111
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Development of medications for alcohol use disorders: recent advances and ongoing challenges

, , &
Pages 323-343 | Published online: 10 May 2005

Bibliography

  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): The World Health Report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding. New Hope World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2001).
  • GRANT BF, DAWSON DA, STINSON FS et al.: The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2004) 74:223–234.
  • SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA), OFFICE OF APPLIED STUDIES: In: Results from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings, Part 3, Alcohol. SAMHSA, Rockville, Maryland, USA (2003).
  • HARWOOD H: Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Institute of Health Publications, Rockville, Maryland, USA (2000).
  • STINSON FS, NEPHEW TM, DUFOUR MC, GRANT BF: State trends in alcohol-related mortality, 1979–92. In: US Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual. (Volume 5). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (1996).
  • NIAAA: New advances in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Alert (2000) 49:1–5.
  • FULLER RK, HILLER- STURMHOFEL S: Alcoholism treatment in the United States: an overview. Alcohol Res. Health (1999) 23:69–77.
  • MILLER WR, MEYERS RJ, HILLER-STURMHOFEL S: The community-reinforcement approach. Alcohol Res. Health (1999) 23: 116–120.
  • FULLER RK, LITTEN RZ: Drugs to decrease alcohol consumption in humans: Aversive agents. In: The Pharmacology of Alcohol Abuse. Kranzler HR (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1995):369–381.
  • CHICK J: Safety issues concerning the use of disulfiram in treating alcohol dependence. Drug Safety (1999) 20:427–4435.
  • BANYS PL: The clinical use of disulfiram (Antabuse): a review. J. Psychoactive Drugs (1988) 20:243–260.
  • WRIGHT C, VAFIER JA, LAKE CR: Disulfiram-induced fulminating hepatitits: guidelines for liver-panel monitoring. Clin. Psychiatry. (1988) 49:430–434.
  • FULLER RK, BRANCHEY L, BRIGHTWELL DR et al.: Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism: a veterans administration cooperative study. JAMA (1986) 256:1449–1455.
  • ALLEN JP, LITTEN RZ: Techniques to enhance compliance with disulfiram. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1992) 16:1035–1041.
  • CHICK J, GOUGH K, FALKWOSKI W et al.: Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br. J. Psychiatry (1992) 161:84–89.
  • CARROLL KM, NICH C, BALL SA MCCANCE E, ROUNSAVILLE B: Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. Addiction (1998) 93:713–728.
  • CARROLL KM, FENTON LR, BALL SA et al.: Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2004) 61:264–272.
  • FULLER RK, GORDIS E: Does disulfiramhave a role in alcoholism treatment today? Addiction (2004) 99:21–24.
  • HART BW, FAIMAN MD: In vivo pharmacodynamic studies of the disulfiram metabolite S-methyl /V,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide: inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1994) 18:340–345.
  • VOLPICELLI JR, ALTERMAN Al, HAYASHIDA M, O'BRIEN CP: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1992) 49:876-880. •This article was one of the first two published articles to show the efficacy of naltrexone.
  • O'MALLEY SS, JAFFE AJ, CHANG G, SCHOTTENFELD RS, MEYER RE, ROUNSAVILLE B: Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1992) 49:881-887. •This article was one of the first two published articles to show the efficacy of naltrexone.
  • ROHSENOW DJ: What place does naltrexone have in the treatment of alcoholism? CNS Drugs (2004) 18:547–560.
  • ANTON RF, SWIFT RM: Current pharmacotherapies of alcoholism: a US perspective. Am. J. Addict. (2003) 12:S53–S68.
  • CARMEN B, ANGELES M, ANA M, MARIA AJ: Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction (2004) 99:811–828.
  • ••This review article conducted a meta-analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate.
  • KRANZLER HR, MODESTO-LOWE V, VAN KIRK J: Naltrexone versus nefazodone for treatment of alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmaco/ogy (2000) 22:493–503.
  • KRYSTAL JH, CRAMER JA, KROL WF, KIRK GF, ROSENHECK RA: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. N Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1734–1739.
  • GASTPAR M, BONNET U, BONING J et al.: Lack of efficacy of naltrexone in the prevention of alcohol relapse: results from a German multicenter study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacology (2002) 22:592–598.
  • DAVIDSON D, SAHA C, SCIFRES S, FYFFE J, O'CONNOR S, SELZER C: Naltrexone and brief counseling to reduce heavy drinking in hazardous drinkers. Addict. Behav. (2004) 29:1253–1258.
  • KRANZLER HR, VAN KIRK J: Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2001) 25:1335–1341.
  • ••This review article conducted a meta-analysis of naltrexone and acramprosate.
  • STREETON C, WHELAN G: Naltrexone, a relapse prevention maintenance treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alcohol Alcohol. (2001) 36:544–552.
  • ••This review article conducted a meta-analysis of naltrexone.
  • CROOP RS, FAULKNER EB, LABRIOLA DF: The safety profile of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism: results from a multicenter usage study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1997) 54: 1130–1135.
  • DAVIDSON D, PALFAIT, BIRD C, SWIFT R: Effects of naltrexone on alcohol self-administration in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1999) 23:195–203.
  • MCCAUL ME, WAND GS, EISENBERG T, ROHDE CA, CHESKIN LJ: Naltrexone alters subjective and psychomotor responses to alcohol in heavy drinking subjects. Neuropsychopharmaco/ogy (2000) 22:480–492.
  • O'MALLEY SS, KRISHNAN-SARIN S, FARREN C, SINHA RAJITA, KREEK MJ: Naltrexone decreases craving and alcohol self-administration in alcohol-dependent subjects and activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Psychopharmacology (2002) 160:19–29.
  • DROBES DJ, ANTON RF, THOMAS SE, VORONIN K: Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1362–1370.
  • KRANZLER HR, ARMELI S, FEINN R, TENNEN H: Targeted naltrexone treatment moderates the relations between mood and drinking behavior among problem drinkers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol (2004) 72:317–327.
  • ANTON RF, DROBES DJ, VORONIN K, DURAZO-AVIZU R, MOAK D: Naltrexone effects on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory paradigm: temporal effects of drinking. Psychopharmacology (2004) 173:32–40.
  • VOLPICELLI JR, RHINES KC, RHINES KC et al.: Naltrexone and alcohol dependence: Role of subject compliance. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1997) 54:737–742.
  • CHICK J, ANTON R, CHECINSKI K et al.: A muticentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence or abuse. Alcohol Alcohol. (2000) 35:587–593.
  • MONTI PM, ROHSENOW DJ, SWIFT RM et al.: Naltrexone and cue exposure with coping and communication skills training for alcoholics: treatment process and 1-year outcomes. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2001) 25:1634–1647.
  • KRANZLER HR, WESSON DR, BILLOT L: Naltrexone depot for treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1051–1059.
  • GARBUTT JC, KRANZLER H, O'MALLEY SS et al.: Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. [AMA (2005) 293:1617–1625.
  • MCCAUL ME, WAND GS, EISSENBERG T, ROHDE CA, CHESKIN LJ: Naltrexone alters subjective and psychomotor responses to alcohol in heavy drinking subjects. Neumpsycho/pharmaco/ogy (2000) 22:480–492.
  • MCCAUL ME, WAND GS, ROHDE C, LEE SM: Serum 6-13-naltrexol levels are related to alcohol responses in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2000) 24:1385–1391.
  • HEINALA P, ALHO H, KIIANMAA K, LONNQVIST J, KKUOPPASALMI K, SINCLAIR JD: Targeted use of naltrexone without prior detoxification in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a factorial double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Psychopharmacol (2001) 21:287–292.
  • KRANZLER HR, ARMELI S, TENNEN H et al.: Targeted naltrexone for early problem drinkers. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol (2003) 23:294–304.
  • O'MALLEY SS, ROUNSAVILLE BJ, FARREN C et al.: Initial and maintenance naltrexone treatment for alcohol dependence using primary care versus specialty care. Arch. Intern. Med. (2003) 163:1695–1704.
  • OSLIN D, LIBERTO JG, O'BRIEN J, KROIS S, NORBECK J: Naltrexone as an adjunctive treatment for older patients with alcohol dependence. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (1997) 5:324–332.
  • PETRAKIS IL, O'MALLEY SS, ROUNSAVILLE B, POLING, J, MCHUGH-STRONG C, KRYSTAL JH: Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptic treatment in alcohol abusing patients with 337 schizophrenia. Psychpharmacology (2004) 172:291–297.
  • MONTEROSSO JR, FLANNERY BA, PETTINATI HM et al.: Predicting treatment response to naltrexone: the influence of craving and family history. Am. J. Addict. (2001) 10:258–268.
  • OSLIN DW, BERRETTINI W, KRANZLER HR et al.: A functional polymorphism of the u-opioid receptor gene is associated with naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmaco/ogy (2003) 28:1546–1552.
  • MCCAUL ME, WAND GS, KIM YK, BENCHERIF B, DANNALS RF, FROST JJ: Naltrexone effects on and 8-opioid receptor availability in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:A21.
  • NAASSILA M, HAMMOUMI S, LEGRAND E, DURBIN P, DAOUST M: Mechanisms of action of acamprosate. Part I. Characterization of spermidine-sensitive acamprosate binding site in rat brain. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1998) 22:802–809.
  • POPP RL, LOVINGER D: Interaction ofacamprosate with ethanol and spermine on NMDA receptors in primary cultured neurons. Eur. j PharmacoL (2000) 394:221–231.
  • HARRIS BR, PRENDERGAST MA, GIBSON DA et al.: Acamprosate inhibits the binding and neurotoxic effects of transA CPD, suggesting a novel site of action at metabotropic glutamate receptors. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:1779–1793.
  • KOOB GF, MASON BJ, DE WITTE P, LITTLETON J, SIGGINS GR: Potential neuroprotective effects of acamprosate. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:586–592.
  • MASON BJ, OWNBY RL: Acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. CNS Spectrums (2000) 5:58–69.
  • BRASSER SM, MCCAUL ME, HOUTSMULLER EJ: Alcohol effects during acamprosate treatment: a dose-response study in humans. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1074–1083.
  • MASON BJ, GOODMAN AM, DIXON RM et al.: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction study of acamprosate and naltrexone. Neuropsychopharmaco/ogy (2002) 27:596–606.
  • JOHNSON BA, O'MALLEY SS, CIRAULO DA et al.: Dose-ranging kinetics and behavioral pharmacology of naltrexone and acamprosate, both alone and combined, in alcohol-dependent subjects. J. Clin. PsychopharmacoL (2003) 23:281–293.
  • MANN K, LEHERT P, MORGAN MY: The efficacy of acamprosate in the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol-dependent individuals: results of a meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:51–63.
  • ••This review article conducted a meta-analysis of acamprosate.
  • TEMPESTA E, JANIRI L, BIGNAMINI A. CHABAC S, POTGIETER A: Acamprosate and relapse prevention in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. (2000) 35:202–209.
  • CHICK J, LEHERT P: Does acamprosate improve control of drinking as well as aiding abstinence? Drugs Ther. Perspect. (2003) 2:13–15.
  • VAN DEN BRINK W: The role of psychosocial interventions in the pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence. Drugs Ther. Perspect. (2003) 2:16–21.
  • HAMMARBERG A. WENNBERG P, BECK O, FRANCK J: A comparison of two intensities of psychosocial intervention for alcohol dependent patients treated with acamprosate. Alcohol Alcohol. (2004) 39:251–255.
  • VERHEUL R, LEHERT P, GEERLINGS PJ, KOETER MW, VAN DEN BRINK W: Predictors of acamprosate efficacy: results from a pooled analysis of seven European trials including 1485 alcohol-dependent patients. Psychopharmacology (2005) 178(2-3):167–173.
  • MASON BJ, RITVO EC, MORGAN RO et al.: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HC1 for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1994) 18:1162–11
  • MASON BJ, SALVATO FR, WILLIAMS LD, RITVO EC, CUTLER R: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study or oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1999) 56:719–724.
  • ANTON RF, PETTINATI H, ZWEBEN A et al.: A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J. Clin. PsychopharmacoL (2004) 24:421–428.
  • CONSTANTINI LC, KLEPPNER SR, MCDONOUGH J, AZAR MR, PATEL R: Implantable technology for long-term delivery of nalmefene for treatment of alcoholism. Int. J. Pharmaceutics (2004) 283:35–44.
  • KRISHNAN-SARIN S, PROTOGHESE PS, LI T-K, FROEHLICH JC: The 82-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben selectively attenuates alcohol intake in rats bred for alcohol preference. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (1995) 52:153–159.
  • KRISHNAN-SARIN S, WAND GS, LI XW, LI T-K, PROTOGHESE PS, FROEHLICH JC: Effect of p. opioid receptor blockade on alcohol intake in rates bred for high alcohol drinking. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (1998) 59:627–635.
  • PASTERNAK GW: Incomplete cross tolerance and multiple p. opioid peptide receptors. Trends PharmacoL Sci. (2001) 22:67–70.
  • ASHTON H, YOUNG AH: GABA-ergic drugs: exit stage left, enter stage right. Psychopharmacology (2003) 17:174–178.
  • JOHNSON BA: Progress in the development of topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: from a hypothesis to a proof-of-concept study. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1137–1144.
  • JOHNSON BA, AIT-DAOUD N, BOWDEN CL et al.: Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet (2003) 361:1677–1685.
  • •This was the first study to demonstrate an effect of topiramate in reducing drinking in alcohol-dependent patients.
  • JOHNSON BA, BA, MT-DAOUD N, AKHTAR FZ, MA JZ: Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2004) 9:905–912.
  • JOHNSON BA: Topiramate-induced neuromodulation of cortico-mesolimbic dopamine function: a new vista for the treatment of comorbid alcohol and nicotine dependence? Addict. Behav. (2004) 29:1465–1479.
  • KAMPMAN KM, PETTINATI H, LYNCH KG et al.: A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2004) 75:233–240.
  • HARRIS JT, ROACHE JD, THORNTON JE: A role for valproate in the treatment of sedative-hypnotic withdrawal and for relapse prevention. Alcohol Alcohol. (2000) 35:319–323.
  • REOUX JP, SAXON AJ, MALTE CA, BAER JS, SLOAN KL: Diavlproex sodium in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2001) 25:1324–1329.
  • LONGO LP, CAMPBELL TO, HUBATCH S: Divalproex sodium (Depakote) for alcohol and relapse prevention./ Addict. Dis. (2002) 21:55–64.
  • BRADY KT, MYRICK H, HENDERSON S, COFFEY SF: The use of divalproes in alcohol relapse prevention: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2002) 67:323–330.
  • SALLOUM IM, CORNELIUS JR, DALEY DC, KIRISCI L, HIMMELHOCH JM, THASE ME: Efficacy of valproate maintenance in patients with bipolar disorder and alcoholism: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2005) 62:37–45.
  • MARTINEZ-RAGA J, SABATER A, PEREZ-GALVES B, CASTELLANO M, CERVERA G: Add-on gabapentin in the treatment of opiate withdrawal. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2004) 28:599–601.
  • TAYLOR CP, GEE NS, SU T-Z et al.: A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology. Epilepsy Res. (1998) 29:233–249.
  • MYRICK H, MALCOLM R, BRADY KT: Gabapentin treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155:1626.
  • BOZIKAS V PETRIKIS P, GAIVIVRULA K, SAVVIDOU I, KARAVATOS A: Treatment of alcohol withdrawal with gabapentin. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 26:197–199.
  • LITTEN RZ, ALLEN J, FERTIG J: Pharmacotherapies for alcohol problems: a review of research with focus on developments since 1991. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1996) 20:859–876.
  • ROBERTS AJ, MCARTHUR RA, HULL EE, POST C, KOOB GF: Effects of amperozide, 8-0H-DPAT, and FG 5974 on operant responding for ethanol. Psychopharmacology (1998) 137:25–32.
  • JOHNSON BA: Serotonergic agents and alcoholism treatment: rebirth of the subtype concept - a hypothesis. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2000) 24:1597–1601.
  • WILDE MI, MARKHAM A: Ondansetron: a review of its pharmacology and preliminary clinical findings in novel applications. Drug Eyed. (1996) 52: 773–794.
  • JOHNSON BA, CAMPLING GM, GRIFFITHS P, COWEN PJ: Attenuation of some alcohol-induced mood changes and the desire to drink by 5-HT3 receptor blockade: a preliminary study in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (1993) 112:142–144.
  • SWIFT RM, DAVIDSON D, WHELIHAN W, KUZNETSOV 0: Ondansetron alters human alcohol intoxication. Biol. Psychiatry (1996) 40:514–521.
  • JOHNSON BA, ROACHE JD, JAVORS MA et al.: Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. /AMA (2000) 284:963–971.
  • •This study demonstrated the effectiveness of ondansetron in reducing the frequency and amount of drinking in early-onset alcoholics.
  • JOHNSON BA, ROACHE JD, AIT-DAOUD N, ZANCA NA, VELAZQUES M: Ondansetron reduces the craving of biologically predisposed alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (2002) 160:408–413.
  • KRANZLER HR, PIERUCCI-LAGHA A,FEINN R, HERNANDEZ-AVILA C: Effects of ondansetron in early- versus late-onset alcoholics: a prospective, open-label study. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:1150–1155.
  • FEINN R, NELLISSERY M, KRANZLER HR: Meta-analysis of the association of a functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with alcohol dependence. Am. J. Med. Genet. (2005) 133:79–84.
  • GORELICK DA: Serotonin uptake blockers and the treatment of alcoholism. In: Recent Developments in Alcoholism (Volume 7) Treatment Research. Galanter M (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1989):267–281.
  • KRANZLER HR: Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism: gaps in knowledge and opportunities for research. Alcohol Alcohol. (2000) 35:537–547.
  • PETTINATI HM, KRANZLER HR, MADARAS J: The status of serotonin-selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. In: Recent Developments in Alcoholism (Volume 16) Research on Alcoholism Treatment. Galanter M (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (2003):247–262.
  • KRANZLER HR, BURLESON JA, KORNER P et al.: Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am. J. Psychiatry (1995) 152:391–397.
  • KRANZLER HR, BURLESON JA, BROWN J, BABOR TF: Fluoxetine treatment seems to reduce the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in type B alcoholics. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1996) 20: 1534–1541.
  • BABOR TF, HOFMANN M, DELBOCA FK et al.: Types of alcoholics, I: evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicatiors of vulnerability and severity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1992) 49:599–608.
  • PETTINATI HM, VOLPICELLI JR, KRANZLER HR, LUCK G, RUKSTALIS MR, CNAAN A: Sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence: interactive effects of medication and alcohol subtype. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2000) 24:1041–1049.
  • CHICK J, ASCHAUER H, HORNIK K et al.: Efficacy of fluvoxamine in preventing relapse in alcohol dependence: a one-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study with analysis by typology. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2004) 74:61–70.
  • PETTINATI HM: Antidepressant treatment of co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Biol. Psychiatry (2004) 56:785–792.
  • ••This article reviews the use of antidepressants to treat patients with comorbid alcohol and depression.
  • NUNES EV, LEVIN FR: Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. JAMA (2004) 291:1887–1896.
  • ••This review article conducted a meta-analysis of efficacy of antidepressant medications for treatment of combined depression and substance/alcohol use disorders.
  • JUNE HL, HARVEY SC, FOSTER KL et al.: GABAA receptors containing a5 subunits in the CA1 and CM hippocampal fields regulate ethanol-motivated behaviors: an extended ethanol reward circuitry. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21:2166–2177.
  • HARVEY SC, FOSTER KL, MCKAY PF et al.: The GABAA receptor a, subtype in the ventral pallidum regulates alcohol-seeking behaviors. J. Neurosci. (2002) 22:3765–3775.
  • MORROW AL, VAN DOREN MJ, PENLAND SN, MATTHEWS DB: The role of GABAergic neuroactive steroids in ethanol action, tolerance and dependence. Brain Res. Rev. (2001) 37:98–109.
  • COUSINS MS, ROBERTS DCS, DE WIT H: GABAB receptor agonists for the treatment of drug addiction: a review of recent findings. DrugAlcohol Depend. (2002) 65:209–220.
  • ANSTROM KK, CROMWELL HC, MARKOWSKI T, WOODWARD DJ: Effect of baclofen on alcohol and sucrose self-administration in rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:900–908.
  • COLOMBO G, VACCA G, SERRA S, BRUNETTI G, CARAT MANI, GESSA GL: Baclofen suppresses motivation to consume alcohol in rats. Psychopharmacology (2003) 167:221–224.
  • ADDOLORATO G, CAPUTO F, CAPRISTO E et al.: Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. (2002) 37:504–508.
  • FLANNERY BA, GARBUTT JC, CODY MW et al.: Baclofen for alcohol dependence: a preliminary open-label study. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1517–1523.
  • MCDONOUGH M, KENNEDY N, GLASPER A, BEARN J: Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review. DrugAlcohol Depend. (2004) 75:3–9.
  • POLDRUGO F, ADDOLORATO G: The role of y-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcoholism: from animal to clinical studies. A/coho/A/cohd. (1999) 34:15–24.
  • KOSTEN TR, GEORGE TP, KOSTEN TA: The potential of dopamine agonists in drug addiction. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 11:491–499.
  • NARANJO CA, DONGIER M, BREMNER KE: Long-acting injectable bromocriptine does not reduce relapse in alcoholics. Addiction (1997) 92:969–978.
  • MARRA D, WAROT D, BERLIN I, HISPARD E et al.: Amisulpride does not prevent relapse in primary alcohol dependence: results of a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:1545–1552.
  • WIESBECK GA, WEIJERS H-G, LESCH OM, GLASER T, TOENNES P-J, BOENING J: Flupenthixol decanoate and relapse prevention in alcoholics: results from a placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. (2001) 36:329–334.
  • BONO G, BALDUCCI C, RICHELMI P, KOOB GF, PULVIRENTI L: Dopamine partial receptor agonists reduce ethanol intake in the rat. Eur. j Pharmacol (1996) 296:233–238.
  • Glutamate and Addiction. Herman BH, Frankenheim J, Litten RZ et al.: (Eds), Humana Press, NJ, USA (2003). This book reviews the latest research on glutamate and drug and alcohol addiction.
  • HOLTER SM, DANYSZ W, SPANAGEL R: Evidence for alcohol anti-craving properties of memantine. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1996) 314:R1–R2.
  • PIASECKI J, KOROS E, DYR W, KOSTOWSKI W, DANYSZ W, BIENKOWSKI P: Ethanol-reinforced behaviour in the rat: effects of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine. Eur. j Pharmacol (1998) 354:135–143.
  • BISAGA A, EVANS SM: Acute effects of memantine in combination with alcohol in moderate drinkers. Psychopharmacology (2004) 172:16–24.
  • BACKSTROM P, BACHTELER D, KOCH S, HYYTIA P, SPANAGEL R: mGluR5 antagonist MPEP reduces ethanol-seeking and relapse behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology (2004) 29:921–928.
  • OLIVE MF, MCGEEHAN AJ, KINDER JR et al.: The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP decrease ethanol consumption via a PKC4-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol (2005) 67(2):349–355.
  • BAPTISTA MAS, MARTIN-FARDON R, WEISS F: Preferential effects of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on conditioned reinstatement versus primary reinforcement: comparison between cocaine and a potent conventional reinforcer. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24:4723–4727.
  • STROMBERG MF, VOLPICELLI JR, O'BRIEN CP, MACKLER SA: The NMDA receptor partial agonist, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), reduces ethanol consumption in the rat. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (1999) 64:585–590.
  • SNELL LD, CLAFFEY DJ, RUTH JA et al.: Novel structure having antagonist actions at both the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channels: biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral characterization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2000) 292:215–227.
  • NICOLL RA, ALGER BE: The brain's own marijuana. Sci. Am. (2004) 291:70–75.
  • DE FONSECA FR, DEL ARCO I, BERMUDEZ-SILVA FJ, BILBAO k CIPPITELLI A, NAVARRO M: The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology. Alcohol Alcohol. (2005) 40:2–14.
  • HUNGUND BL, BASAVARAJAPPA BS, VADASZ C et al.: Ethanol, endocannabinoids, and the cannabinoidergic signaling system. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:565–574.
  • BASAVARAJAPPA BS, HUNGUND BL: Neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid signaling system in alcoholism: an overview. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2002) 66:287–299.
  • BASAVARAJAPPA BS, HUNGUND BL: Role of the endocannabinoid system in the development of tolerance to alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. (2005) 40:15–24.
  • SERRA S, CARAT MANI, BRUNETTI G et al.: The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 prevents acquisition of drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol (2001) 430:369–371.
  • COLUMBO G, VACCA G, SERRA S, CARAT MAM, GESSA GL: Suppressing effect of the cannabinoid CB, receptor antagonist, SR 141716, on alcohol's motivational properties in alcohol preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol (2004) 498:119–123.
  • FREEDLAND CS, SHARPE AL, SAMSON HH, PORRINO LJ: Effects of SR 141716A on ethanol and sucrose self- self-administration Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2001)25:277–282.
  • BLACK SC: Cannabinoid receptor antagonists and obesity. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs (2004) 5:389–394.
  • NAVARRO M, CARRERA MR, DEL ARCO I, TRIGO JM, KOOB GF, DE FONSECA FR: Cannabinoid receptor antagonist reduces heroin selfadministration only in dependent rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2004) 501:235–237.
  • RYABININ AE, BACHTELL RK, HEINRICHS SC et al.: The corticotropinreleasing factor/urocortin system and alcohol. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:714–722.
  • VALDEZ GR, ZORRILLA EP, ROBERTS AJ, KOOB GF: Antagonism of corticotrophin-releasing factor attenuates the enhanced responsiveness to stress observed during protracted ethanol abstinence. Alcohol (2003) 29:55–60.
  • LE AD, HARDING S, JUZYTSCH W, WATCHUS J, SHALEV U, SHAHAM Y: The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (2000) 150:317–324.
  • LODGE DJ, LAWRENCE AJ: The CRF1 receptor antagonist Antalarmin reduces volitional ethanol consumption in isolationreared Fawn-Hooded rats. Neuroscience (2003) 117:243–247.
  • ZOBEL AW, NICKEL T, KUNZEL HE et al.: Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. J. Psychiatric Res. (2000) 34:171–181.
  • STINUS L, CADOR M, ZORRILLA EP, KOOB GF: Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30:90–98.
  • ZORRILLA E, KOOB GF: The therapeutic potential of CRF1 antagonists for anxiety. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2004)13:799–828.
  • BALE TL, CONTARINO A, SMITH GW et al.: Mice deficient for coticotropinreleasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. Nat. Genetics (2000) 24:410–414.
  • VALDEZ GR, SABINO V, KOOB GF: Increased anxiety-like behavior and ethanol self-administration in dependent rats:reversal via corticotrophin-releasing factor-2 receptor activation. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:865–872.
  • THIELE TE, BADIA-ELDER NE: A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research. Physiol. Behav. (2003) 79:95–101.
  • SPARTA DR, FEE JR, HAYES DM, KNAPP DJ, NACNEIL DJ, THIELE TE: selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist suppresses ethanol intake by C57BL/6J mice. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1324–1330.
  • KOOB GF: Alcoholism : allostasis and beyond. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:232–243.
  • THIELE TE, KOH MT, PEDRAZZINI T: Voluntary alcohol consumption is
  • SCHROEDER JP, OLIVE F, KOENIG H, HODGE CW: Intra-amygdala infusion of administration. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:1884–1891.
  • THORSELL A, RIMONDINI R, HEILIG M: Blockade of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors reduces
  • SCHROEDER JP, ILLER KA, HODGE CW: Neuropeptide-Y Y5 receptors modulate the onset and (2003) 27:1912–1920.
  • MAILLIARD WS, DIAMOND I: Recent advances in the neurobiology of alcoholism: the role of adenosine. Pharmacol. Ther.
  • AROLFO MP, YAO L, GORDON AS, DIAMOND I, JANAK PH: Ethanol operant self-administration in rats is
  • KATNER SN, MCBRIDE WJ, LUMENG L, LI TK, MURPHY JM: muscarinic receptors in the pedunculopontine nucleus and VTA. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (1997) 58:497–504.
  • SODERPALM B, ERICSON M, OLAUSSON P, BLOMQVIST O, ENGEL JA: Nicotinic mechanisms involved in the dopamine activating and reinforcing properties of ethanol. Behav. Brain Res. (2000) 113:85–96.
  • ERICSON M, BLOMQVIST O, ENGEL JA, SODERPALM B: Voluntary ethanol intake in the rat and the associated accumbal dopamine overflow are blocked by ventral tegmental mecamylamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol (1998) 358:189–196.
  • BLOMQVIST O, HERNANDEZ-AVILA CA, VAN KIRK J, ROSE JE, KRANZLER HR: Mecamylamine modifies the pharmacokinetics and reinforcing effects of alcohol. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:326–331.
  • CHI H, DE WIT H: Mecamylamine attenuates the subjective stimulant-like effects of alcohol in social drinkers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:780–786.
  • YOUNG EM, MAHLER S, CHI H, DE WIT H: Mecamylamine and ethanol preference in healthy volunteers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2005) 29:58–65.
  • CICCOCIOPPO R, ECONOMIDOU D, FEDELI A et al.: Attenuation of ethanol self-administration and of conditioned reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviour by the antiopioid peptide nociceptin/ orphanin FQ in alcohol-preferring rats. Psychopharmaco/ogy (2004) 172:170–178.
  • MARTIN-FARDON R, CICCOCIOPPO R, MASSI M, WEISS F: Nociceptin prevents stress-induced ethanol, but not cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology (2000) 11:1939–1943.
  • CICCOCIOPPO R, ECONOMIDOU D, FEDELI A, MASSI M: The nociceptin/ orphanin FQ/NOP receptor system as a target for treatment of alcohol abuse: a review of recent work in alcohol-preferring rats. PhysioL Behav. (2003) 79:121–128.
  • KEUNG WM, VALLEE BL: Kudzu root: an ancient Chinese source of modern antidipsotropic agents. Phytochemistry (1998) 47:499–506.
  • KEUNG WM, VALLEE BL: Daidzin and daidzein suppress free-choice ethanol intake by Syrian Golden hamsters. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. (1993) 90:1008–10012.
  • OVERSTREET DH, LEE YW, REZVANI AH, PEI YH, CRISWELL HE, JANOWSKY DS: Suppression of alcohol intake after administration of the Chinese herbal medicine, NPI-028, and its derivatives. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1996) 20:221-227. administration. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2001) 25:277–282.
  • UN RC, GUTHRIE S, XIE CY et al.: Isoflavonoid compounds extracted from Pueraria lobata suppress alcohol preference in a pharmacogenetic rat model of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1996) 20:659–663.
  • KEUNG WM, KLYOSOV AA, VALLEE BL: Daidzin inhibits mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and suppresses ethanol intake of Syrian golden hamsters. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. (1997) 94:1675–1679.
  • XIE CI, LIN RC, ANTONY V et al.: Daidzin, an antioxidant isoflavonoid, decreases blood alcohol levels and shortens sleep time induced by ethanol intoxication. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1994) 18:1443–1447.
  • OVERSTREET DH, KRALIC JE, MORROW AL, MA ZZ, SHANG YW, LEE DYW: NPI-031G (puerarin) reduces anxiogenic effects of alcohol withdrawal or benzodiazepine inverse or 5-HT2, agonists. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (2003) 75:619–625.
  • OLIVE MF, MEHMERT KK, MESSING RO, HODGE CW: Reduced operant ethanol self-administration and in vivo mesolimbic dopamine responses to ethanol in PKCc-deficient mice. Eur. Neurosci. (2000) 12:4131–4140.
  • OLIVE MF, MEHMERT KK, NANNINI MA, CAMARINI R, MESSING RO, HODGE CW: Reduced ethanol withdrawal severity and altered withdrawal-induced c-fos expression in various brain regions of mice lacking protein kinase C-c. Neuroscience (2001) 103:171–179.
  • BLEDNOWY, WALKER D, HARRIS RA: Blockade of the leptin-sensitive pathway markedly reduces alcohol consumption in mice. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1683–1692.
  • LEWIS MJ, JOHNSON DF, WALDMAN D, LEIBOWITZ SF, HOEBEL BG: Galanin microinjection in the third ventricle increases voluntary ethanol intake. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1822–1828.
  • THIELE TE, STEWART RB, BADIA-ELDER NE et al.: Overlapping peptide control of alcohol self-administration and feeding. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:288–294.
  • CHOI D-S, CASCINI M-G, MAILLIARD W et al.: The Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates ethanol intoxication and preference. Nature Neurosci. (2004) 7:855–861.
  • PREDIGER RD, BATISTA LC, TAKAHASHI RN: Adenosine A1 receptors modulate the anxiolytic-like effect of ethanol in the elevated plus-maze in mice. Eur. j PharmacoL (2004) 499:147–154.
  • LE AD, HARDING S, JUZYTSCH W, FUNK D, SHAHAM Y: Role of a2-adrenoceptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking and alcohol self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (2005) 179:366–373.
  • LINTUNEN M, HYYTIA P, SALLMEN T et al.: Increased brain histamine in an alcohol-preferring rat line, and modulation of ethanol consumption by H3 receptor mechanisms. FASEB J. (2001) 15:1074–1076.
  • LIU X, WEISS F: Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition attenuates conditioned reinstatement of ethanol-seeking, but not the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1194–1199.
  • SLAWECKI C, ROTH J: Neurokinin type-3 receptor stimulation impairs ethanol-associated appetitive behavior in Wistar rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:1962–1970.
  • NIKOLAEV SV, BYCHKOV ER, LEBEDEV AA, DAMBINOVA SA: Mechanisms of the influences of the central administration of substance P on ethanol consumption in chronically alcoholic rat. Neurosci. Behav. PhsyioL (2003) 33:905–909.
  • GARDELL LR, REID ML, CAVALLERO CA et al.: Amlodipine, a calcium channel inhibitor, and cocaine and ethanol's reinforcing effects. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (1999) 64:567–572.
  • GATCH MB: Nitrendipine Wicks the nociceptive effects of chronically administered ethanol. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2002) 26:1181–1187.
  • NEWTON PM, ORR CJ, WALLACE MJ, KIM C, SHIN H-S, MESSING RO: Deletion of N-type calcium channels alters ethanol reward and reduces ethanol consumption in mice. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24:9862–9869.
  • KIEFER F, JAHN H, TARNASKE T et al.: Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2003) 60:92–99.
  • BESSON J, AEBY F, KASAS A, LEHERT P, POTGIETER A: Combined efficacy of acamprosate and disuffiram in the treatment of alcoholism: a controlled study. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (1998) 22:573–579.
  • FARREN CK, REZVANI AH, OVERSTREET D, O'MALLEY S: Combination pharmacotherapy in alcoholism: a novel treatment approach. CNS Spectrums (2000) 5:70–76.
  • JOHNSON BA, AIT-DAOUD N, PRIHODA TJ: Combining ondansetron and naltrexone effectively treats biologically predisposed alcoholics: from hypotheses to preliminary clinical evidence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2000) 24:737–742.
  • GALLATE JE, MALLET PE, MCGREGOR IS: Combined low dose treatment with opioid and cannabinoid receptor antagonists synergistically reduces the motivation to consume alcohol in rats. Psychopharmaco/ogy (2004) 173:210–216.
  • STROMBERG MF: The effect of baclofen alone and in combination with naltrexone on ethanol consumption in the rat. PharmacoL Biochem. Behav. (2004) 78:743–750.
  • KOOB GF, AHMED SH, BOUTREL B et al.: Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2004) 27:739–749.
  • ROBINSON TE, BERRIDGE KC: The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction (2000) 95(Suppl. 2):591–5117.
  • BYWATER RP: Location and nature of the residues important for ligand recognition in G-protein coupled receptors. J. MoL Recognit. (2005) 18(1):60–72.
  • MCGREGOR IS, GALLATE JE: Rats on the grog: novel pharmacotherapies for alcohol craving. Addict. Behav. (2004) 29:1341–1357.
  • LITTEN RZ, FERTIG J: Self-report and biochemical measures of alcohol consumption. Addiction (2003) 98\(Suppl. 2):iii-iv.
  • ANTON RF, MOAK DH, WAID R, LATHAM PK, MALCOLM RJ, DIAS JK: Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156:1758–1764.
  • DICK DM, FOROUD T: Candidate genes for alcohol dependence: a review of genetic evidence from human studies. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2003) 27:868–879.
  • CHEN CC, LU RB, CHEN YC, WANG MF et al.: Interaction between the functional polymorphisms of the alcohol-metabolism genes in protection against alcoholism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1999) 65:795–807.
  • DICK DM, EDENBERG JH, XUEI X et al.: Association of GABRG3 with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:4–9.
  • EDENBERG JH, DICK DM, XUEI X et al.: Variations in GABRA2, encoding the a2 subunit of the GABAA receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2004) 74:705–714.
  • ENOCH MA, XU K, FERRO E, HARRIS CR, GOLDMAN D: Genetic origins of anxiety in women: a role for a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatr. Genet. (2003) 13:33–41.
  • OROSZI G, GOLDMAN D: Alcoholism: genes and mechanisms. Pharmacogenomics (2004) 5:1037–1048.
  • RAY LA, HUTCHISON KE: A polymorphism of the u-opioid receptor gene (OPRNI1) and sensitivity to the effects of alcohol in humans. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. (2004) 28:1789–1795.
  • MARK TL, KRANZLER HR, POOLE VH, HAGEN CA, MCLEOD C, CROSSE S: Barriers to the use of medications to treat alcoholism. Am. J. Addict. (2003) 12:281–294.
  • THOMAS CP, WALLACK SS, LEE S, MCCARTY D, SWIFT R: Research to practice: adoption of naltrexone in alcoholism treatment. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. (2003) 24:1–11.
  • MCLELLAN AT, MEYERS K: Contemporary addiction treatment: a review of systems problems for adults and adolescents. Biol. Psychiatry (2004) 56:764–770.
  • •This article reviews the status of specialty treatment systems to identify and treatadolescents and adults suffering from alcohol and drug addiction.
  • WILLENBRING ML, KIVLAHAN D, KENNY M, GRILLO M, HAGEDORN H, POSTIER k Beliefs about evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: a survey of Veterans Administration program leaders. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. (2004) 26:79–85.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.