion D, Pellegrino T, et al. Biological applications of colloidal nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2003;14:R15-27
  • Tansil NC, Gao Z. Nanoparticles in biomolecular detection. Nanotoday 2006;1:28-37
  • Niemeyer CM. Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids: biotechnology meets materials science. Angew Chem Int Ed 2001;40:4128-58
  • Pathak S, Cao E, Davidson MC, et al. Quantum dot applications to neuroscience: new tools for probing neurons and glia. J Neurosci 2006;26:1893-5
  • Wang F, Tan WB, Zhang Y, et al. Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labeling. Nanotechnology 2006;17:R1-13
  • Pinaud F, Michalet X, Bentolila LA, et al. Advances in fluorescence imaging with quantum dot bio-probes. Biomaterials 2006;27:1679-87
  • Alivisatos AP, Gu W, Larabell C. Quantum dots as cellular probes. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 2005;7:55-76
  • Huo Q. A perspective on bioconjugated nanoparticles and quantum dots. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007;59:1-10
  • Jamieson T, Bakhshi R, Petrova D, et al. Biological applications of quantum dots. Biomaterials 2007;28:4717-32
  • Cai W, Chen X. Nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects. Small 2007;3:1840-54
  • Azzazy HME, Mansour MMH, Kazmierczak SC. From diagnostics to therapy: prospects of quantum dots. Clinical Biochem 2007;40:917-27
  • Weng J, Ren J. Luminescent quantum dots: a very attractive and promising tool in biomedicine. Curr Medicinal Chem 2006;13:897-909
  • Ipe BI, Lehnig M, Niemeyer CM. On the generation of free radical species from quantum dots. Small 2005;1:706-9
  • Freitas RA Jr. What is nanomedicine? Nanomedicine 2005;1:2-9
  • Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev 2005;5:161-71
  • Klostranec JM, Chan WCW. Quantum dots in biological and biomedical research: recent progress and present challenges. Adv Mater 2006;18:1953-64
  • Yu WW, Qu L, Guo W, Peng X. Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe and CdS nanocrystals. Chem Mater 2003;15:2854-60. [Correction, Chem Mater 2004;16:560]
  • Peng X, Wickham J, Alivisatos AP. Kinetics of II-VI and III-V colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal growth: “focusing” of size distributions. J Am Chem Soc 1998;120:5343-4
  • Peng ZA, Peng X. Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2001;123:183-4
  • Peng X, Schlamp MC, Kadavanich AV, Alivisatos AP. Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility. J Am Chem Soc 1997;119:7019-29
  • Kim S, Lim YT, Soltesz EG, et al. Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat Biotechnol 2004;22:93-7
  • Bol AA, Meijerink A. Luminescence quantum efficiency of nanocrystalline ZnS:Mn2+. 1. surface passivation and Mn2+ concentration. J Phys Chem B 2001;105:10197-202
  • Manna L, Scher EC, Li L-S, Alivisatos AP. Epitaxial growth and photochemical annealing of graded CdS/ZnS shells on colloidal CdSe nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124:7136-45
  • Murase N, Gaponik N, Weller H. Effect of chemical composition on luminescence of thiol-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals. Nanoscale Res Lett 2007;2:230-4
  • Chestnoy N, Harris TD, Hull R, Brus LE. Luminescence and photophysics of CdS semiconductor clusters: the nature of the emitting electronic state. J Phys Chem 1986;90:3393-9
  • Qian H, Chaoqing Dong, Jinliang Peng, et al. High-quality and water-soluble near-infrared photoluminescent CdHgTe/CdS quantum dots prepared by adjusting size and composition. J Phys Chem C 2007;111:16852-7
  • Ma Q, Wang X, Li Y, et al. The use of COP quantum dot fluorescent microspheres in fluoro-immunoassays and a microfluidic chip system. Luminescence 2007;22:438-45
  • Wang Y, Tang Z, Correa-Duarte MA, et al. Mechanism of strong luminescence photoactivation of citrate-stabilized water-soluble nanoparticles with CdSe cores. J Phys Chem B 2004;108:15461-9
  • Zhuang J, Zhang X, Wang G, et al. Synthesis of water-soluble ZnS:Mn2+ nanocrystals by using mercaptopropionic acid as stabilizer. J Mater Chem 2003;13:1853-7
  • Kho R, Torres-Martinez CL, Mehra RK. A simple colloidal synthesis for gram-quantity production of water-soluble ZnS nanocrystal powders. J Colloid Interf Sci 2000;227:561-6
  • Winter JO, Liu TY, Korgel BA, Schmidt CE. Recognition molecule directed interfacing between semiconductor quantum dots and nerve cells. Adv Mater 2001;13:1673-7
  • Qu L, Peng ZA, Peng X. Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2001;1:333-7
  • Zhang J, Yu WW. Formation of CdTe nanostructures with dot-, rod- and tetrapod shapes. Appl Phys Lett 2006;89:123108
  • Wang X, Yu WW, Zhang J, et al. Photoluminescence upconversion in colloidal CdTe quantum dots. Phys Rev B 2003;68:125318
  • Battaglia D, Peng X. Formation of high quality InP and InAs nanocrystals in a noncoordinating solvent. Nano Lett 2002;2:1027-30
  • Li JJ, Wang YA, Guo W, et al. Large-scale synthesis of nearly monodisperse CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals using air-stable reagents via successive ion layer adsorption and reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:12567-75
  • Yu WW, Chang E, Falkner JC, et al. Forming biocompatible and non-aggregated nanocrystals in water using amphiphilic polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:2871-9
  • Boatman EM, Lisensky GC, Nordell KJ. A safer, easier, faster synthesis for CdSe quantum dot nanocrystals. J Chem Edu 2005;82:1697-9
  • Yu WW, Falkner JC, Yavuz CT, Colvin VL. Synthesis of monodisperse iron oxide nanocrystals by thermal decomposition of iron carboxylate salts. Chem Commun 2004;2306-7
  • Park J, An K, Hwang Y, et al. Ultra-large-scale syntheses of monodisperse nanocrystals. Nat Mater 2004;3(12):891-5
  • Jana NR, Chen YF, Peng XG. Size- and shape-controlled magnetic (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) oxide nanocrystals via a simple and general approach. Chem Mater 2004;16:3931-5
  • Chen X, Luo W, Liu Y, Liu G. Recent progress on spectroscopy of lanthanide ions incorporated in semiconductor nanocrystals. J Rare Earths 2007;25:515-25
  • Narayanaswamy A, Xu H, Pradhan N, et al. Formation of nearly monodisperse In2O3 nanodots and oriented-attached nanoflowers: hydrolysis and alcoholysis vs pyrolysis J Am Chem Soc 2006;128:10310-9
  • Peng X. Green chemical approaches toward high-quality semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem Eur J 2002;8:334-9
  • Jasieniak J, Bullen C, Embden Jv, Mulvaney P. Phosphine-free synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B 2005;109:20665-8
  • Sapra S, Rogach AL, Feldmann J. Phosphine-free synthesis of monodisperse CdSe nanocrystals in olive oil. J Mater Chem 2006;16:3391-5
  • Dai Q, Xiao N, Ning J, et al. Synthesis and mechanism of particle- and flower-shaped ZnSe nanocrystals: green chemical approaches toward green nanoproducts. J Phys Chem C 2008;112:7567-71
  • Deng Z, Cao L, Tang F, Zou B. A new route to zinc-blende CdSe nanocrystals: mechanism and synthesis. J Phys Chem B 2005;109:16671-5
  • Asokan S, Krueger KM, Alkhawaldeh A, et al. The use of heat transfer fluids in the synthesis of high-quality CdSe quantum dots, core/shell quantum dots, and quantum rods. Nanotechnology 2005;16:2000-11
  • Ye X, Zhuang W, Hu Y, et al. Zinc sulfide nanocrystals in paraffin liquid open to air: preparation, structure, and mechanism. Chem Lett 2007;36:1376-7
  • Pradhan N, Efrima S. Single-precursor, one-pot versatile synthesis under near ambient conditions of tunable, single and dual band fluorescing metal sulfide nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:2050-1
  • Cumberland SL, Hanif KM, Javier A, et al. Inorganic clusters as single-source precursors for preparation of CdSe, ZnSe, and CdSe/ZnS nanomaterials. Chem Mater 2002;14:1576-84
  • Cao YC, Wang J. One-pot synthesis of high-quality zinc-blend CdS nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:14336-7
  • Yang YA, Wu H, Williams KR, Cao YC. Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals without precursor injection. Angew Chem Int Ed 2005;44:6712-5
  • Bailey RE, Nie S. Alloyed semiconductor quantum dots: tuning the optical properties without changing the particle size. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:7100-6
  • Aldana J, Wang YA, Peng X. Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2001;123:8844-50
  • Wuister SF, Swart I, van Driel F, et al. Highly luminescent water-soluble CdTe quantum dots. Nano Lett 2003;3:503-7
  • Pathak S, Choi SK, Arnheim N, Thompson ME. Hydroxylated quantum dots as luminescent probes for in situ hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 2001;123:4103-4
  • Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Goodman, ER., et al. Self-assembly of CdSe-ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J Am Chem Soc 2000;122:12142-50
  • Kim S, Bawendi MG. Oligomeric Ligands for luminescent and stable nanocrystal Quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:14652-3
  • Pinaud F, King D, Moore H-P, Weiss S. Bioactivation and cell targeting of semiconductor CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals with phytochelatin-related peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:6115-23
  • Susumu K, Uyeda HT, Medintz IL, et al. Enhancing the stability and biological functionalities of quantum dots via compact multifunctional ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:13987-96
  • Guo W, Li JJ, Wang YA, Peng X. Conjugation chemistry and bioapplications of semiconductor box nanocrystals prepared via dendrimer bridging. Chem Mater 2003;15:3125-33
  • Kim S-W, Kim S, Tracy JB, et al. Phosphine oxide polymer for water-soluble nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2005;127:4556-7
  • Tan W, Wang K, He X, et al. Bionanotechnology based on silica nanoparticles. Med Res Rev 2004;24:621-38
  • Jin Y, Kannan S, Wu M, Zhao JX. Toxicity of luminescent silica nanoparticles to living cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2007;20:1126-33
  • Gerion D, Pinaud F, Williams SC, et al. Synthesis and properties of biocompatible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots. J Phys Chem B 2001;105(37):8861-71
  • Gomez DE, Pastoriza-Santos I, Mulvaney P. Tunable whispering gallery mode emission from quantum-dot-doped microspheres. Small 2005;1:238-41
  • Nann T, Mulvaney P. Single quantum dots in spherical silica particles. Angew Chem Int Ed 2004;43:5393-6
  • Selvan ST, Bullen C, Ashokkumar M, Mulvaney P. Synthesis of tunable, highly luminescent QD-glasses through sol-gel processing. Adv Mater 2001;13:985-8
  • Mulvaney P, Liz-Marzan LM, Giersig M, Ung T. Silica encapsulation of quantum dots and metal clusters. J Mater Chem 2000;10:1259-70
  • Rogach AL, Nagesha D, Ostrander JW, et al. “Raisin bun”-type composite spheres of silica and semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem Mater 2000;12:2676-85
  • Selvan ST, Tan TT, Ying JY. Robust, non-cytotoxic, silica-coated CdSe quantum dots with efficient photoluminescence. Adv Mater 2005;17:1620-5
  • Zhu MQ, Chang E, Sun JT, Drezek RA. Surface modification and functionalization of semiconductor quantum dots through reactive coating of silanes in toluene. J Mater Chem 2007;17:800-5
  • Yang P, Ando M, Murase N. Encapsulation of emitting CdTe QDs within silica beads to retain initial photoluminescence efficiency. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007;316:420-7
  • Dubertret B, Skourides P, Norris DJ, et al. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phosphlipid micelles. Science 2002;298:1759-62
  • Fan H, Leve EW, Scullin C, et al. Surfactant-assisted synthesis of water-soluble and biocompatible semiconductor quantum dot micelles. Nano Lett 2005;5:645-8
  • Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, et al. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 2004;22(8):969-76
  • Pellegrino T, Manna L, Kudera S, et al. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with an amphiphilic polymer shell: a general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2004;4:703-7
  • Yu WW, Chang E, Drezek R, Colvin VL. Stable and bright water-soluble quantum dots. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2006;2:225-8
  • Nida DL, Nitin N, Yu WW, et al. Photostability of quantum dots with amphiphilic-based passivation strategies. Nanotechnology 2008;19:035701
  • Smith AM, Duan H, Rhyner MN, et al. A systematic examination of surface coatings on the optical and chemical properties of semiconductor quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006;8:3895-903
  • Bentzen EL, Tomlinson ID, Mason J, et al. Surface modification to reduce nonspecific binding of quantum dots in live cell assays. Bioconjugate Chem 2005;16:1488-94
  • Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S, et al. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2005;5:331-8
  • Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett 2004;4:2163-9
  • Hermanson GT. Bioconjugate techniques. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press; 1996
  • Lewinski N, Colvin V, Drezek R. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 2007;4:26-49
  • Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 2004;4:11-8
  • Tan WB, Huang N, Zhang Y. Ultrafine biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating multi-coloured quantum dots for bioapplications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007;310:464-70
  • Byrne SJ, Williams Y, Davies A, et al. “Jelly dots”: synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of CdTe quantum dot-gelatin nanocomposites. Small 2007;3:1152-6
  • Chang E, Thekkek N, Yu WW, et al. Evaluation of quantum dot cytotoxicity based on intracellular uptake. Small 2006;2:1412-7
  • Chang E, Yu WW, Colvin VL, Drezek R. Quantifying the influence of surface coatings on quantum dot uptake in cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2005;1:397-401
  • Pradhan N, Goorskey D, Thessing J, Peng X. An alternative of CdSe nanocrystal emitters: pure and tunable impurity emissions in ZnSe nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2005;127:17586-7
  • Pradhan N, Peng XG. Efficient and color-tunable Mn-doped ZnSe nanocrystal emitters: control of optical performance via greener synthetic chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:3339-47
  • Pradhan N, Battaglia DM, Liu YC, Peng XG. Efficient, stable, small, and water-soluble doped ZnSe nanocrystal emitters as non-cadmium biomedical labels. Nano Lett 2007;7:312-7
  • Thakar R, Chen Y, Snee PT. Efficient emission from core/(doped) shell nanoparticles: applications for chemical sensing. Nano Lett 2007;7:3429-32
  • Wu C, Szymanski C, Cain Z, McNeill J. Conjugated polymer dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:12904-5
  • Gopee NV, Roberts DW, Webb P, et al. Migration of intradermally injected quantum dots to sentinel organs in mice. Toxicol Sci 2007;98:249-57
  • Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, et al. Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 2007;25:1165-70

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.