782
Views
82
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Emerging pharmacotherapy of tinnitus

, &
Pages 687-702 | Published online: 27 Aug 2009

Bibliography

  • Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA. General review of tinnitus: prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and management. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2005;48(5):1204-35
  • Axelsson A, Ringdahl A. Tinnitus–a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol 1989;23(1):53-62
  • Hoffman HJ, Reed GW. Epidemiology of Tinnitus. In: Snow JB, editor, Tinnitus: theory and management. London: BC Decker; 2004. p. 16-41
  • Vio MM, Holme RH. Hearing loss and tinnitus: 250 million people and a US$10 billion potential market. Drug Discov Today 2005;10(19):1263-5
  • Norena A, Micheyl C, Chery-Croze S, Collet L. Psychoacoustic characterization of the tinnitus spectrum: implications for the underlying mechanisms of tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol 2002;7(6):358-69
  • Roberts LE, Moffat G, Bosnyak DJ. Residual inhibition functions in relation to tinnitus spectra and auditory threshold shift. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;556:27-33
  • Konig O, Schaette R, Kempter R, Gross M. Course of hearing loss and occurrence of tinnitus. Hear Res 2006;221(1-2):59-64
  • House JW, Brackmann DE. Tinnitus: surgical treatment. Ciba Found Symp 1981;85:204-16
  • Heller MF, Bergman M. Tinnitus aurium in normally hearing persons. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1953;62(1):73-83
  • Del Bo L, Forti S, Ambrosetti U, Tinnitus aurium in persons with normal hearing: 55 years later. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;139(3):391-4
  • Langguth B, Goodey R, Azevedo A, Consensus for tinnitus patient assessment and treatment outcome measurement: Tinnitus Research Initiative meeting, Regensburg, July 2006. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:525-36
  • Henry JA, Meikle MB. Psychoacoustic measures of tinnitus. J Am Acad Audiol 2000;11:138-55
  • Vernon JA, Meikle MB. Tinnitus: clinical measurement. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003;36(2):293-305, vi
  • Tyler RS, Oleson J, Noble W, Clinical trials for tinnitus: study populations, designs, measurement variables, and data analysis. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:499-509
  • Hiller W, Goebel G. Factors influencing tinnitus loudness and annoyance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132(12):1323-30
  • Jastreboff PJ. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neurosci Res 1990;8:221-54
  • Moller AR. Pathophysiology of tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003;36:249-66
  • Bauer CA, Turner JG, Caspary DM, Tinnitus and inferior colliculus activity in chinchillas related to three distinct patterns of cochlear trauma. J Neurosci Res 2008;86(11):2564-78
  • Eggermont JJ. Pathophysiology of tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:19-35
  • Kaltenbach JA. The dorsal cochlear nucleus as a contributor to tinnitus: mechanisms underlying the induction of hyperactivity. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:89-106
  • Melcher JR, Sigalovsky IS, Guinan JJJr, Levine RA. Lateralized tinnitus studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging: abnormal inferior colliculus activation. J Neurophysiol 2000;83:1058-72
  • Reyes SA, Salvi RJ, Burkard RF, Brain imaging of the effects of lidocaine on tinnitus. Hear Res 2002;171:43-50
  • Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Kreutzer A, The impact of auditory cortex activity on characterizing and treating patients with chronic tinnitus–first results from a PET study. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;(556):84-8
  • Smits M, Kovacs S, De RD, Lateralization of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in the auditory pathway of patients with lateralized tinnitus. Neuroradiology 2007;49(8):669-79
  • Schlee W, Hartmann T, Langguth B, Weisz N. Abnormal resting-state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus. BMC Neurosci 2009;10(11)
  • Muroi Y, Chanda B. Local anesthetics disrupt energetic coupling between the voltage-sensing segments of a sodium channel. J Gen Physiol 2009;133(1):1-15
  • Trellakis S, Lautermann J, Lehnerdt G. Lidocaine: neurobiological targets and effects on the auditory system. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:303-22
  • Cronlein T, Langguth B, Geisler P, Hajak G. Tinnitus and insomnia. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:227-33
  • Langguth B, Kleinjung T, Fischer B, Tinnitus severity, depression, and the big five personality traits. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:221-5
  • Biassoni EC, Serra MR, Richtert U, Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part II: development of hearing disorders. Int J Audiol 2005;44(2):74-85
  • Serra MR, Biassoni EC, Richter U, Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part I: an interdisciplinary long-term study. Int J Audiol 2005;44(2):65-73
  • Available from: http://www.vba.va.gov/bln/21/
  • Dobie RA. A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1202-11
  • Dobie R. Clinical trials and drug therapy for tinnitus. In: Snow JB, editor. Tinnitus: theory and management. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2004 . p. 266-77
  • Vio M. Tinnitus market situation analysis. London: RNID, 2003
  • Eggermont JJ. Tinnitus: neurobiological substrates. Drug Discov Today 2005;10(19):1283-90
  • Moller AR. Tinnitus and pain. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:47-53
  • Moller AR. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of tinnitus. Am J Otol 1997;18(2):268-9
  • Barany R. Die beeinflussung des ohrensausens durch intravenös injizierte lokalanästhetica. Acta Otolarngologica 1935;23:201-3
  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ, Thorne PR. The use of intravenous lignocaine in the diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 1978;92(2):115-21
  • Martin FW, Colman BH. Tinnitus: a double-blind crossover controlled trial to evaluate the use of lignocaine. Clin Otolaryngol 1980;5:3-11
  • Sanchez TG, Balbani AP, Bittar RS, Lidocaine test in patients with tinnitus: rationale of accomplishment and relation to the treatment with carbamazepine. Auris Nasus Larynx 1999;26(4):411-7
  • Trellakis S, Benzenberg D, Urban BW, Friederich P. Differential lidocaine sensitivity of human voltage-gated potassium channels relevant to the auditory system. Otol Neurotol 2006;27(1):117-23
  • Haginomori S, Makimoto K, Araki M, Effect of lidocaine injection of EOAE in patients with tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol 1995;115(4):488-92
  • Baguley DM, Jones S, Wilkins I, The inhibitory effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on tinnitus after translabyrinthine removal of vestibular schwannoma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Otol Neurotol 2005;26(2):169-76
  • Schwartz ML, Meyer MB, Covino BG, Antiarrhythmic effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine: influence of different injection sites. J Clin Pharmacol 1974;14(2):77-83
  • Clarkson CW, Follmer CH, Ten EICK, Evidence for two components of sodium channel block by lidocaine in isolated cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 1988;63(5):869-78
  • Courtney KR. Mechanism of frequency-dependent inhibition of sodium currents in frog myelinated nerve by the lidocaine derivative GEA. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1975;195(2):225-36
  • Lenkowski PW, Shah BS, Dinn AE, Lidocaine block of neonatal Nav1.3 is differentially modulated by co-expression of beta1 and beta3 subunits. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;467(1-3):23-30
  • Josephson IR. Lidocaine blocks Na, Ca and K currents of chick ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1988;20(7):593-604
  • Plewnia C, Reimold M, Najib A, Dose-dependent attenuation of auditory phantom perception (tinnitus) by PET-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2007;28(3):238-46
  • Hulshof JH, Vermeij P. The value of tocainide in the treatment of tinnitus. A double-blind controlled study. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1985;241:279-83
  • Blayney AW, Phillips MS, Guy AM, Colman BH. A sequential double blind cross-over trial of tocainide hydrochloride in tinnitus. Clin Otolaryngol 1985;10:97-101
  • Lenarz T. Treatment of tinnitus with lidocaine and tocainide. Scand Audiol Suppl 1986;26:49-51
  • Sieghart W. Pharmacology of benzodiazepine receptors: an update. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1994;19(1):24-9
  • Johnson RM, Brummett R, Schleuning A. Use of alprazolam for relief of tinnitus. A double-blind study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119(8):842-5
  • Kay NJ. Oral chemotherapy in tinnitus. Br J Audiol 1981;15(2):123-4
  • Gananca MM, Caovilla HH, Gananca FF, Clonazepam in the pharmacological treatment of vertigo and tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J 2002;8(1):50-3
  • Bahmad FM Jr, Venosa AR, Oliveira CA. Benzodiazepines and GABAergics in treating severe disabling tinnitus of predominantly cochlear origin. Int Tinnitus J 2006;12(2):140-4
  • Busto U, Fornazzari L, Naranjo CA. Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8(5):359-62
  • Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1986;315(14):854-9
  • Moller AR. Similarities between severe tinnitus and chronic pain. J Am Acad Audiol 2000;11:115-24
  • Gross G, Xin X, Gastpar M. Trimipramine: pharmacological reevaluation and comparison with clozapine. Neuropharmacology 1991;30(11):1159-66
  • Bayar N, Boke B, Turan E, Belgin E. Efficacy of amitriptyline in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. J Otolaryngol 2001;30(5):300-3
  • Podoshin L, Ben-David Y, Fradis M, Idiopathic subjective tinnitus treated by amitriptyline hydrochloride/biofeedback. Int Tinnitus J 1995;1(1):54-60
  • Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989;98(11):867-72
  • Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med 1993;153(19):2251-9
  • Katon W, Sullivan M, Russo J, Depressive symptoms and measures of disability: a prospective study. J Affect Disord 1993;27(4):245-54
  • Mihail RC, Crowley JM, Walden BE, The tricyclic trimipramine in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988;97(2 Pt 1):120-3
  • Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22(5):574-5
  • Feder R. Tinnitus associated with amitriptyline. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51(2):85-6
  • Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden JF. Imipramine and tinnitus. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(3):109-11
  • Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med 2005;67(6):981-8
  • Zoger S, Svedlund J, Holgers KM. The effects of sertraline on severe tinnitus suffering–a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26(1):32-9
  • Robinson S. Antidepressants for treatment of tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:263-71
  • Willow M, Gonoi T, Catterall WA. Voltage clamp analysis of the inhibitory actions of diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 1985;27(5):549-58
  • Cardenas CA, Cardenas CG, de Armendi AJ, Scroggs RS. Carbamazepine interacts with a slow inactivation state of NaV1.8-like sodium channels. Neurosci Lett 2006;408(2):129-34
  • Shea JJ, Harell M. Management of tinnitus aurium with lidocaine and carbamazepine. Laryngoscope 1978;88(9 Pt 1):1477-84
  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ. The treatment of tinnitus with oral anticonvulsants. J Laryngol Otol 1979;93(2):111-22
  • Donaldson I. Tegretol: a double blind trial in tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 1981;95(9):947-51
  • Hulshof JH, Vermeij P. The value of carbamazepine in the treatment of tinnitus. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1985;47:262-6
  • Marks NJ, Onisiphorou C, Trounce JR. The effect of single doses of amylobarbitone sodium and carbamazepine in tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 1981;95(9):941-5
  • Levine RA. Typewriter tinnitus: a carbamazepine-responsive syndrome related to auditory nerve vascular compression. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2006;68(1):43-6
  • Mardini MK. Ear-clicking “tinnitus” responding to carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 1987;317(24):1542
  • Zheng Y, Hooton K, Smith PF, Darlington CL. Carbamazepine reduces the behavioural manifestations of tinnitus following salicylate treatment in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 2008;128(1):48-52
  • Zapp JJ. Gabapentin for the treatment of tinnitus: a case report. Ear Nose Throat J 2001;80(2):114-6
  • Shulman A. Gabapentin and tinnitus relief. Int Tinnitus J 2008;14(1):1-5
  • Bauer CA, Brozoski TJ. Assessing tinnitus and prospective tinnitus therapeutics using a psychophysical animal model. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2001;2(1):54-64
  • Witsell DL, Hannley MT, Stinnet S, Tucci DL. Treatment of tinnitus with gabapentin: a pilot study. Otol Neurotol 2007;28(1):11-5
  • Bakhshaee M, Ghasemi M, Azarpazhooh M, Gabapentin effectiveness on the sensation of subjective idiopathic tinnitus: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265(5):525-30
  • Piccirillo JF, Finnell J, Vlahiotis A, Relief of idiopathic subjective tinnitus: is gabapentin effective? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133(4):390-7
  • Bauer CA, Brozoski TJ. Effect of gabapentin on the sensation and impact of tinnitus. Laryngoscope 2006;116(5):675-81
  • Brozoski TJ, Spires TJ, Bauer CA. Vigabatrin, a GABA transaminase inhibitor, reversibly eliminates tinnitus in an animal model. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2007;8(1):105-18
  • Willmore LJ, Abelson MB, Ben-Menachem E, Vigabatrin: 2008 update. Epilepsia 2009;50(2):163-73
  • Oestreicher E, Arnold W, Ehrenberger K, Felix D. Memantine suppresses the glutamatergic neurotransmission of mammalian inner hair cells. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1998;60(1):18-21
  • Guitton MJ, Caston J, Ruel J, Salicylate induces tinnitus through activation of cochlear NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 2003;23(9):3944-52
  • Guitton MJ, Dudai Y. Blockade of cochlear NMDA receptors prevents long-term tinnitus during a brief consolidation window after acoustic trauma. Neural Plast 2007;2007:80904
  • Jastreboff PJ, Brennan JF, Coleman JK, Sasaki CT. Phantom auditory sensation in rats: an animal model for tinnitus. Behav Neurosci 1988;102(6):811-22
  • Peng BG, Chen S, Lin X. Aspirin selectively augmented N-methyl-D-aspartate types of glutamate responses in cultured spiral ganglion neurons of mice. Neurosci Lett 2003;343(1):21-4
  • Ehrenberger K, Felix D. Receptor pharmacological models for inner ear therapies with emphasis on glutamate receptors: a survey. Acta Otolaryngol 1995;115:236-40
  • Denk DM, Heinzl H, Franz P, Ehrenberger K. Caroverine in tinnitus treatment. A placebo-controlled blind study. Acta Otolaryngol 1997;117(6):825-30
  • Domeisen H, Hotz MA, Hausler R. Caroverine in tinnitus treatment. Acta Otolaryngol 1998;118(4):606-8
  • Rogawski MA, Wenk GL. The neuropharmacological basis for the use of memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev 2003;9(3):275-308
  • Rammes G, Rupprecht R, Ferrari U, The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT(3) receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett 2001;306(1-2):81-4
  • Oliver D, Ludwig J, Reisinger E, Memantine inhibits efferent cholinergic transmission in the cochlea by blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of outer hair cells. Mol Pharmacol 2001;60(1):183-9
  • Lobarinas E, Yang G, Sun W, Salicylate- and quinine-induced tinnitus and effects of memantine. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;(556):13-9
  • Figueiredo RR, Langguth B, de Oliveira PM, de Azevedo AA. Tinnitus treatment with memantine. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;138(4):492-6
  • Salembier L, De Ridder D, Van de Heyning PH. The use of flupirtine in treatment of tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;556:93-5
  • Williams SH. Medications for treating alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician 2005;72(9):1775-80
  • Azevedo AA, Figueiredo RR. Treatment of tinnitus with acamprosate. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:273-7
  • Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00596531
  • Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JW. A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus: clinical implications. Br J Audiol 1993;27(1):7-17
  • Lockwood AH, Salvi RJ, Coad ML, The functional neuroanatomy of tinnitus: evidence for limbic system links and neural plasticity. Neurology 1998;50(1):114-20
  • Larson ER, Ariano MA. D3 and D2 dopamine receptors: visualization of cellular expression patterns in motor and limbic structures. Synapse 1995;20(4):325-37
  • Memo M, Battaini F, Spano PF, Trabucchi M. Sulpiride and the role of dopaminergic receptor blockade in the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;63(4):314-24
  • Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Santiago AM, Esteban-Ortega F. Sulpiride and melatonin decrease tinnitus perception modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway. J Otolaryngol 2007;36(4):213-9
  • Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Moliner-Peiro F, Faro-Garcia J, Esteban-Ortega F. Sulpiride plus hydroxyzine decrease tinnitus perception. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007;34(1):23-7
  • Hastak SM. Treatment of memory impairment, vertigo and tinnitus in the elderly with piribedil in an Indian general practice setting. J Indian Med Assoc 2003;101(8):500-1
  • Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Intratympanic steroid injection for treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133(2):251-9
  • Azevedo AA, Langguth B, de Oliveira PM, Figueiredo RR. Tinnitus treatment with piribedil guided by electrocochleography and acoustic otoemisions. Otol Neurotol In press 2009
  • Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Liu N. Oral steroid regimens for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132(1):5-10
  • Haynes DS, O'malley M, Cohen S, Intratympanic dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy. Laryngoscope 2007;117(1):3-15
  • Wei BPC, Mubiru S, O'leary S. Steroids for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1)
  • Mahadevan S, Park Y. Multifaceted therapeutic benefits of Ginkgo biloba L: chemistry, efficacy, safety, and uses. J Food Sci 2008;73(1):R14-9
  • Morgenstern C, Biermann E. The efficacy of Ginkgo special extract EGb 761 in patients with tinnitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;40(5):188-97
  • Holstein N. Ginkgo special extract EGb 761 in tinnitus therapy. An overview of results of completed clinical trials. Fortschr Med Orig 2001;118:157-64
  • Drew S, Davies E. Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2001;322(7278):73
  • Rejali D, Sivakumar A, Balaji N. Ginkgo biloba does not benefit patients with tinnitus: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2004;29(3):226-31
  • Hilton M, Stuart E. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:CD003852
  • Jan JE, Reiter RJ, Wasdell MB, Bax M. The role of the thalamus in sleep, pineal melatonin production, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. J Pineal Res 2009;46(1):1-7
  • Seggie J, Werstiuk ES, Grota L. Lithium and circadian patterns of melatonin in the retina, hypothalamus, pineal and serum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1987;11(2-3):325-34
  • Berra B, Rizzo AM. Melatonin: circadian rhythm regulator, chronobiotic, antioxidant and beyond. Clin Dermatol 2009;27(2):202-9
  • Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Guerrero JM, Rojas F, Delgado F. Ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is ameliorated by melatonin and other antioxidants. J Pineal Res 2000;28(2):73-80
  • Bas E, Martinez-Soriano F, Lainez JM, Marco J. An experimental comparative study of dexamethasone, melatonin and tacrolimus in noise-induced hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 2009;129(4):385-9
  • Megwalu UC, Finnell JE, Piccirillo JF. The effects of melatonin on tinnitus and sleep. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134(2):210-3
  • Rosenberg SI, Silverstein H, Rowan PT, Olds MJ. Effect of melatonin on tinnitus. Laryngoscope 1998;108(3):305-10
  • McFadden SL, Ding D, Burkard RF, Cu/Zn SOD deficiency potentiates hearing loss and cochlear pathology in aged 129,CD-1 mice. J Comp Neurol 1999;413(1):101-12
  • Zirpel L, Parks TN. Zinc inhibition of group I mGluR-mediated calcium homeostasis in auditory neurons. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2001;2(2):180-7
  • Shambaugh GE. Zinc for tinnitus, imbalance, and hearing loss in the elderly. Am J Otol 1986;7(6):476-7
  • Coelho CB, Tyler R, Hansen M. Zinc as a possible treatment for tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:279-85
  • Paaske PB, Pedersen CB, Kjems G, Sam IL. Zinc in the management of tinnitus. Placebo-controlled trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100(8):647-9
  • Yetiser S, Tosun F, Satar B, The role of zinc in management of tinnitus. Auris Nasus Larynx 2002;29(4):329-33
  • Roth SH. Misoprostol in the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol Suppl 1990;20:20-4
  • Briner W, House J, O'leary M. Synthetic prostaglandin E1 misoprostol as a treatment for tinnitus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119(6):652-4
  • Yilmaz I, Akkuzu B, Cakmak O, Ozluoglu LN. Misoprostol in the treatment of tinnitus: a double-blind study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130(5):604-10
  • Gresser U, Gathof BS. Atorvastatin: gold standard for prophylaxis of myocardial ischemia and stroke - comparison of the clinical benefit of statins on the basis of randomized controlled endpoint studies. Eur J Med Res 2004;9(1):1-17
  • Olzowy B, Canis M, Hempel JM, Effect of atorvastatin on progression of sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus in the elderly: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Otol Neurotol 2007;28(4):455-8
  • Scriabine A, van den KW. Pharmacology of nimodipine. A review. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;522:698-706
  • Keyrouz SG, Diringer MN. Clinical review: Prevention and therapy of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care 2007;11(4):220
  • Goodnick PJ. Nimodipine treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(7):330
  • Jastreboff PJ, Brennan JF, Sasaki CT. Quinine-induced tinnitus in rats. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117(10):1162-6
  • Theopold HM. Nimodipine (Bay e 9736) a new therapy concept in diseases of the inner ear?. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1985;64(12):609-13
  • Davies E, Knox E, Donaldson I. The usefulness of nimodipine, an L-calcium channel antagonist, in the treatment of tinnitus. Br J Audiol 1994;28(3):125-9
  • Hutcheon DE, Leonard G. Diuretic and antihypertensive actions of furosemide. J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs 1967;7(1):26-33
  • Shiozaki A, Miyazaki H, Niisato N, Furosemide, a blocker of Na+/K+/ 2Cl- cotransporter, diminishes proliferation of poorly differentiated human gastric cancer cells by affecting G0/G1 state. J Physiol Sci 2006;56(6):401-6
  • Sakaguchi N, Crouch JJ, Lytle C, Schulte BA. Na-K-Cl cotransporter expression in the developing and senescent gerbil cochlea. Hear Res 1998;118(1-2):114-22
  • Chen H, Sun D. The role of Na-K-Cl co-transporter in cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2005;27(3):280-6
  • Rybak LP, Morizono T. Effect of furosemide upon endolymph potassium concentration. Hear Res 1982;7(2):223-31
  • Futaki T, Kitahara M, Morimoto M. A comparison of the furosemide and glycerol tests for Meniere's disease. With special reference to the bilateral lesion. Acta Otolaryngol 1977;83(3-4):272-8
  • Kuchar DL, O'rourke MF. High dose furosemide in refractory cardiac failure. Eur Heart J 1985;6(11):954-8
  • Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ 2006;333(7565):420
  • Filipo R, Barbara M, Cordier A, Osmotic drugs in the treatment of cochlear disorders: a clinical and experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol 1997;117(2):229-31
  • McCabe BF. Central aspects of drugs for motion sickness and vertigo. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1973;20:458-69
  • Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, The efficacy and safety of transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg 2002;95(1):133-43, table
  • Wallhausser-Franke E, Cuautle-Heck B, Scopolamine attenuates tinnitus-related plasticity in the auditory cortex. Neuroreport 2006;17(14):1487-91
  • Lobarinas E, Sun W, Stolzberg D, Human brain imaging of tinnitus and animal models. Semin Hear 2008;29(4):333-49
  • Timmerman H. Calcium modulation and clinical effect. Profile of cyclandelate. Drugs 1987;33(Suppl 2):1-4
  • Memin Y. Perceived efficacy of cyclandelate in the treatment of cochleovestibular and retinal disturbances related to cerebrovascular insufficiency. A study in general practice comprising 2772 patients. Drugs 1987;33(Suppl 2):120-4
  • Hester TO, Theilman G, Green W, Jones RO. Cyclandelate in the management of tinnitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118(3 Pt 1):329-32
  • Stidham KR, Solomon PH, Roberson JB. Evaluation of botulinum toxin A in treatment of tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132(6):883-9
  • Penney SE, Bruce IA, Saeed SR. Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol 2006;253(7):857-60
  • Adjamian P, Sereda M, Hall DA. The mechanisms of tinnitus: perspectives from human functional neuroimaging. Hear Res 2009;253:15-31
  • Turner JG. Behavioral measures of tinnitus in laboratory animals. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:147-56
  • Arnold W, Bartenstein P, Oestreicher E, Focal metabolic activation in the predominant left auditory cortex in patients suffering from tinnitus: a PET study with [18F]deoxyglucose. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1996;58:195-9
  • Muhlnickel W, Elbert T, Taub E, Flor H. Reorganization of auditory cortex in tinnitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:10340-3
  • Sun W, Lu J, Stolzberg D, Salicylate increases the gain of the central auditory system. Neuroscience 2009;159(1):325-34
  • Moller AR. The role of neural plasticity in tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:37-45
  • De Ridder D, Verstraeten E, Van der KK, Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: influence of tinnitus duration on stimulation parameter choice and maximal tinnitus suppression. Otol Neurotol 2005;26(4):616-9
  • De Ridder D, van der Loo E, Van der Kelen K, Do tonic and burst TMS modulate the lemniscal and extralemniscal system differentially? Int J Med Sci 2007;4(5):242-6
  • Tyler R, Coelho C, Tao P, Identifying tinnitus subgroups with cluster analysis. Am J Audiol 2008;17(2):S176-84
  • Tyler RS, Oleson J, Noble W, Clinical trials for tinnitus: study populations, designs, measurement variables, and data analysis. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:499-509
  • Elgoyhen AB, Vetter DE, Katz E, Alpha10: a determinant of nicotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammalian vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(6):3501-6
  • Elgoyhen AB, Johnson DS, Boulter J, Alpha 9: an acetylcholine receptor with novel pharmacological properties expressed in rat cochlear hair cells. Cell 1994;79(4):705-15
  • Plazas PV, Savino J, Kracun S, Inhibition of the alpha9alpha10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor by neramexane, an open channel blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;566(1-3):11-9
  • Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00405886
  • Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739635, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00772980, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00827008
  • Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00860808
  • Sun W, Ding DL, Wang P, Substance P inhibits potassium and calcium currents in inner ear spiral ganglion neurons. Brain Res 2004;1012(1-2):82-92
  • Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00394056
  • Carpenter WT, Koenig JI. The evolution of drug development in schizophrenia: past issues and future opportunities. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33(9):2061-79
  • De Ridder D, Fransen H, Francois O, Amygdalohippocampal involvement in tinnitus and auditory memory. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;556:50-3
  • Yang G, Lobarinas E, Zhang L, Salicylate induced tinnitus: behavioral measures and neural activity in auditory cortex of awake rats. Hear Res 2007;226(1-2):244-53
  • Lobarinas E, Sun W, Cushing R, Salvi R. A novel behavioral paradigm for assessing tinnitus using schedule-induced polydipsia avoidance conditioning (SIP-AC). Hear Res 2004;190(1-2):109-14
  • Hurko O, Ryan JL. Translational research in central nervous system drug discovery. NeuroRx 2005;2(4):671-82
  • Meikle MB, Vernon J, Johnson RM. The perceived severity of tinnitus. Some observations concerning a large population of tinnitus clinic patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984;92(6):689-96
  • Jakes SC, Hallam RS, Chambers C, Hinchcliffe R. A factor analytical study of tinnitus complaint behaviour. Audiology 1985;24(3):195-206
  • Newman CW, Sandridge SA, Jacobson GP. Psychometric adequacy of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) for evaluating treatment outcome. J Am Acad Audiol 1998;9(2):153-60
  • Goebel G, Hiller W. The tinnitus questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire Hno 1994;42:166-72
  • Kuk FK, Tyler RS, Russell D, Jordan H. The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire. Ear Hear 1990;11(6):434-45

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.